Astronomy:Colonization of Europa

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Short description: Proposed concepts for the human colonization of Europa
Artist's impression of a hypothetical ocean cryobot in Europa

Europa, the fourth-largest moon of Jupiter, is a subject in both science fiction and scientific speculation for future human colonization. Europa's geophysical features, including a possible subglacial water ocean, make it a possibility that human life could be sustained on or beneath the surface.

Feasibility

Europa as a target for human colonization has several benefits compared to other bodies in the outer Solar System, but is not without challenges.

Conditions conducive to life

On a flyby mission around Europa in 1979, Voyager 1  and Voyager 2 took relatively detailed photographs of the moon's surface. They noted several important characteristics including dark streaks across the surface, or lineae, and an otherwise remarkably smooth icy crust. The lineae are believed to be the result of icy tectonic plates moving over a submerged ocean. Moreover, the smooth crust is believed to be the result of its recent formation.[1] Submerged water may have risen to cover the older, more damaged surface and smooth it over. These surface features indicate the existence of a subsurface ocean. Given water's importance to life on Earth, it is considered to be a possible indicator of life on other celestial bodies.

Challenges

Environment

The high radiation on Europa's surface is one of the environmental challenges to colonization.[2] Europa receives 5.4 Sv (540 rem) of radiation per day,[3] which is approximately 1,800 times the average annual dose experienced by a human on Earth at sea level. Humans exposed to this level of radiation for one day would have greater than a 50% mortality rate within 30 days.

Another problem is that the surface temperature of Europa averages around 90K, or -183 °C.[4]

Furthermore, the low gravity of Europa may also present challenges to colonization efforts. The effects of low gravity on human health are still an active field of study, but can include symptoms such as impaired eyesight and a diminished sense of balance.[5] Negative health effects can also include muscle deterioration and bone loss. Galactic cosmic radiation along the journey is likely to lead to an increased chance of developing Alzheimer's Disease.[6][7] Astronauts in Earth's orbit have remained in microgravity for more than a year at a time and have had to develop countermeasures to address its negative effects. Experts have also hypothesized that children born and raised in low gravity would not be well adapted for life under the higher gravity of Earth.[8]

Moreover, experts have speculated that alien organisms may exist on Europa, possibly in the subsurface ocean under the moon's ice shell.[9][10] If true, this would mean human colonists may come into contact with harmful microbes.

An unstable surface could also represent a potential problem as it has been shown that Europa is geologically active. With an outer crust experts believe is made of constantly shifting plate tectonics, Europa's surface would make it difficult to maintain the structural integrity of any long-term infrastructure.[11]

Transportation

The transportation of humans to Europa would be one of the primary challenges to colonization. Since Jupiter is on average 630.4 million kilometers away from Earth at a given time, it would take at least 3 years just to get into Europa's orbit plus additional time to land. In an effort to develop transportation methods to Mars and other planets, NASA has announced a program called NextSTEP that will merge the efforts of public and private industry to begin the research and architectural design necessary to create an Environmental Control and Life Support (ECLS) system.[12] The ECLS is currently being designed for Martian operations, will be called the Deep Space Transport (DST) and will allow for missions up to 2.75 years long. The transport vehicle to Europa will be similar to the DST and the International Space Station (ISS), but will also be different in several key aspects. Most importantly, the transport vehicle for Europa would need to be completely self-sufficient so that all the nutritional supplies are included at the onset of the flight, along with the ability to repair any systems that malfunction or break on the voyage. The vehicle would also need to be resistant to radiation because the levels of radiation on this trip would be significantly higher than on Earth. The shielding around the ship would have to be increased to prevent exposure to harmful radiation. While these considerations are prohibitively expensive and require development of current technologies, it is not impossible that a continuation of the DST would meet the requirements necessary to eventually complete this journey.

Economics

Like historic colonies that were established on Earth, Europa's economic development would be critical to its continual growth and success.[13] One such economic driver could be its relatively close proximity to Jupiter, the asteroid belt, and the periphery of the solar system. Earth is, on average, almost 500 million miles from Europa.[14] To alleviate the time and distance required to travel, Europa can serve as a midway colony between Earth and the aforementioned locations. "Intermediary" colonies have historic precedents. For example, Cape Town, South Africa, was established as a safe harbor for long voyages between Asia and Europe.[15]

Europa is hypothesized to have a large subsurface ocean. Water makes it possible to grow fruits, vegetables, and grains as it is an essential pillar to agriculture.[16] However, reddish-brown materials whose composition is not yet known, but that experts believe to be salt and sulfur compounds that have been mixed with ice and modified by radiation, litter Europa's surface and could make Europa's surface unsuitable for agriculture.[17] Manure and other fertilizers could be an inter-Europa commodity as it will most likely be essential to delivering the nutrients required for farming and industrial agriculture.[16]

Ethical considerations

The true breadth of ethical consequences that come from the colonization of Europa cannot be known until such a colony is fully established. The United Nations Outer Space Treaty, ratified in 1967, states that no country may take claim to space or celestial bodies like Europa.[18] It is unclear exactly how ownership over Europa colonial lands would be distributed and whether colonists will have private land ownership once a colony is established. More human centered ethical questions may arise from how extended periods in outer space will impact colonists. Migration on Earth is a well established phenomenon but it carries its own set of psychological impacts like a decrease in mental well-being due to having to adjust to a new environment, set of norms, distress, and separation from family.[19] NASA scientists predict that an altered state of gravity and radiation coupled with isolation and confinement have the potential to pose real psychological hardships on a person.[20] Such negative impacts on colonists will increase as they spend more time in space. Ethical arguments can be made as to why any entity should finance the colonization of Europa when the program has a high risk of failure and could be detrimental to the colonists' health and well-being.

The environment within a Europa colony will inevitably be altered. Colonists will most likely want to terraform the moon to make its surface and climate better suited for their colony.[21] Arguments can be made as to what right humans have, as extraterrestrial visitors, to alter the natural environment. Parallels can also be found between the negative impacts that unmonitored resource exploitation has had on Earth and the potential of such a catastrophe on Europa.

If life is found to exist on Europa, the difference in the environments of Earth and Europa would likely mean terraforming would have adverse effects on the natural inhabitants of the moon.[22] Ethical considerations regarding how to preserve natural life, whether it be primitive or in the form of microorganisms may be necessary.

History

Exploration and research

Discovery

Galileo Galilei first discovered Europa along with four of Jupiter's other satellites on 7 January 1610.[23] However, he only realized they were moons, rather than stars, on 15 January of that year.[24]

Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 missions

Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 were flyby missions to Jupiter in 1972 and 1973 respectively.[25]

Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 missions

Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 were NASA space probes launched in 1977. During a flyby mission in 1979, the Voyager probes took relatively precise photographs of the moon's surface.[1]

Europa Clipper mission

Europa Clipper is a NASA mission planned for launch in 2024.[1] After it is launched, the spacecraft will study Europa on flybys as it orbits Jupiter. The mission's goal is to determine whether there is a liquid water ocean submerged under Europa's icy surface. Furthermore, NASA hopes to determine whether that ocean provides suitable conditions for life.

In fiction

  • Europa plays a role in the book and film of Arthur C. Clarke's 2010: Odyssey Two and its sequels. Highly advanced aliens aiding the development of life take an interest in the primitive life forms under Europa's ice. They transform Jupiter into a star to kick-start their evolution, and forbid humans from landing on or colonizing Europa. In 2061: Odyssey Three, Europa has become a tropical ocean world.
  • In Bruce Sterling's novel Schismatrix, Europa is inhabited by genetically engineered posthumans.
  • Alastair Reynolds's short story A Spy in Europa depicts an advanced human society called the Demarchists, who are based in colonies on Europa that mainly cling to the underside of the ice crust at the surface of the ocean. A race of genetically altered humans adapted to live in the subsurface ocean is also created, some of whom later appear in Reynolds's 2006 short story "Grafenwalder's Bestiary."
  • Europa is one of multiple satellites that are colonized in the Japanese animation Cowboy Bebop, along with Io, Ganymede, Callisto, and Titan.
  • In Call of Duty, Europa houses a military installation used as a black site for weapons development.
  • In Warframe, Europa is under the alignment of the Corpus faction. It is depicted as an ice-covered planetoid and mining efforts by the Corpus are aided with machines and "heat generators" in open areas. It is also home to several black sites for creation of prototype weapon systems like the Raptors and other advanced robotic proxies.
  • In the video game Barotrauma, Europa has many research centers and colonies, as well as monsters, parasites, and other native lifeforms, in its subsurface ocean.
  • In the video game Destiny 2, Europa is shown to have been colonized by the fictional Clovis Bray corporation.
  • Alexandra Monir's novels "The Final Six" and "The Life Below" describe six teens' journey to colonize Europa after Earth's storms become too devastating for mankind to survive.

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Evidence for an Ocean | Europa". https://europa.nasa.gov/europa/ocean. 
  2. ↑ Li, Jiazheng; Gudipati, Murthy S.; Yung, Yuk L. (2020-12-01). "The influence of Europa's plumes on its atmosphere and ionosphere" (in en). Icarus 352: 113999. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2020.113999. ISSN 0019-1035. Bibcode: 2020Icar..35213999L. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S001910352030364X. 
  3. ↑ Kerwick, Thomas B. (2012). "Colonizing Jupiter's Moons: An Assessment of Our Options and Alternatives". Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 98 (4): 15–26. ISSN 0043-0439. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24536505. 
  4. ↑ Ashkenazy, Yosef (21 June 2019). "The surface temperature of Europa". Heliyon 5 (6): e01908. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01908. ISSN 2405-8440. PMID 31294099. 
  5. ↑ Chang, Kenneth (2014-01-27). "Beings Not Made for Space" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/28/science/bodies-not-made-for-space.html. 
  6. ↑ "Endurance: A Year in Space, A Lifetime of Discovery". Science 358 (6362): 455.2–455. 2017-10-26. doi:10.1126/science.aaq1415. ISSN 0036-8075. Bibcode: 2017Sci...358..455.. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaq1415. 
  7. ↑ Cherry, Jonathan D.; Liu, Bin; Frost, Jeffrey L.; Lemere, Cynthia A.; Williams, Jacqueline P.; Olschowka, John A.; O’Banion, M. Kerry (2012-12-31). "Galactic Cosmic Radiation Leads to Cognitive Impairment and Increased Aβ Plaque Accumulation in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease". PLOS ONE 7 (12): e53275. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0053275. ISSN 1932-6203. PMID 23300905. Bibcode: 2012PLoSO...753275C. 
  8. ↑ "Colonizing the Outer Solar System". Islands in the Sky: Bold New Ideas for Colonizing Space. Wiley. 1996. pp. 85–94. ISBN 978-0-471-13561-6. 
  9. ↑ "Thin ice opens lead for life on Europa". New Scientist. 20 October 2002. https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn2929. 
  10. ↑ "Bacterial explanation for Europa's rosy glow". New Scientist. 11 December 2001. https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn1647. 
  11. ↑ "Europa's Frozen Surface". https://europa.nasa.gov/resources/154/europas-frozen-surface. 
  12. ↑ Mahoney, Erin (2017-11-09). "NextSTEP". http://www.nasa.gov/nextstep. 
  13. ↑ "Settlement and Economic Development: The Colonies to 1763 (Overview)". https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/settlement-and-economic-development-colonies-1763-overview. 
  14. ↑ "Europa: Facts About Jupiter's Icy Moon and Its Ocean" (in en). 22 March 2018. https://www.space.com/15498-europa-sdcmp.html. 
  15. ↑ Hunt, John (2005). Dutch South Africa : early settlers at the Cape, 1652-1708. Heather-Ann Campbell. Leicester, UK: Matador. ISBN 1-904744-95-8. OCLC 60668603. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60668603. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "Agricultural Water | Other Uses of Water | Healthy Water | CDC" (in en-us). 2018-10-26. https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/other/agricultural/index.html. 
  17. ↑ "Europa". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/europa/in-depth. 
  18. ↑ "The Outer Space Treaty". https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/introouterspacetreaty.html. 
  19. ↑ "Migration and mental health: An interface". Journal of Natural Science, Biology, and Medicine 5 (2): 233–9. July 2014. doi:10.4103/0976-9668.136141. PMID 25097389. 
  20. ↑ "Conquering the Challenge of Isolation in Space". 2018-08-14. http://www.nasa.gov/feature/conquering-the-challenge-of-isolation-in-space-nasa-s-human-research-program-director. 
  21. ↑ "Should we terraform Mars?" (in en). https://phys.org/news/2012-01-terraform-mars.html. 
  22. ↑ "Mars Colonization: Beyond Getting There". Global Challenges 3 (1): 1800062. January 2019. doi:10.1002/gch2.201800062. PMID 31565356. 
  23. ↑ "DISCOVERY". http://faculty.cascadia.edu/jvanleer/astro%20sum01/astro101/discovery.htm. 
  24. ↑ Mars, Kelli (2020-01-07). "410 Years Ago: Galileo Discovers Jupiter's Moons". http://www.nasa.gov/feature/410-years-ago-galileo-discovers-jupiter-s-moons. 
  25. ↑ "NASA - Pioneer-10 and Pioneer-11" (in en). https://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/missions/archive/pioneer10-11.html. 




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