Astronomy:Large strategic science missions

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Short description: Series of NASA missions to explore the Solar System


Artist's Rendering of James Webb Space Telescope
The James Webb Space Telescope launched in December 2021. By the time it launched, JWST cost about US$10 billion.

NASA's large strategic science missions or large strategic missions, formerly known as Flagship missions or Flagship-class missions,[1][2] are the costliest and most capable NASA science spacecraft. Flagship missions exist within all four divisions of NASA's Science Mission Directorate (SMD): the astrophysics, Earth science, heliophysics and planetary science divisions.

"Large" refers to the budget of each mission, typically the most expensive mission in the scientific discipline. Within the Astrophysics Division and the Planetary Science Division, the large strategic missions are usually in excess of US$1 billion. Within Earth Science Division and Heliophysics Division, the large strategic missions are usually in excess of US$500 million.[3][2] "Strategic" refers to their role advancing multiple strategic priorities set forth in plans such as the Decadal Surveys.[2] "Science" marks these missions as primarily scientific in nature, under the Science Mission Directorate (SMD), as opposed to, e.g., human exploration missions under the Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate (HEOMD). The lines can be blurred, as when the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter began as a directed mission from the HEOMD, and was later transferred to the SMD.

Flagship missions are not under the purview of any larger "Flagship Program", unlike, e.g., Discovery-class missions that are under the purview of the Discovery Program. Unlike these competed classes that tender proposals through a competitive selection process, the development of Flagship missions is directed to a specific institution — usually a NASA center or the Jet Propulsion Laboratory — by the Science Mission Directorate.[2][1] Flagship missions are developed ad-hoc, with no predetermined launch cadence or uniform budget size. Flagship missions are always Class A missions:[4] high priority, very low risk.[2]

History

The Voyager probes mark the transition between the original NASA uncrewed mission programs, which were funded and organized as a series of related missions to specific targets such as the Mariner probes, Pioneer probes, Surveyor landers, Ranger probes, etc., and the modern NASA system which includes Flagships. In the early 1990s, NASA made the decision that instead of a centrally planned mission approach around pre-selected targets, mission ideas would compete for selection. The competitions would be based in cost categories, eventually turning into the Discovery and New Frontiers programs, as well as Flagship missions. While teams self-assemble to compete for Discovery and New Frontiers missions, Flagship missions are still strongly influenced by NASA Headquarters. Also, Discovery and New Frontiers missions are scheduled frequently enough that a standard process has emerged and scientists can expect that process to be followed, but Flagship missions seem to follow a different organizational and development approach every time.[citation needed]

A joint mission concept between NASA and ESA was developed to send a probe to study the icy satellites of the outer Solar System. There were two primary candidate missions under study: Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM) and Titan Saturn System Mission (TSSM). On 18 February 2009, NASA announced that both missions could proceed, but the EJSM was to be the first, departing Earth in 2020 and arriving at Jupiter in 2026.[5]

The 2011 Planetary Science Decadal Survey report recommended to NASA that the highest priority Flagship mission for development was a sample-caching rover, called the Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher (MAX-C), as an American contribution to the ExoMars project with the European Space Agency (ESA) and as precursor to a proposed Mars sample-return mission. The second highest priority mission was identified as the Jupiter Europa Orbiter, proposed to be part of the NASA-ESA Europa Jupiter System Mission – Laplace mission, and would have studied Europa in detail as a site of astrobiological interest.[6] Other priorities included the NASA Uranus orbiter and probe, the Enceladus Orbiter, and the Venus Climate Mission.[7]

Under the FY2013 budget that President Obama released in February 2012, NASA terminated its participation in ExoMars due to budgetary cuts,[8] in order to pay for the cost overruns of the James Webb Space Telescope.[9] At that time, all proposed NASA Flagship planetary missions were put on hold indefinitely.[10]

In December 2012, the Mars 2020 sample-caching rover, built on the same architecture as the Mars Science Laboratory (Curiosity rover), was announced on a proposed budget of US$1.5 billion.[11] In June 2015, the Europa Clipper was approved by NASA and entered the formulation stage.[12]

In 2022, the Planetary Science Decadel Report recommended the Uranus Orbiter and Probe and Enceladus Orbilander as top priorities, along with continuing work on Mars Sample Return.[13]

Missions

The 2020s decade is expected to see two planetary missions, with Mars 2020, which landed on Mars in 2021, and the Europa Clipper, expected to launch in 2024.[14]

NASA Large Strategic Science Missions [2]
Mission name Mission start Mission end
Planetary Science Division
Viking 1, 2[15] 1975 1982
Voyager 1, 2[15] 1977 Operational
Galileo[15] 1989 2003
Cassini[15] 1997 2017
Mars Science Laboratory/Curiosity rover[16] 2011 Operational
Mars 2020/Perseverance + Ingenuity helicopter[16] 2020 Operational
Europa Clipper[16] 2024 In development
NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return Mission[17] 2028-30 Proposed
Uranus Orbiter and Probe 2032 Proposed
Enceladus Orbilander 2038 Proposed
Astrophysics Division
Hubble Space Telescope[18] 1990 Operational
Compton Gamma Ray Observatory[18] 1991 2000
Chandra X-ray Observatory[18][19] 1999 Operational
James Webb Space Telescope[20][21] 2021 Operational
Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope[22][23] 2027 In development
Heliophysics Division
Solar Dynamics Observatory[24] 2010 Operational
Van Allen Probes[24] 2012 2019
Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission (MMS)[25] 2015 Operational
Parker Solar Probe[26] 2018 Operational
Earth Science Division
Terra[27][28] 1999 Operational
Aqua[27][28] 2002 Operational
ICESat[29] 2003 2010
Aura[28] 2004 Operational
Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) ─ a constellation[29] 2011 Operational
Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem (PACE)[30] 2024 In development

Of the four Great Observatories, only the Spitzer Space Telescope is not a Flagship mission. Despite an initial budget of US$2 billion, Spitzer was downscoped to a medium-size US$720 million mission.[2]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "NASA's 'Large Strategic' Science Missions Under the Microscope". 2016-10-13. https://www.aip.org/fyi/2016/nasas-large-strategic-science-missions-under-microscope. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2017-08-24). Powering Science: NASA's Large Strategic Science Missions. The National Academies Press. doi:10.17226/24857. ISBN 9780309463836. https://www.nap.edu/catalog/24857. 
  3. ↑ Powering Science: NASA's Large Strategic Science Missions (2017). The National Academies Press. page 10
  4. ↑ "NASA Procedural Requirements: Risk Classification for NASA Payloads: Appendix B - Classification Considerations for NASA Class A-D Payloads". https://nodis3.gsfc.nasa.gov/displayDir.cfm?Internal_ID=N_PR_8705_0004_&page_name=AppendixB.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  5. ↑ Lakdawalla, Emily (February 18, 2009). "News flash: Jupiter flagship mission selected to launch first". The Planetary Society Blog. http://www.planetary.org/blog/article/00001847/. 
  6. ↑ "New approach for L-class mission candidates". ESA. 19 April 2011. http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=48661. 
  7. ↑ Visions and Voyages for Planetary Science 2013 - 2022 (Published on 19 October 2011) This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  8. ↑ "NASA Units Hope For 2018 Robotic Mars Mission". Aviation Week. February 14, 2012. http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?channel=aerospacedaily&id=news/asd/2012/02/14/02.xml&headline=NASA%20Units%20Hope%20For%202018%20Robotic%20Mars%20Mission. 
  9. ↑ Kremr, Ken (February 1, 2012). "Experts React to Obama Slash to NASA's Mars and Planetary Science Exploration". Universe Today. http://www.universetoday.com/93512/experts-react-to-obama-slash-to-nasas-mars-and-planetary-science-exploration/. 
  10. ↑ Wall, Mike (February 15, 2012). "NASA shelves ambitious — and expensive — Flagship missions". NBC News / Space.com. http://www.nbcnews.com/id/46404142. 
  11. ↑ Harwood, William (4 December 2012). "NASA announces plans for new $1.5 billion Mars rover". CNET. http://news.cnet.com/8301-11386_3-57557184-76/nasa-announces-plans-for-new-$1.5-billion-mars-rover/. Retrieved 5 December 2012. 
  12. ↑ Howell, Elizabeth (20 June 2015). "NASA's Europa Mission Approved for Next Development Stage". Space.com. http://www.space.com/29713-europa-mission-approved-for-development.html. Retrieved 2015-06-21. 
  13. ↑ Foust, Jeff (19 April 2022). "Planetary science decadal endorses Mars sample return, outer planets missions". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/planetary-science-decadal-endorses-mars-sample-return-outer-planets-missions/. 
  14. ↑ Here's what we know about the 12 proposals for NASA's next New Frontiers mission. Van Kane. Published by The Planetary Society. 10 August 2017
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Solar System Programs: Outer Planets Flagship. NASA This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Powering Science: NASA's Large Strategic Science Missions (2017). The National Academies Press. page 37
  17. ↑ Berger, Eric (2023-09-21). "Independent reviewers find NASA Mars Sample Return plans are seriously flawed" (in en-us). https://arstechnica.com/space/2023/09/independent-review-finds-mars-sample-return-mission-important-but-broken/. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Powering Science: NASA's Large Strategic Science Missions (2017). The National Academies Press. page 25
  19. ↑ Powering Science: NASA's Large Strategic Science Missions (2017). The National Academies Press. page 1
  20. ↑ Powering Science: NASA's Large Strategic Science Missions (2017). The National Academies Press. page 27
  21. ↑ Clery, Daniel (1 March 2018). "Flagship U.S. space telescope facing further delays". Science Magazine. https://www.science.org/content/article/flagship-us-space-telescope-facing-further-delays. 
  22. ↑ Foust, Jeff (30 September 2021). "Pandemic causes delay and cost increase for NASA's Roman Space Telescope". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/pandemic-causes-delay-and-cost-increase-for-nasas-roman-space-telescope/. 
  23. ↑ Balzer, Ashley (9 November 2021). "NASA's Roman Mission Will Help Empower a New Era of Cosmological Discovery". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2021/nasa-s-roman-mission-will-help-empower-a-new-era-of-cosmological-discovery. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Powering Science: NASA's Large Strategic Science Missions (2017). The National Academies Press. Page 17.
  25. ↑ Powering Science: NASA's Large Strategic Science Missions (2017). The National Academies Press. Page 2.
  26. ↑ Powering Science: NASA's Large Strategic Science Missions (2017). The National Academies Press. page 16
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Terra: Earth Observing System Flagship. Space Today
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 Earth Science: NASA's Mission to Our Home Planet. Edward S. Goldstein and Tabatha Thompson, NASA This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 NASA Missions: From Concept to Launch (PDF) Michael Amato, NASA March 2013
  30. ↑ "Timeline". NASA. May 2021. https://pace.oceansciences.org/timeline.htm. 



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