Astronomy:Planetary-mass object

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Short description: Size-based definition of celestial objects
The planetary-mass moons to scale, compared with Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, and Pluto (the other planetary-mass objects beyond Neptune have never been imaged up close). Borderline Proteus and Nereid (about the same size as round Mimas) have been included. Unimaged Dysnomia (intermediate in size between Tethys and Enceladus) is not shown; it is in any case probably not a solid body.[1]

A planetary-mass object (PMO), planemo,[2] or planetary body is, by geophysical definition of celestial objects, any celestial object massive enough to achieve hydrostatic equilibrium, but not enough to sustain core fusion like a star.[3][4]

The purpose of this term is to classify together a broader range of celestial objects than 'planet', since many objects similar in geophysical terms do not conform to conventional expectations for a planet. Planetary-mass objects can be quite diverse in origin and location. They include planets, dwarf planets, planetary-mass satellites and free-floating planets, which may have been ejected from a system (rogue planets) or formed through cloud-collapse rather than accretion (sub-brown dwarfs).

Usage in astronomy

While the term technically includes exoplanets and other objects, it is often used for objects with an uncertain nature or objects that do not fit in one specific class. Cases in which the term is often used:

  • isolated planetary-mass objects (iPMO; IPMO) are objects that are free-floating and have a low mass below deuterium burning and their nature as either an ejected free-floating planets or sub-brown dwarfs is not fully resolved (e.g. 2MASS J13243553+6358281,[5] PSO J060.3200+25.9644[6] objects in NGC 1333[7])
  • Objects with a mass range at the border of deuterium burning (VHS 1256-1257 b,[8] BD+60 1417b[9])
  • Objects that orbit a star or brown dwarf, but its formation as exoplanets is challenging or impossible (VHS 1256-1257 b, CFHTWIR-Oph 98B[10])

Types

Planetary-mass satellite

Main page: Astronomy:Planetary-mass moon
Planetary-mass satellites larger than Pluto, the largest Solar dwarf planet.

The three largest satellites Ganymede, Titan, and Callisto are of similar size or larger than the planet Mercury; these and four more – Io, Moon, Europa, and Triton – are larger and more massive than the largest and most massive dwarf planets, Pluto and Eris. Another dozen smaller satellites are large enough to have become round at some point in their history through their own gravity, tidal heating from their parent planets, or both. In particular, Titan has a thick atmosphere and stable bodies of liquid on its surface, like Earth (though for Titan the liquid is methane rather than water). Proponents of the geophysical definition of planets argue that location should not matter and that only geophysical attributes should be taken into account in the definition of a planet. The term satellite planet is sometimes used for planet-sized satellites.[11]

Dwarf planets

The dwarf planet Pluto
Main page: Dwarf planet A dwarf planet is a planetary-mass object that is neither a true planet nor a natural satellite; it is in direct orbit of a star, and is massive enough for its gravity to compress it into a hydrostatically equilibrious shape (usually a spheroid), but has not cleared the neighborhood of other material around its orbit. Planetary scientist and New Horizons principal investigator Alan Stern, who proposed the term 'dwarf planet', has argued that location should not matter and that only geophysical attributes should be taken into account, and that dwarf planets are thus a subtype of planet. The International Astronomical Union (IAU) accepted the term (rather than the more neutral 'planetoid') but decided to classify dwarf planets as a separate category of object.[12]

Planets and exoplanets

This section is an excerpt from Planet[ edit ]

Former stars

In close binary star systems, one of the stars can lose mass to a heavier companion. Accretion-powered pulsars may drive mass loss. The shrinking star can then become a planetary-mass object. An example is a Jupiter-mass object orbiting the pulsar PSR J1719−1438.[13] These shrunken white dwarfs may become a helium planet or carbon planet.

Sub-brown dwarfs

Main page: Astronomy:Sub-brown dwarf
Artist's impression of a super-Jupiter around the brown dwarf 2M1207.[14]

Stars form via the gravitational collapse of gas clouds, but smaller objects can also form via cloud collapse. Planetary-mass objects formed this way are sometimes called sub-brown dwarfs. Sub-brown dwarfs may be free-floating such as Cha 110913−773444[15] and OTS 44,[16] or orbiting a larger object such as 2MASS J04414489+2301513.

Binary systems of sub-brown dwarfs are theoretically possible; Oph 162225-240515 was initially thought to be a binary system of a brown dwarf of 14 Jupiter masses and a sub-brown dwarf of 7 Jupiter masses, but further observations revised the estimated masses upwards to greater than 13 Jupiter masses, making them brown dwarfs according to the IAU working definitions.[17][18][19]

Captured planets

Rogue planets in stellar clusters have similar velocities to the stars and so can be recaptured. They are typically captured into wide orbits between 100 and 105 AU. The capture efficiency decreases with increasing cluster volume, and for a given cluster size it increases with the host/primary mass. It is almost independent of the planetary mass. Single and multiple planets could be captured into arbitrary unaligned orbits, non-coplanar with each other or with the stellar host spin, or pre-existing planetary system.[20]

Rogue planets

Main page: Astronomy:Rogue planet

Several computer simulations of stellar and planetary system formation have suggested that some objects of planetary mass would be ejected into interstellar space.[21] Such objects are typically called rogue planets.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Brown, Michael E.; Butler, Bryan (July 2023). "Masses and densities of dwarf planet satellites measured with ALMA". The Planetary Science Journal in press: 11. 
  2. ↑ Weintraub, David A. (2014). Is Pluto a Planet?: A Historical Journey through the Solar System. Princeton University Press. p. 226. ISBN 978-1400852970. https://books.google.com/books?id=dW1_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA226. 
  3. ↑ Basri, Gibor; Brown, E. M. (May 2006). "Planetesimals to Brown Dwarfs: What is a Planet?". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 34: 193–216. doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.34.031405.125058. Bibcode: 2006AREPS..34..193B. 
  4. ↑ Stern, S. Alan; Levison, Harold F. (2002). Rickman, H.. ed. "Regarding the criteria for planethood and proposed planetary classification schemes". Highlights of Astronomy (San Francisco, CA: Astronomical Society of the Pacific) 12: 208. doi:10.1017/S1539299600013289. ISBN 978-1-58381-086-6. Bibcode: 2002HiA....12..205S. 
  5. ↑ Gagné, Jonathan; Allers, Katelyn N.; Theissen, Christopher A.; Faherty, Jacqueline K.; Bardalez Gagliuffi, Daniella; Artigau, Étienne (2018-02-01). "2MASS J13243553+6358281 Is an Early T-type Planetary-mass Object in the AB Doradus Moving Group". The Astrophysical Journal 854 (2): L27. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aaacfd. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2018ApJ...854L..27G. 
  6. ↑ Best, William M. J.; Liu, Michael C.; Magnier, Eugene A.; Bowler, Brendan P.; Aller, Kimberly M.; Zhang, Zhoujian; Kotson, Michael C.; Burgett, W. S. et al. (2017-03-01). "A Search for L/T Transition Dwarfs with Pan-STARRS1 and WISE. III. Young L Dwarf Discoveries and Proper Motion Catalogs in Taurus and Scorpius-Centaurus". The Astrophysical Journal 837 (1): 95. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa5df0. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2017ApJ...837...95B. 
  7. ↑ Scholz, Aleks; Muzic, Koraljka; Jayawardhana, Ray; Almendros-Abad, Victor; Wilson, Isaac (2023-05-01). "Disks around Young Planetary-mass Objects: Ultradeep Spitzer Imaging of NGC 1333". The Astronomical Journal 165 (5): 196. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/acc65d. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 2023AJ....165..196S. 
  8. ↑ Miles, Brittany E.; Biller, Beth A.; Patapis, Polychronis; Worthen, Kadin; Rickman, Emily; Hoch, Kielan K. W.; Skemer, Andrew; Perrin, Marshall D. et al. (2023-03-01). "The JWST Early-release Science Program for Direct Observations of Exoplanetary Systems II: A 1 to 20 μm Spectrum of the Planetary-mass Companion VHS 1256-1257 b". The Astrophysical Journal 946 (1): L6. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/acb04a. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2023ApJ...946L...6M. 
  9. ↑ Faherty, Jacqueline K.; Gagné, Jonathan; Popinchalk, Mark; Vos, Johanna M.; Burgasser, Adam J.; Schümann, Jörg; Schneider, Adam C.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy et al. (2021-12-01). "A Wide Planetary Mass Companion Discovered through the Citizen Science Project Backyard Worlds: Planet 9". The Astrophysical Journal 923 (1): 48. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac2499. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2021ApJ...923...48F. 
  10. ↑ Fontanive, Clémence; Allers, Katelyn N.; Pantoja, Blake; Biller, Beth; Dubber, Sophie; Zhang, Zhoujian; Dupuy, Trent; Liu, Michael C. et al. (2020-12-01). "A Wide Planetary-mass Companion to a Young Low-mass Brown Dwarf in Ophiuchus". The Astrophysical Journal 905 (2): L14. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/abcaf8. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2020ApJ...905L..14F. 
  11. ↑ Villard, Ray (2010-05-14). "Should Large Moons Be Called 'Satellite Planets'?". Discovery News. http://news.discovery.com/space/should-large-moons-be-called-satellite-planets.html. 
  12. ↑ "Resolution B5 Definition of a Planet in the Solar System". IAU 2006 General Assembly. International Astronomical Union. http://www.iau.org/static/resolutions/Resolution_GA26-5-6.pdf. 
  13. ↑ Bailes, M.; Bates, S. D.; Bhalerao, V.; Bhat, N. D. R. et al. (2011). "Transformation of a Star into a Planet in a Millisecond Pulsar Binary". Science 333 (6050): 1717–20. doi:10.1126/science.1208890. PMID 21868629. Bibcode: 2011Sci...333.1717B. 
  14. ↑ "Artist's View of a Super-Jupiter around a Brown Dwarf (2M1207)". 19 February 2016. http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/opo1605a/. 
  15. ↑ Luhman, K. L.; Adame, Lucía; D'Alessio, Paola; Calvet, Nuria (2005). "Discovery of a Planetary-Mass Brown Dwarf with a Circumstellar Disk". Astrophysical Journal 635 (1): L93. doi:10.1086/498868. Bibcode: 2005ApJ...635L..93L. 
    • Whitney Clavin (2005-11-29). "A Planet With Planets? Spitzer Finds Cosmic Oddball". NASA (Press release). Archived from the original on 2012-10-11. Retrieved 2022-07-29.
  16. ↑ Joergens, V.; Bonnefoy, M.; Liu, Y.; Bayo, A. et al. (2013). "OTS 44: Disk and accretion at the planetary border". Astronomy & Astrophysics 558 (7): L7. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322432. Bibcode: 2013A&A...558L...7J. 
  17. ↑ Close, Laird M.; Zuckerman, B.; Song, Inseok; Barman, Travis et al. (2007). "The Wide Brown Dwarf Binary Oph 1622–2405 and Discovery of A Wide, Low Mass Binary in Ophiuchus (Oph 1623–2402): A New Class of Young Evaporating Wide Binaries?". Astrophysical Journal 660 (2): 1492–1506. doi:10.1086/513417. Bibcode: 2007ApJ...660.1492C. 
  18. ↑ Luhman, Kevin L.; Allers, Katelyn N.; Jaffe, Daniel T.; Cushing, Michael C.; Williams, Kurtis A.; Slesnick, Catherine L.; Vacca, William D. (April 2007). "Ophiuchus 1622-2405: Not a Planetary-Mass Binary". The Astrophysical Journal 659 (2): 1629–1636. doi:10.1086/512539. Bibcode: 2007ApJ...659.1629L. http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/0004-637X/659/2/1629/70185.html. 
  19. ↑ Britt, Robert Roy (2004-09-10). "Likely First Photo of Planet Beyond the Solar System". Space. http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/planet_photo_040910.html. 
  20. ↑ On the origin of planets at very wide orbits from the re-capture of free floating planets , Hagai B. Perets, M. B. N. Kouwenhoven, 2012
  21. ↑ Lissauer, J. J. (1987). "Timescales for Planetary Accretion and the Structure of the Protoplanetary disk". Icarus 69 (2): 249–265. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(87)90104-7. Bibcode: 1987Icar...69..249L. 



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