Astronomy:List of neutrino experiments

Neutrino experiments are scientific studies investigating the properties of neutrinos, which are subatomic particles that are very difficult to detect due to their weak interactions with matter. Neutrino experiments are essential for understanding the fundamental properties of matter and the universe's behaviour at the subatomic level. Here is a non-exhaustive list of neutrino experiments, neutrino detectors, and neutrino telescopes.

Abbreviation	Full name	Sensitivity	Type	Induced reaction	Type of reaction	Detector	Type of detector	Threshold energy	Location	Operation	Home page
ANNIE	Accelerator Neutrino Neutron Interaction Experiment								SciBooNE Hall, Illinois, United States	future	[1]
ANTARES	Astronomy with a Neutrino Telescope and Abyss Environmental RESearch	ATM, CR, AGN, PUL	νe, νμ, ντ			Seawater	Cherenkov		Mediterranean Sea, France	2006–	[2]
ARIANNA	Antarctic Ross Ice-Shelf ANtenna Neutrino Array	S, CR, AGN, ?	νe, νμ, ντ						Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica	future	[3]
BDUNT (NT-200+) Baikal-GVD	Baikal Deep Underwater Neutrino Telescope / Gigaton Volume Detector	S, ATM, LS, AGN, PUL	νe, νμ, ντ		CC, NC	Water (H2O)	Cherenkov	≈10 GeV	Lake Baikal, Russia	1993–	[4] [5]
BOREXINO	BORon EXperiment	LS	νe	νx + e− → νx + e−	ES	LOS shielded by water	Scintillation	250–665 keV	Gran Sasso, Italy	May 2007–	[6] [7]
BUST	Baksan Underground Scintillation Telescope						Scintillation		Baksan River valley, Russia	1977–	[8]
CCM	Coherent CAPTAIN-Mills	AC	νe		CC	Liquid Argon	Scintillation	50 keV	Los Alamos Neutron Science Center	2019-	[9]
CHANDLER	Carbon Hydrogen AntiNeutrino Detector with a Lithium Enhanced Raghavan-optical-lattice	R	νe	νe + p → e+ + n	CC	WLS Plastic Scintillating Cubes and Lithium-6-loaded Zinc Sulfide Sheets	Scintillation	1.8 MeV	North Anna, Virginia, US	June 2017-	[10]
CLEAN	Cryogenic Low-Energy Astrophysics with Neon	LS, SN, WIMP	νe	νx + e− → νx + e− νe + 20Ne → νe + 20Ne	ES ES	Liquid Ne (10 t)	Scintillation		SNOLAB Ontario, Canada	future	[11]
COBRA	Cadmium zinc telluride 0-neutrino double-Beta Research Apparatus			64Zn + e− → 64Ni + e+ 70Zn → 70Ge + e− + e− 106Cd → 106Pd + e+ + e+ 108Cd + e− + e− → 108Pd 114Cd → 114Sn + e− + e− 116Cd → 116Sn + e− + e− 120Te + e− → 120Sn + e+ 128Te → 128Xe + e− + e− 130Te → 130Xe + e− + e−	BB	Cadmium zinc telluride			Gran Sasso, Italy	2007–	[12]
COHERENT	COHERENT	AC	νμ, νμ, νe	ν + nucleus → ν + nucleus	NC	CsI[Na], NaI[Tl], HPGe, LAr	Coherent Elastic Neutrino Nucleus Scattering (CEvNS)	few keV nuclear recoil energy	Spallation Neutron Source at Oak Ridge National Laboratory	Nov 2016-	[13]
Daya Bay	Daya Bay Reactor Neutrino Experiment	R	νe	νe + p → e+ + n	CC	Gd-doped LAB (LOS)	Scintillation	1.8 MeV	Daya Bay, China	2011–2020	[14]
Double Chooz	Double Chooz Reactor Neutrino Experiment	R	νe	νe + p → e+ + n	CC	Gd-doped LOS	Scintillation	1.8 MeV	Chooz, France	2011–2017	[15]
DUNE	Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment	AC, ATM, (S), SN	all		NC, CC, (ES)	Liquid argon	Scintillation & Time projection chamber	around 10 MeV	Sanford Underground Research Facility	construction start 2017	[16]
ENUBET	Enhanced NeUtrino BEams from kaon Tagging	AC	νe, νμ νe, νμ	νe + n → e− + p (+π, +X) νμ + n → μ− + p (+π, +X) νe + p → e+ + n (+π, +X) νμ + p → μ+ + n (+π, +X)	CC (NC)					future	[17]
ESSnuSB	The European Spallation Source neutrino Super Beam	AC	νμ, νμ(Background: νe,νe)			Water	Water Cherenkov MEMPHYS detector	0.36 GeV	Garpenberg, Lund, Sweden	future by 2023	[18]
FASER	ForwArd Search ExpeRiment	C	νe, νμ, ντ	ν + N → ℓ + X	CC + NC	Tungsten	Emulsion	>10 GeV	Large Hadron Collider	2022-	[19]
EXO-200	Enriched Xenon Observatory			134Xe → 134Ba + e− + e− 136Xe → 136Ba + e− + e−	BB	Liquid Xenon			WIPP, New Mexico	2009–	[20]
GALLEX	GALLium EXperiment	LS	νe	νe + 71Ga → 71Ge + e−	CC	GaCl3 (30 t)	Radiochemical	233.2 keV	Gran Sasso, Italy	1991–1997	[21]
GERDA	The GERmanium Detector Array	BB	νe	76Ge → 76As + e− + e−	BB	HPGe	Semiconductor		Gran Sasso, Italy		[22]
GRAND	Giant Radio Array for Neutrino Detection	AGN, CR, ?	ντ	ντ + N → τ− + X	CC	Electromagnetic waves caused by τ− through extensive air showers in the atmosphere.	Radio	1017 eV	China	Proposed	[23]
HALO	Helium And Lead Observatory	SN	νe, νx	νe + 208Pb → e− + 209Bi* ν + 208Pb → ν + 208Pb*	CC, NC	Lead (79 t) and 3He	High-Z	≈10 MeV	Creighton Mine, Ontario	2012–	[24]
HERON	Helium Roton Observation of Neutrinos	LS	νe (mainly)	νe + e− → νe + e−	NC	Superfluid He	Rotational excitation	1 MeV		future	[25]
HOMESTAKE–CHLORINE	Homestake chlorine experiment	S	νe	37Cl + νe → 37Ar* + e− 37Ar* → 37Cl + e+ + νe	CC	C2Cl4 (615 t)	Radiochemical	814 keV	Homestake Mine, South Dakota	1967–1998	[26]
HOMESTAKE–IODINE	Homestake iodine experiment	S	νe	ν + e− → ν + e− νe + 127I → 127Xe + e−	ES CC	NaI in water	Radiochemical	789 keV	Homestake Mine, South Dakota	future	[27]
Hyper-Kamiokande	Hyper-Kamiokande	S, ATM, SN, AC	νe, νμ νe, νμ	νe + e− → νe + e− νe + n → e− + p (+π, +X) νμ + n → μ− + p (+π, +X) νe + p → e+ + n (+π, +X) νμ + p → μ+ + n (+π, +X)	ES, CC, (NC)	water	Cherenkov	200 MeV	Tokai and Kamioka, Japan	2027- (under construction)	[28]
ICARUS	Imaging Cosmic And Rare Underground Signal	S, ATM, GSN	νe, νμ, ντ	ν + e− → ν + e−	ES	Liquid Ar	Cherenkov	5.9 MeV	Gran Sasso, Italy	2010–	[29]
IceCube	IceCube Neutrino Detector	ATM, CR, AGN, ?	νe, νμ, ντ	ν + N → ν + Cascade , ν + N → Charged lepton + Cascade	CC, NC	Water ice (1 km3)	Cherenkov	≈10 GeV	South Pole, Antarctica	2006–	[30]
India-based Neutrino Observatory	Iron Calorimeter Detector @ India-based Neutrino Observatory	ATM	νμ	νμ+Fe→μ−+X	CC (dominant), NC	Magnetised iron (50 kton)	RPC active detector elements	≈0.6 GeV	Theni, Tamil Nadu, India	2012– (lab construction); 2018– (detector operation)	[31]
JUNO	Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory	R	νe	νe + p → e+ + n	CC	LAB (LOS) + PPO + Bis-MSB	Scintillation		Kaiping, China	2014– (construction)	[32]
Kamiokande	Kamioka Nucleon Decay Experiment	S, ATM	νe	ν + e− → ν + e−	ES	Water (H2O)	Cherenkov	7.5 MeV	Kamioka, Japan	1986–1995	[33]
KamLAND	Kamioka Liquid Scintillator Antineutrino Detector	R	νe	νe + p → e+ + n	CC	LOS	Scintillation	1.8 MeV	Kamioka, Japan	2002–	[34]
KM3NeT	KM3 Neutrino Telescope	S, ATM, CR, SN, AGN, PUL	νμ,νe,ντ			Sea water (≈5 km3)	Cherenkov		Mediterranean Sea	2014–	[35]
LAGUNA	Large Apparatus studying Grand Unification and Neutrino Astrophysics									future	[36]
LENS	Low Energy Neutrino Spectroscopy	LS	νe	νe + 115In → 115Sn + νe + 2γ	CC	In-doped LOS	Scintillation	120 keV		proposed	[37] [38]
Majorana Demonstrator	The Majorana Demonstrator	BB	νe	76Ge → 76As + e− + e−	BB	HPGe	Semiconductor	2039 keV	Homestake Mine, South Dakota	construction start 2012	[39]
MicroBooNE		AC, SN	νe, νμ		ES, NC, CC	Liquid Argon	TPC	few MeV	Illinois, United States	2014-	[40]
MINERvA	Main Injector ExpeRiment for v-A	AC	νμ	many	CC, NC	Solid scintillator, targets of Liquid helium, Carbon, Water, Iron, Lead	Scintillation	≈0.5 GeV	Illinois, United States	2009–2019	[41]
MiniBooNE	Mini Booster Neutrino Experiment	AC	νe, νμ	νe + 12C → e− + X	CC	Mineral oil (1000 t)	Cherenkov	≈100 keV	Illinois, United States	2002–	[42]
MINOS	Main Injector Neutrino Oscillation Search	AC, ATM	νe, νμ	νμ+nucleus → μ−+X	CC, NC	Solid scintillator	Scintillation	≈0.5 GeV	Illinois and Minnesota, United States	2005–2012	[43]
MINOS+	Upgraded electronics for MINOS	AC, ATM	νe, νμ,	νμ+nucleus → μ−+X	CC, NC	Solid scintillator	Scintillation	≈0.5 GeV	Illinois and Minnesota, United States	2013–	[44]
MOON	Molybdenum Observatory Of Neutrinos	LS, LSN	νe	νe + 100Mo → 100Tc + e−	CC	100Mo (1 kt) + MoF6 (gas)	Scintillation	168 keV	Washington (state) , United States		[45]
NEMO-3	Neutrino Ettore Majorana Observatory	BB	νe	100Mo → 100Ru + 2 e− 100Se → 100Kr + 2 e−	BB	Tracker + calorimeter	He+Ar wire chamber, plastic scintillators	150 keV	Modane Underground Laboratory, Fréjus Road Tunnel, France	2003–2011	[46]
NEMO Telescope	NEutrino Mediterranean Observatory								Mediterranean Sea, Italy	2007–	[47]
NEVOD	Cherenkov water detector NEVOD	ATM, CR	νμ	νμ + n → μ− + p νμ + p → μ+ + n	CC	Water (H2O)	Cherenkov	≈2 GeV	Moscow, Russia	1993–	[48]
NEXT	Neutrino Experiment with a Xenon Time Projection Chamber	BB		136Xe → 136Ba + 2 e−	BB	Gaseous Xenon	Time projection chamber	≈10 keV	Canfranc, Spain	2016–	[49]
NOνA	NuMI Off-Axis νe Appearance	AC	νe, νμ	νe+nucleus → e−+X	CC	Liquid scintillator	Scintillation	≈0.1 GeV	Illinois and Minnesota, United States	2011–	[50]
OPERA	Oscillation Project with Emulsion-tRacking Apparatus	AC	ντ	ντ+nucleus → τ−+X	CC	Lead/Emulsion	Nuclear Emulsion	≈1.0 GeV	LNGS (Italy) and CERN	2008–	[51]
Auger	Pierre Auger Observatory	CR					Cherenkov		Argentina		[52]
RENO	Reactor Experiment for Neutrino Oscillation	R	νe	νe + p → e+ + n	CC	Gd-doped LOS	Scintillation	1.8 MeV	South Korea	2011–
RNO-G	Radio Neutrino Observatory Greenland	CR, AGN, ?	νe, νμ, ντ		CC, NC	In-Ice	Radio	>10 PeV	Summit Camp, Greenland	2021–	[53]
SAGE	Soviet–American Gallium Experiment	LS	νe	νe + 71Ga → 71Ge + e−	CC	Ga (metallic)	Radiochemical	233.2 keV	Baksan River valley, Russia	1989–	[54]
SciBooNE	SciBar (Scintillator Bar) Booster Neutrino Experiment	AC	νμ	νμ + 12C → μ− + X	CC, NC	Plastic (CH,10 ton)	Scintillation	≈100 keV	Illinois, United States	2007–2008	[55]
SNO	Sudbury Neutrino Observatory	S, ATM, GSN	νe, νμ, ντ	νe + 2D → 2p + e− νx + 2D → νx + n + p νe + e− → νe + e−	CC NC ES	Heavy water (1 kt D2O)	Cherenkov	3.5 MeV	Creighton Mine, Ontario	1999–2006	[56]
SNO+	SNO with liquid scintillator	S,LS,R,T, SN,LSN	νe	νx + e− → νx + e− νe + p → e+ + n	ES, BB	linear alkylbenzene (LAB) + PPO	Scintillation	≈≤1MeV	Creighton Mine, Ontario	2014–	[57]
SoLid	Short baseline Oscillation Search with Lithium-6 Detector	R	νe	νe + p → e+ + n	CC	plastic and anorganic scintillator	Scintillation	≈2 MeV	Mol, Belgium	2015-	[58]
STEREO	STErile neutrino REactor Oscillation experiment	R	νe	νe + p → e+ + n	CC	liquid organic scintillator loaded with Gd	Scintillation	≈2 MeV	Grenoble, France	2013–	[59]
Super-K	Super-Kamiokande	S, ATM, GSN	νe, νμ, ντ	νe + e− → νe + e− νe + n → e− + p νe + p → e+ + n	ES CC CC	Water (H2O)	Cherenkov	200 MeV	Kamioka, Japan	1996–	[60] [61]
SuperNEMO	SuperNEMO	BB	νe	100Se → 100Kr + 2 e− 150Nd → 150Sm + 2 e−	BB	Tracker + calorimeter	He+Ar wire chamber, plastic scintillators	150 keV	Modane Underground Laboratory, Fréjus Road Tunnel, France	2017–	[62]
TRIDENT	TRopIcal DEep-sea Neutrino Telescope	S, ATM, CR, SN, AGN, PUL	νe, νμ, ντ		CC, NC	Seawater (7.5 cubic km)	Cherenkov		Western Pacific Ocean	Proposed Pilot: 2026 Full operation: 2030	[63]
T2K	Tokai to Kamioka	AC	νe, νμ νe, νμ	νe + n → e− + p (+π, +X) νμ + n → μ− + p (+π, +X) νe + p → e+ + n (+π, +X) νμ + p → μ+ + n (+π, +X)	CC (NC)	Water (H2O)	Cherenkov	200 MeV	Tokai, Japan Kamioka, Japan	2011–	[64]
UNO	Underground Nucleon decay and neutrino Observatory	S, ATM, GSN, RSN	νe, νμ, ντ	νe + e− → νe + e−	ES	Water (440 kt H2O)	Cherenkov		Henderson Mine, Colorado	abandoned	[65]

^[a] Accelerator neutrino (AC), Active galactic nuclei neutrino (AGN), Atmospheric neutrino (ATM), Collider neutrino (C), Cosmic ray neutrino (CR), Low-energy solar neutrino (LS), Low-energy supernova neutrino (LSN), Pulsar neutrino (PUL), Reactor neutrino (R), Solar neutrino (S), Supernova neutrino (SN), Terrestrial neutrino (T).
^[b] Double beta decay (BB), Charged current (CC), Elastic scattering (ES), Neutral current (NC).

See also

• Aspera European Astroparticle network

External links

• "Experiments". Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare. 24 February 2017. http://www.nu.to.infn.it/exp/. Retrieved 2017-02-28.  Regularly updated index of neutrino physics research.