Astronomy:Planetary Missions Program Office

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Short description: Division of NASA responsible for the Discovery, New Frontiers, and Solar System Exploration programs
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The Planetary Missions Program Office is a division of NASA headquartered at the Marshall Space Flight Center, formed by the agency's Science Mission Directorate (SMD). Succeeding the Discovery and New Frontiers Program Office, it was established in 2014 to manage the Discovery and New Frontiers programs of low and medium-cost missions by third-party institutions, and the Solar System Exploration program of NASA-led missions that focus on prioritized planetary science objectives. The Discovery and New Frontiers programs were established in 1992 and 2001 respectively, and have launched fourteen primary missions together, along with two missions launched under the administration of the Planetary Missions Program Office. The Solar System Exploration Program was established alongside the office, with three missions planned for launch under the new program.

History

The Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, where the Planetary Missions Program Office is located

The Planetary Missions Program Office was established in late 2014 as part of a series of changes implemented by NASA after the passage of the Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2015, which allocated United States dollar 1.438 billion to planetary missions, and the Obama administration's request for the 2016 United States federal budget.[1] The program office is a replacement for the Discovery and New Frontiers Program Office, established in 2004,[2] and occupies their former headquarters at the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama.[1][2] The Planetary Missions Program Office took control of the Discovery and New Frontiers program, along with the Europa Mission and NASA contributions to the European Space Agency (ESA)'s JUICE mission, in a then-unnamed program outside of Discovery and New Frontiers.[1] In 2017, the program was named the "Solar System Exploration Program",[3] and grew to include NASA's surviving DART component of the cancelled AIDA mission, after ESA terminated their contribution to the mission in late 2016.[4][5]

Programs

Discovery

Main page: Astronomy:Discovery Program

The Discovery program was established in late 1990 as a program of low-cost, limited-scope solar system exploration missions, succeeding the objectives of the Planetary Observer program.[6] In the late 1980s, leaders at NASA opted towards expensive, more ambitious missions to advance their objectives. This included the Space Exploration Initiative by the George H. W. Bush administration, which laid out a plan to construct Space Station Freedom and establish a human exploration program to the Moon and Mars.[7] Consistent cost overruns and lack of support from the United States Congress, however, created a trend towards smaller, less ambitious missions.[7][8] NASA's Solar System Exploration Division (SSED) initially proposed to model a new program of small-class unmanned missions after the Planetary Observer program, though members were skeptical, due to the budget problems plaguing the Planetary Observer program at the time.[6] It was decided instead to base it on the Explorer program, following advice from Explorer administrative staffer Tom Krimigis.[6] Under this model, the program gained support from then-NASA Administrator Daniel S. Goldin, and the program was formally approved by Congress in 1992.[6][8]

NEAR Shoemaker (left) and Mars Pathfinder (right), the founding missions of the Discovery program, exemplifying its roster of low-cost, specialized missions

Originally a Planetary Observer program mission, NEAR Shoemaker was reassigned to the Discovery program, after the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and the Applied Physics Laboratory found that the mission was possible to execute on a budget smaller than originally planned.[6] Its final mission cost would reach US$224 million.[9] Mars Pathfinder was also reassigned to the program as part of cuts to the Space Exploration Initiative Mars Environmental Survey (MESUR) program, following the loss of its flagship Mars Observer.[10][11] Both NEAR Shoemaker and Mars Pathfinder were successfully launched in February and December 1996 respectively;[12][13][14] the former achieved orbit around the asteroid 433 Eros in February 2000,[13] and the latter landed on Mars and delivered the first operational Mars rover, Sojourner, to the surface of the planet in July 1997.[14] After NEAR Shoemaker and Mars Pathfinder, the Discovery program began selecting its future missions from proposals from third-party institutions, in competitions named "Announcements of Opportunity" (AOs).[15][16] Twelve missions have been selected through AOs, with the latest, reconnaissance missions Lucy and Psyche, selected in January 2017 after a three-year long competition.[17][18][19] The Discovery program also presides over "Missions of Opportunity" (MOs) to develop instruments for non-NASA missions, such as the ASPERA-3 instrument onboard ESA's Mars Express and the M3 instrument aboard ISRO's Chandrayaan-1.[20] MOs were originally selected in competitions alongside AOs,[21] though have been selected in "Stand Alone Mission of Opportunity Notices" (SALMONs) since 2009.[22] SALMON-3 is currently underway to select NASA's contribution to JAXA's Martian Moons Exploration mission.[23]

Missions

  • NEAR Shoemaker – launched 1996, completed – flyby and orbital reconnaissance of 253 Mathilde and 433 Eros.[24]
  • Mars Pathfinder – launched 1996, completed – EDL and rover technology demonstration on Mars.[25]
  • Lunar Prospector – launched 1998, completed – surface composition, gravity, and magnetic field study of the Moon.[26]
  • Stardust – launched 1999, completed – sample return from the coma of Wild 2.[27]
  • Genesis – launched 2001, completed – sample return collecting solar wind particles. Sample return capsule crashed on impact.[28]
  • CONTOUR – launched 2002, failed – flyby reconnaissance of three comets; failed on launch.[29][30]
  • MESSENGER – launched 2004, completed – orbital reconnaissance of Mercury.[31]
  • Deep Impact – launched 2005, completed – impact-flyby reconnaissance of Tempel 1.[31]
  • Dawn – launched 2005, completed – orbital reconnaissance of 4 Vesta and 1 Ceres.[32]
  • Kepler – launched 2009, completed – discovery and observation of new exoplanets.[33]
  • GRAIL – launched 2011, completed – gravitational field study of the Moon.[34]
  • InSight – launched 2018, completed – seismology and geology study of planet Mars.[35]
  • Lucy – launched 2021, operational – flyby reconnaissance of one main belt asteroid and six Jupiter trojans, including a binary system.[17][18]
  • Psyche – launched 2023, future – orbital reconnaissance of 16 Psyche launched October 13th 2023.[17][18]
  • DAVINCI – launching 2029, future – Venus atmospheric probe.[36]
  • VERITAS – launching 2031, future – orbital reconnaissance of Venus.[37]

New Frontiers

Main page: Astronomy:New Frontiers program
New Horizons survived the cancellation of the Outer Planet/Solar Probe program to become the founding mission of the New Frontiers program

The New Frontiers program is the successor to the cancelled Outer Planet/Solar Probe (OPSP) program, a project which aimed to launch the Europa Orbiter astrobiology mission, the Pluto Kuiper Express reconnaissance mission, and the Solar Orbiter heliophysics mission.[38][39] To reduce the growing costs of the OPSP, the Pluto Kuiper Express was cancelled in 2000 by then-Science Mission Directorate Edward J. Weiler, who subsequently accepted proposals for a replacement mission and modelled the competition after the Discovery program's AOs.[40][41] The New Horizons mission was chosen to replace Pluto Kuiper Express in the OPSP program in November 2001,[42][43] though the entire program, including the Europa Orbiter, New Horizons, and Solar Probe, was cancelled by Administrator of NASA Sean O'Keefe in February 2002, shortly after his appointment by President George W. Bush. O'Keefe cited a need for a restructuring of NASA and its projects, falling in line with the Bush Administration's wish for NASA to refocus on "research and development, and addressing management shortcomings."[44]

The New Horizons team successfully lobbied for the funding and development of their mission, appearing at the top of the National Research Council's Planetary Science Decadal Survey for 2003–2013.[40][41] Weiler and then-Solar System Exploration Division Director Colleen Hartman established the New Frontiers program in 2003 to help fund and launch New Horizons and future proposals from the Decadal Survey.[41] New Horizons was launched as the program's first mission on January 20, 2006,[45][46] and successfully performed the first reconnaissance of Pluto and its moons in July 2015.[47][48][49] An extended mission is underway to observe Kuiper Belt Objects (KBOs), including a flyby of 486958 Arrokoth in January 2019.[50][51] In the first New Frontiers AO, Juno, a mission to investigate the interior of Jupiter, was selected over the MoonRise lunar sample return mission.[52][53][54][55] Juno launched on August 5, 2011, and arrived at Jupiter in July 2016.[56][57] In May 2011, the OSIRIS-REx asteroid sample return mission was selected over MoonRise and SAGE for the program's third mission.[58][59] OSIRIS-REx launched on September 8, 2016, and will arrive at the Near-Earth object (NEO) 101955 Bennu in August 2018.[60][61][62] The program's fourth mission is Dragonfly, which will launch in 2028 and arrive on Titan in the mid 2030s.[63]

Missions

Solar System Exploration

Europa Clipper, one of the first missions of the Solar System Exploration program

In late 2014, the Solar System Exploration program was established alongside the Planetary Missions Program Office to "execute prioritized planetary science."[1][3] The first mission of the program is DART, an asteroid deflection test targeting 65803 Didymos that launched in 2021.[5][65][66] Originally a component of AIDA, DART's impact was intended to be observed by ESA's AIM orbiter, which would continue to study Didymos from orbit.[67][68] However, the ESA Council at ministerial level cancelled the AIM mission in favour of funding for the ExoMars 2020 rover, citing budget concerns.[69][70] Despite the cancellation of AIM, NASA committed to their original plan, opting to continue solely with DART.[5] DART successfully impacted Dimorphos, the moon of asteroid 65803 Didymos, on 26 September 2022.[71] Two Europa astrobiology missions are scheduled in the Solar System Exploration program. The Europa Clipper is scheduled to launch in October 2024 on a Spacex Falcon Heavy.[72][73][74] The ESA JUICE mission to study Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto will utilize the NASA-built, Solar System Exploration Program-funded Ultraviolet Spectrograph (UVS) and parts of the Particle Environment Package (PEP) and Radar for Icy Moons Exploration (RIME) instruments.[75][76]

Missions

Timeline

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See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Green, James L. (March 16, 2015). "NASA Planetary Science Programs" (in en-US). Universities Space Research Association. https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2015/presentations/Green_LPSC_2015.pdf. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "NASA's Marshall Center selected as program office for Discovery and New Frontiers initiatives to explore the Solar System" (in en-US). National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). August 13, 2004. https://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/news/news/releases/2004/04-214.html. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Marshall and the Solar System" (in en-US). National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). August 4, 2018. https://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/solarsystem/index.html. 
  4. ↑ Talbert, Tricia (June 30, 2017). "NASA'S First Asteroid Deflection Mission Enters Next Design Phase" (in en-US). https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-s-first-asteroid-deflection-mission-enters-next-design-phase. "The project would be overseen by the Planetary Missions Program Office at Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama." 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Foust, Jeff (December 13, 2016). "NASA presses ahead with asteroid mission despite ESA funding decision" (in en-US). Pocket Ventures, LLC.. http://spacenews.com/nasa-presses-ahead-with-asteroid-mission-despite-esa-funding-decision/. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 "A Look Back at the Beginning: How the Discovery Program Came to Be" (in en-US). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 2010. https://discovery.nasa.gov/lib/pdf/HistoricalDiscoveryProgramInformation.pdf. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Rumerman, Judy A. (2009). "4" (in en-US). NASA Historical Data Book Volume VII – NASA Launch Systems, Space Transportation / Human Spaceflight, and Space Science 1989–1998. Washington, D.C.: NASA History Office. pp. 576, 577. ISBN 978-0-16-080501-1. https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4012v7ch4.pdf. Retrieved February 26, 2018. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Callahan, Jason (September 11, 2014). "Recovery. Peak. Collapse. Planetary Science from 1990 - 2014" (in en-US). The Planetary Society. http://www.planetary.org/blogs/guest-blogs/2014/0910-recovery-peak-collapse-planetary-science-from-1990-to-2014.html. 
  9. ↑ "Frequently Asked Questions" (in en-US). Johns Hopkins University. http://near.jhuapl.edu/intro/faq.html. "35. How much did the NEAR mission cost? [...] The total mission cost was about $224 million..." 
  10. ↑ Portree, David S. F. (October 13, 2012). "Measuring Mars: the MESUR Network Mission (1991)" (in en-US). Wired (Condé Nast Inc.). https://www.wired.com/2012/10/networking-the-red-planet-nasas-mesur-mission-1991/. Retrieved February 26, 2018. "In 1994, in the wake of the Mars Observer failure, NASA funded the Mars Surveyor Program in place of MESUR Network. Work continued on Pathfinder in NASA's low-cost Discovery Program, however, and it landed successfully on Mars on July 4, 1997.". 
  11. ↑ McCurdy, Howard E. (2001). "5" (in en-US). Faster, Better, Cheaper: Low-Cost Innovation in the U.S. Space Program. Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 62. ISBN 0-8018-6720-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=5Dy6z6DQDNoC. Retrieved February 26, 2018. "...exploration advocates believed that Mars Pathfinder would be the first in a series of small, inexpensive monitoring stations that NASA would spread across Mars. Advocates of one leading concept, called Mars Environmental Survey (MESUR), envisioned a network of 16 monitoring stations around the red planet. MESUR was eventually canceled in favor of alternative endeavors..." 
  12. ↑ "NEAR Shoemaker". Goddard Space Flight Center (National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)). https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1996-008A. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Farquhar, Robert W. (January–March 2002). "NEAR Shoemaker at Eros" (in en-US). Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest (Laurel, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory) 23 (1): 3–5. http://techdigest.jhuapl.edu/TD/td2301/farquhar.pdf. Retrieved February 26, 2018. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Wall, Mike (July 4, 2017). "NASA's 1st Mars Rover Landed 20 Years Ago Today" (in en-US). Purch Group, Inc.. https://www.space.com/37387-nasa-mars-pathfinder-20-years-anniversary.html. 
  15. ↑ Isbell, Douglas (February 28, 1995). "Mission to the Moon, Sun, Venus, and a Comet Picked for Discovery" (TXT). Goddard Space Flight Center, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/discover95.txt. 
  16. ↑ Huynh, Miki (December 15, 2017). "NASA Discovery Program Announcement of Opportunity Long-range Planning Information" (in en-US). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. https://nai.nasa.gov/articles/2017/12/15/nasa-discovery-program-announcement-of-opportunity-long-range-planning-information/. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 "DRAFT Announcement of Opportunity - Discovery 2014". National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). July 2, 2014. https://nspires.nasaprs.com/external/viewrepositorydocument/cmdocumentid=422861/solicitationId=%7BE688B67C-F571-CD88-D577-5DBEE9C425F6%7D/viewSolicitationDocument=1/Discovery2014draftAOFINAL.pdf. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Kaplan, Sarah (January 4, 2017). "NASA's newest missions will explore the solar system's asteroids" (in en-US). The Washington Post (Nash Holdings LLC). https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2017/01/04/nasas-newest-missions-will-explore-the-solar-systems-asteroids/. 
  19. ↑ Grush, Loren (January 4, 2017). "In the 2020s NASA will launch spacecraft to study Jupiter's asteroids, and another made of metal" (in en-US). Vox Media. https://www.theverge.com/2017/1/4/14168394/nasa-lucy-psyche-missions-asteroid-study-discovery-program. 
  20. ↑ "Announcement of Opportunity: Discovery Program 2006 and Missions of Opportunity" (in en-US). National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). April 5, 2006. p. 6. https://spacese.spacegrant.org/uploads/Design%20Module/Discovery_AO_2006.pdf. "Three missions of opportunity, Aspera-3, Netlander, and the Moon Mineralogy Mapper, have been selected." 
  21. ↑ Brown, Dwayne; Hupp, Erica (October 30, 2006). "NASA Announces Discovery Program Selections" (in en-US). Goddard Space Flight Center (National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)). https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/text/discovery_pr_20061030.txt. 
  22. ↑ "Community Announcement NNH09ZDA009J: NASA intends to release a Discovery Program Draft AO" (in en-US). National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). 2008. https://science.nasa.gov/researchers/sara/grant-solicitations/community-announcement-nnh09zda009j. 
  23. ↑ "NASA Announcement of Opportunity for Third Stand Alone Missions of Opportunity Notice (SALMON - 3) Including a Proposal Opportunity for the Discovery Program Focused Mission of Opportunity: MMX Neutron and Gamma - Ray Spectrometer Investigation" (in en-US). National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). March 22, 2017. https://www.k-state.edu/research/faculty/funding/connection/2017/data/SALMON-3.pdf. 
  24. ↑ Coughlin, Thomas B. (August 1999). "NEAR: The First Launch in the Discovery Program". Acta Astronautica (Great Britain: Elsevier Science Ltd.) 45 (4–9): 227–233. doi:10.1016/S0094-5765(99)00140-X. Bibcode: 1999AcAau..45..227C. 
  25. ↑ "Mars Pathfinder Fact Sheet" (in en-US). National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). https://mars.nasa.gov/MPF/mpf/fact_sheet.html. "The Mars Pathfinder Mission is the second launch in the Discovery Program..." 
  26. ↑ Swenson, Heather J. (December 18, 2003). "The Lunar Prospector Mission" (in en-US). University of Colorado Boulder. http://ccar.colorado.edu/asen5050/projects/projects_2003/swenson/. "Lunar Prospector was first of a part of competitively selected missions in the NASA Discovery Program." 
  27. ↑ "Products: Stardust" (in en-US). https://www.lockheedmartin.com/us/products/stardust.html. "Stardust is the fourth mission of NASA’s Discovery program..." 
  28. ↑ "'Genesis' Mission Named Next Discovery Program Flight" (in en-US). National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). October 23, 1997. https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=5241. 
  29. ↑ "APL Comet-Studying Mission Selected for NASA Discovery Program" (in en-US). Johns Hopkins University. October 23, 1997. http://www.jhuapl.edu/newscenter/pressreleases/1998/971023.asp. 
  30. ↑ Moomaw, Bruce (August 26, 2002). "Full Impact Of Contour Mission Destruction Remains To Be Seen" (in en-US). Space Media Network. http://www.spacedaily.com/news/contour-02i.html. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Whalen, Mark (July 9, 1999). "Lab wins Discovery mission" (in en-US). Universe. Jet Propulsion Laboratory (Pasadena, California: National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)) 29 (14). https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/universe/archive/un9907.pdf. 
  32. ↑ David, Leonard (March 16, 2006). "NASA's Dawn Mission Cancellation Under Review" (in en-US). Purch Group, Inc.. https://www.space.com/2163-nasa-dawn-mission-cancellation-review.html. "Dawn is under the rubric of NASA's econo-class Discovery program. It was selected in December 2001..." 
  33. ↑ Caldwell, Douglas (March 2011). "Science Analysis Support for NASA Discovery Program's Kepler Extended Mission" (in en-US). https://www.seti.org/seti-institute/project/science-analysis-support-nasa-discovery-programs-kepler-extended-mission. "In December 2001, Kepler became the 10th mission selected for flight by NASA’s Discovery Program" 
  34. ↑ Mosher, Dave (December 11, 2007). "NASA Aims to Look Inside the Moon" (in en-US). Purch Group, Inc.. https://www.space.com/4723-nasa-aims-moon.html. 
  35. ↑ Vastag, Brian (August 20, 2012). "NASA will send robot drill to Mars in 2016" (in en-US). The Washington Post (Nash Holdings). https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/nasa-will-send-robot-drill-to-mars-in-2016/2012/08/20/43bf1980-eaef-11e1-9ddc-340d5efb1e9c_story.html. 
  36. ↑ Neal Jones, Nancy (June 2, 2022). "NASA's DAVINCI Mission To Take the Plunge Through Massive Atmosphere of Venus". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2022/nasa-s-davinci-mission-to-take-the-plunge-through-massive-atmosphere-of-venus. 
  37. ↑ Howell, Elizabeth (4 November 2022). "Problems with NASA asteroid mission Psyche delay Venus probe's launch to 2031". Space.com. https://www.space.com/nasa-problems-psyche-venus-probe-veritas-launch-delay. 
  38. ↑ Jet Propulsion Laboratory staff (April 15, 1998). "Mcnamee Chosen to Head NASA's Outer Planets/Solar Probe Projects". National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=5174. 
  39. ↑ Maddock, R.W.; Clark, K.B.; Henry, C.A.; Hoffman, P.J. (March 7, 1999). "The Outer Planets/Solar Probe Project: "Between an ocean, a rock, and a hot place"". 1999 IEEE Aerospace Conference. Proceedings (Cat. No.99TH8403). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers · Institution of Engineering and Technology. pp. 383–402 vol.1. doi:10.1109/AERO.1999.794310. ISBN 0-7803-5425-7. 
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Davis, Jason (July 7, 2015). "Pushing Back the Frontier: How The Planetary Society Helped Send a Spacecraft to Pluto". http://www.planetary.org/blogs/jason-davis/2015/20150707-pushing-back-frontier.html. 
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 Hand, Eric (25 June 2015). "Feature: How Alan Stern's tenacity, drive, and command got a NASA spacecraft to Pluto". American Association for the Advancement of Science. https://www.science.org/content/article/feature-how-alan-stern-s-tenacity-drive-and-command-got-nasa-spacecraft-pluto. 
  42. ↑ Savage, Donald (June 6, 2001). "NASA Selects Two Investigations for Pluto-Kuiper Belt Mission Feasibility Studies" (TXT). Goddard Space Flight Center (National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)). http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/text/pluto_pr_20010606.txt. 
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 Savage, Donald (November 29, 2001). "NASA Selects Pluto-Kuiper Belt Mission Phase B Study" (TXT). Goddard Space Flight Center (National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)). http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/text/pluto_pr_20011129.txt. 
  44. ↑ Berger, Brian (February 4, 2002). "NASA Kills Europa Orbiter; Revamps Planetary Exploration". Purch Group. http://www.space.com/news/nasa_budget_020204.html. 
  45. ↑ Leary, Warren E. (January 20, 2006). "NASA Launches Spacecraft on the First Mission to Pluto" (in en-US). https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/20/science/space/nasa-launches-spacecraft-on-the-first-mission-to-pluto.html. 
  46. ↑ Malik, Tariq (January 19, 2006). "Reaching for Pluto: NASA Launches Probe to Solar System's Edge" (in en-US). Purch Group. https://www.space.com/1968-reaching-pluto-nasa-launches-probe-solar-system-edge.html. 
  47. ↑ Musser, George (July 14, 2015). "New Horizons Emerges Unscathed from Pluto Flyby" (in en-US). Springer Nature. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/new-horizons-emerges-unscathed-from-pluto-flyby/. 
  48. ↑ Amos, Jonathan (July 14, 2015). "New Horizons: NASA Spacecraft Speeds Past Pluto" (in en-GB). British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-33524589. 
  49. ↑ Knapton, Sarah (July 14, 2015). "Nasa's New Horizons: Space probe makes Pluto dwarf planet flypast" (in en-GB). Telegraph Media Group. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/space/11737738/New-Horizons-probe-Cheers-as-Nasas-New-Horizons-spacecraft-makes-Pluto-flyby.html. 
  50. ↑ Daley, Jason (February 12, 2018). "New Horizons Snaps Farthest Image Ever Taken From Earth" (in en-US). Smithsonian Institution. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/new-horizons-snaps-farthest-image-ever-taken-earth-180968134/. 
  51. ↑ Lakdawalla, Emily (January 24, 2018). "New Horizons prepares for encounter with 2014 MU69" (in en-US). http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2018/0124-new-horizons-prepares-for-2014mu69.html. 
  52. ↑ Savage, Donald (July 16, 2004). "NASA Selects Two "New Frontiers" Mission Concepts for Further Study" (in en-US). Goddard Space Flight Center (National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)). https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/text/new_frontiers_pr_20040716.txt. 
  53. ↑ Erickson, Jim (July 19, 2004). "Mines moon mission may be NASA's next" (in en-US). Rocky Mountain News (E. W. Scripps Company). https://andrewferguson.net/2004/07/20/mines-moon-mission-may-be-nasa-s-next/. 
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 Martinez, Carolina; Beasley, Dolores; Hupp, Erica (June 1, 2005). "NASA Selects New Frontiers Mission Concept Study" (in en-US). https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/news/juno-060105.html. 
  55. ↑ Portree, David S. F. (November 7, 2012). "Lunar South Pole-Aitken Sample Return (2002)" (in en-US). Wired (Condé Nast Inc.). https://www.wired.com/2012/11/lunar-south-pole-aitken-sample-return-2002/. Retrieved February 20, 2018. 
  56. ↑ Kremer, Ken (August 5, 2011). "Juno Jupiter Orbiter poised at Launch Pad for Aug. 5 Blastoff" (in en-US). Fraser Cain. https://www.universetoday.com/87925/juno-jupiter-orbiter-poised-at-launch-pad-for-aug-5-blastoff/. 
  57. ↑ ABC News Australia staff (July 6, 2016). "Juno: NASA's billion-dollar spacecraft has entered Jupiter's orbit" (in en-AU). Australian Broadcasting Corporation. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-07-05/nasa-junos-spacecraft-slips-into-jupiters-orbit/7569804. 
  58. ↑ Clark, Stephen (December 29, 2009). "NASA considers missions to Venus, moon and asteroid" (in en-US). Pole Star Publications Ltd. https://spaceflightnow.com/news/n0912/29newfrontiers/. 
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 "OSIRIS-REx Wins UA's Largest Grant Ever" (in en-US). May 25, 2011. http://www.arizona.edu/osiris-rex-wins-uas-largest-grant-ever. 
  60. ↑ Dickinson, David (September 9, 2016). "Osiris-REX is Bound for Asteroid Bennu" (in en-US). F+W. http://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-blogs/astronomy-space-david-dickinson/osiris-rex-bennu-bound/. 
  61. ↑ Corum, Jonathan (September 8, 2016). "NASA Launches the Osiris-Rex Spacecraft to Asteroid Bennu" (in en-US). https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/09/08/science/space/nasa-osiris-rex-launch.html. 
  62. ↑ Wall, Mike (September 22, 2017). "NASA Spacecraft Buzzes Earth on Way to Distant Asteroid Bennu" (in en-US). Purch Group Inc.. https://www.space.com/38238-osiris-rex-asteroid-spacecraft-earth-flyby.html. 
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 Foust, Jeff (28 November 2023). "NASA postpones Dragonfly review, launch date". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/nasa-postpones-dragonfly-review-launch-date/. 
  64. ↑ Phillips, Cynthia (June 9, 2005). "The Juno Mission to Jupiter" (in en-US). Purch Group, Inc.. https://www.space.com/1180-juno-mission-jupiter.html. "NASA has announced the selection of a new concept study for a Jupiter mission that will now move into a preliminary design phase. The mission is called Juno..." 
  65. ↑ Clark, Stephen (January 19, 2017). "Future of asteroid deflection mission to be decided soon" (in en-US). Pole Star Publications Ltd. https://spaceflightnow.com/2017/01/19/future-of-asteroid-deflection-mission-to-be-decided-soon/. 
  66. ↑ Gohd, Chelsea (November 24, 2021). "NASA launches DART asteroid mission to destroy a spacecraft to (potentially) save planet Earth". https://www.space.com/nasa-dart-mission-launch-asteroid-planetary-defense. 
  67. ↑ Cheng, A.F.; Atchison, J.; Kantsiper, B.; Rivkin, A.S.; Stickle, A.; Reed, C.; Galvez, A.; Carnelli, I. et al. (October 1, 2015). "Asteroid Impact and Deflection Assessment mission" (in en). Acta Astronautica (Elsevier) 115: 262–269. doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2015.05.021. ISSN 0094-5765. https://elib.dlr.de/96655/1/AIDA_2015.pdf. 
  68. ↑ "Asteroid Impact & Deflection Assessment mission" (in en-GB). European Space Agency (ESA). December 2015. http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Engineering_Technology/Asteroid_Impact_Mission/Asteroid_Impact_Deflection_Assessment_mission. 
  69. ↑ Kaplan, Sarah (December 5, 2016). "Europe will send a rover to Mars but won't protect Earth from an asteroid" (in en-US). The Washington Post (WP Company LLC). https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2016/12/05/europe-will-send-a-rover-to-mars-but-wont-protect-earth-from-an-asteroid/. 
  70. ↑ Wörner, Johann-Dietrich (December 4, 2016). "ESA Council at ministerial level 2016: success, tinged with a bit of disappointment" (in en-GB). European Space Agency. http://blogs.esa.int/janwoerner/2016/12/04/esa-council-at-ministerial-level-2016-success-tinged-with-a-bit-of-disappointment/. 
  71. ↑ Talbert, Tricia (2022-09-26). "DART's Final Images Prior to Impact". http://www.nasa.gov/feature/dart-s-final-images-prior-to-impact. 
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  77. ↑ 77.0 77.1 "Solar System Exploration Missions List". National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). https://planetarymissions.nasa.gov/missions/solar%20system%20exploration. 

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