Astronomy:List of Solar System objects by size

From HandWiki
Short description: Largest objects of the Solar System
Parts-per-million chart of the relative mass distribution of the Solar System, each cubelet denoting 2×1024 kg

This article includes a list of the most massive known objects of the Solar System and partial lists of smaller objects by observed mean radius. These lists can be sorted according to an object's radius and mass and, for the most massive objects, volume, density, and surface gravity, if these values are available.

These lists contain the Sun, the planets, dwarf planets, many of the larger small Solar System bodies (which includes the asteroids), all named natural satellites, and a number of smaller objects of historical or scientific interest, such as comets and near-Earth objects.

Many trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) have been discovered; in many cases their positions in this list are approximate, as there is frequently a large uncertainty in their estimated diameters due to their distance from Earth.

Solar System objects more massive than 1021 kilograms are known or expected to be approximately spherical. Astronomical bodies relax into rounded shapes (spheroids), achieving hydrostatic equilibrium, when their own gravity is sufficient to overcome the structural strength of their material. It was believed that the cutoff for round objects is somewhere between 100 km and 200 km in radius if they have a large amount of ice in their makeup;[1] however, later studies revealed that icy satellites as large as Iapetus (1,470 kilometers in diameter) are not in hydrostatic equilibrium at this time,[2] and a 2019 assessment suggests that many TNOs in the size range of 400–1,000 kilometers may not even be fully solid bodies, much less gravitationally rounded.[3] Objects that are ellipsoids due to their own gravity are here generally referred to as being "round", whether or not they are actually in equilibrium today, while objects that are clearly not ellipsoidal are referred to as being "irregular."

Spheroidal bodies typically have some polar flattening due to the centrifugal force from their rotation, and can sometimes even have quite different equatorial diameters (scalene ellipsoids such as Haumea). Unlike bodies such as Haumea, the irregular bodies have a significantly non-ellipsoidal profile, often with sharp edges.

There can be difficulty in determining the diameter (within a factor of about 2) for typical objects beyond Saturn. (See 2060 Chiron as an example) For TNOs there is some confidence in the diameters, but for non-binary TNOs there is no real confidence in the masses/densities. Many TNOs are often just assumed to have Pluto's density of 2.0 g/cm3, but it is just as likely that they have a comet-like density of only 0.5 g/cm3.[4]

For example, if a TNO is incorrectly assumed to have a mass of 3.59×1020 kg based on a radius of 350 km with a density of 2 g/cm3 but is later discovered to have a radius of only 175 km with a density of 0.5 g/cm3, its true mass would be only 1.12×1019 kg.

The sizes and masses of many of the moons of Jupiter and Saturn are fairly well known due to numerous observations and interactions of the Galileo and Cassini orbiters; however, many of the moons with a radius less than ~100 km, such as Jupiter's Himalia, have far less certain masses.[5] Further out from Saturn, the sizes and masses of objects are less clear. There has not yet been an orbiter around Uranus or Neptune for long-term study of their moons. For the small outer irregular moons of Uranus, such as Sycorax, which were not discovered by the Voyager 2 flyby, even different NASA web pages, such as the National Space Science Data Center[6] and JPL Solar System Dynamics,[5] give somewhat contradictory size and albedo estimates depending on which research paper is being cited.

There are uncertainties in the figures for mass and radius, and irregularities in the shape and density, with accuracy often depending on how close the object is to Earth or whether it has been visited by a probe.

Graphical overview

Objects with radius over 400 km

The following objects have a mean radius of at least 400 km. It was once expected that any icy body larger than approximately 200 km in radius was likely to be in hydrostatic equilibrium (HE).[7] However, Ceres (r = 470 km) is the smallest body for which detailed measurements are consistent with hydrostatic equilibrium,[8] whereas Iapetus (r = 735 km) is the largest icy body that has been found to not be in hydrostatic equilibrium.[9] The known icy moons in this range are all ellipsoidal (except Proteus), but trans-Neptunian objects up to 450–500 km radius may be quite porous.[10]

For simplicity and comparative purposes, the values are manually calculated assuming that the bodies are all spheres. The size of solid bodies does not include an object's atmosphere. For example, Titan looks bigger than Ganymede, but its solid body is smaller. For the giant planets, the "radius" is defined as the distance from the center at which the atmosphere reaches 1 bar of atmospheric pressure.[11]

Because Sedna and 2002 MS4 have no known moons, directly determining their mass is impossible without sending a probe (estimated to be from 1.7x1021 to 6.1×1021 kg for Sedna[12]).

Body[note 1] Image Radius[note 2] Volume Mass Surface area Density Gravity[note 3] Type Discovery
(km) (R🜨) (109 km3) (V🜨) (1021 kg) (M🜨) (106 km2) 🜨 (g/cm3) (m/s2) (🜨)
Sun The Sun in white light.jpg 695508 ± ?[13] 109.2[13] 1,409,300,000[13] 1,301,000[13] 1989100000[13] 333,000[13] 6,078,700[13] 11,918[13] 1.409[13] 274.0[13] 27.94[13] G2V-class star 2 prehistoric


Jupiter Jupiter and its shrunken Great Red Spot.jpg 69911±6[14] 10.97 1,431,280 1,321 1898187±88[14] 317.83 61,419[15] 120.41 1.3262±0.0003[14] 24.79[14] 2.528 gas giant planet; has rings 5 prehistoric


Saturn Saturn square crop.jpg 58232±6[14]
(136775 for A Ring)
9.140 827,130 764 568317±13[14] 95.162 42,612[16] 83.54 0.6871±0.0002[14] 10.44[14] 1.065 gas giant planet; has rings 8 prehistoric


Uranus Uranus Voyager2 color calibrated.png 25362±7[14] 3.981 68,340 63.1 86813±4[14] 14.536 8083.1[17] 15.85 1.270±0.001[14] 8.87[14] 0.886 ice giant planet; has rings 1781
Neptune Neptune Voyager2 color calibrated.png 24622±19[14] 3.865 62,540 57.7 102413±5[14] 17.147 7618.3[18] 14.94 1.638±0.004[14] 11.15[14] 1.137 ice giant planet; has rings 1846
Earth Africa and Europe from a Million Miles Away.png 6371.0±0.0001[14] 1 1,083.21 1 5972.4±0.3[14] 1 510.06447[19] 1 5.5136±0.0003[14] 9.81[14] 1 terrestrial planet 1 prehistoric


Venus Venus from Mariner 10.jpg 6052±1[14] 0.9499 928.43 0.857 4867.5±0.2[14] 0.815 460.2[20] 0.903 5.243±0.003[14] 8.87[14] 0.905 terrestrial planet 4 prehistoric


Mars Mars Hubble.jpg 3389.5±0.2[14] 0.5320 163.18 0.151 641.71±0.03[14] 0.107 144.37[21] 0.283 3.9341±0.0007[14] 3.71[14] 0.379 terrestrial planet 6 prehistoric


Ganymede
Jupiter III
Ganymede JunoGill 2217.jpg 2634.1±0.3 0.4135 76.30 0.0704 148.2 0.0248 86.999[22] 0.171 1.936 1.428 0.146 moon of Jupiter (icy) 1610
Titan
Saturn VI
Titan in true color.jpg 2574.73±0.09[23] 0.4037[lower-alpha 1] 71.50 0.0658 134.5 0.0225 83.3054[24] 0.163 1.880±0.004 1.354 0.138 moon of Saturn (icy) 1655
Mercury Mercury in true color.jpg 2439.4±0.1[14] 0.3829 60.83 0.0562 330.11±0.02[14] 0.0553 74.797[25] 0.147 5.4291±0.007[14] 3.70[14] 0.377 terrestrial planet 7 prehistoric


Callisto
Jupiter IV
Callisto - July 8 1979 (38926064465).jpg 2410.3±1.5[23] 0.3783 58.65 0.0541 107.6 0.018 73.005[26] 0.143 1.834±0.003 1.23603 0.126 moon of Jupiter (icy) 1610
Io
Jupiter I
Io highest resolution true color.jpg 1821.6±0.5[5] 0.2859 25.32 0.0234 89.32 0.015 41.698[27] 0.082 3.528±0.006 1.797 0.183 moon of Jupiter (terrestrial) 1610
Moon
Earth I
FullMoon2010.jpg 1737.5±0.1[28] 0.2727 21.958 0.0203 73.46[29] 0.0123 37.937[30] 0.074 3.344±0.005[28] 1.625 0.166 moon of Earth (terrestrial) 3 prehistoric


Europa
Jupiter II
Europa in natural color.png 1560.8±0.5[5] 0.2450 15.93 0.0147 48.00 0.008035 30.613[31] 0.06 3.013±0.005 1.316 0.134 moon of Jupiter (terrestrial) 1610
Triton
Neptune I
Triton moon mosaic Voyager 2 (large).jpg 1353.4±0.9[lower-alpha 1][23] 0.2124[lower-alpha 1] 10.38 0.0096 21.39±0.03 0.003599 23.018[32] 0.045 2.061 0.782 0.0797 moon of Neptune (icy) 1846
Pluto
134340
Pluto in True Color - High-Res.jpg 1188.3±0.8 0.187 7.057 0.00651 13.03±0.03 0.0022 17.79 0.034 1.854±0.006 0.620 0.063 dwarf planet; plutino; multiple 1930
Eris
136199
Eris and dysnomia2.jpg 1163±6[lower-alpha 2][33] 0.1825[lower-alpha 2] 6.59 0.0061 16.6±0.2[34] 0.0028 17 0.033 2.52±0.07 0.824 0.083 dwarf planet; SDO; binary 2003
Haumea
136108
Haumea Hubble.png 798±6 to 816[35] 0.12 1.98[lower-alpha 3] 0.0018 4.01±0.04[36] 0.00066 8.14 0.016 2.018[37][lower-alpha 4] 0.401 0.0409 dwarf planet;
resonant KBO (7:12);
trinary; has rings
2004
Titania
Uranus III
Titania (moon) color, cropped.jpg 788.9±1.8[23] 0.1237[lower-alpha 5] 2.06 0.0019 3.40±0.06 0.00059 7.82[38] 0.015 1.711±0.005 0.378 0.0385 moon of Uranus 1787
Rhea
Saturn V
Rhea hi-res PIA07763.jpg 763.8±1.0[lower-alpha 5] 0.1199[lower-alpha 5] 1.87 0.0017 2.307 0.00039 7.34[39] 0.014 1.236±0.005 0.26 0.027 moon of Saturn 1672
Oberon
Uranus IV
Voyager 2 picture of Oberon.jpg 761.4±2.6[lower-alpha 1][23] 0.1195[lower-alpha 1] 1.85 0.0017 3.08±0.09 0.0005 7.285[40] 0.014 1.63±0.05 0.347 0.035 moon of Uranus 1787
Iapetus
Saturn VIII
Iapetus 706 1419 1.jpg 735.6±1.5[5] 0.1153 1.66 0.0015 1.806 0.00033 6.8 0.013 1.088±0.013 0.223 0.0227 moon of Saturn 1671
Makemake
136472
Makemake moon Hubble image with legend (cropped).jpg 715+19
−11
[41]
0.112 1.53 0.0014 ≈ 3.1 0.00053 6.4 0.013 ≈ 2.1 0.57 0.0581 dwarf planet; cubewano 2005
Gonggong
225088
2007 OR10 and its moon.png 615±25[42] 0.0983 1.03 0.0009 1.75±0.07 0.00029 4.753 0.009 1.72±0.16 0.3 0.0306 dwarf planet?; resonant SDO (3:10) 2007
Charon
Pluto I
Charon in True Color - High-Res.jpg 606.0±0.5 0.0951 0.932 0.0009 1.586±0.015 0.00025 4.578[43] 0.009 1.70±0.02 0.288 0.0294 moon of Pluto 1978
Umbriel
Uranus II
PIA00040 Umbrielx2.47.jpg 584.7±2.8[23] 0.0918 0.837 0.0008 1.28±0.03 0.00020 4.3[44] 0.008 1.39±0.16 0.234 0.024 moon of Uranus 1851
Ariel
Uranus I
Ariel (moon).jpg 578.9±0.6[23] 0.0909 0.813 0.0007 1.25±0.02 0.000226 4.211[45] 0.008 1.66±0.15 0.269 0.027 moon of Uranus 1851
Dione
Saturn IV
Dione in natural light.jpg 561.7±0.45[23] 0.0881 0.741 0.0007 1.095 0.000183 3.965[46] 0.008 1.478±0.003 0.232 0.0237 moon of Saturn 1684
Quaoar
50000
Quaoar-weywot hst.jpg 543±2 0.0879 0.737 0.0007 1.20±0.05[47] 0.0002 3.83 0.008 2.0±0.5[48] 0.3 0.0306 cubewano; binary 2002
Tethys
Saturn III
PIA18317-SaturnMoon-Tethys-Cassini-20150411.jpg 533.0±0.7[23] 0.0834 0.624 0.0006 0.617 0.000103 3.57[49] 0.007 0.984±0.003[50] 0.145 0.015 moon of Saturn 1684
Sedna
90377
Sedna PRC2004-14d.jpg 498±40 0.0785 0.516 0.0005 sednoid; detached object 2003
Ceres
1
Ceres - RC3 - Haulani Crater (22381131691) (cropped).jpg 469.7±0.1[51] 0.0742 0.433 0.0004 0.938[52] 0.000157 2.85[53] 0.006[53] 2.17 0.28 0.029 dwarf planet; belt asteroid 1801
Orcus
90482
Orcus-vanth hst2.jpg 455+25
−20
0.0719 0.404 0.0004 0.548±0.010[54] 0.000092 1.4±0.2[54] 0.2 0.0204 plutino; binary 2004
Salacia
120347
Salacia Hubble.png 423±11 0.0664 0.3729 0.0003 0.492±0.007[55] 0.000082 1.5±0.1[55] 0.165 0.0168 cubewano; binary 2004
2002 MS4
307261
2002MS4 Hubble.png 400±12[56] 0.0628 0.2681 0.0002 cubewano 2002

Smaller objects by mean radius

From 200 to 399 km

All imaged icy moons with radii greater than 200 km except Proteus are clearly round, although those under 400 km that have had their shapes carefully measured are not in hydrostatic equilibrium.[57] The known densities of TNOs in this size range are remarkably low (1–1.2 g/cm3), implying that the objects retain significant internal porosity from their formation and were never gravitationally compressed into fully solid bodies.[10]

Body[note 1] Image Radius[note 2]
(km)
Mass
(1018 kg)
Density
(g/cm3)
Type[note 4] Refs[note 5]
r · M
2002 AW197
55565
55565-2002aw197 hst.jpg
384±19 cubewano [59]
Varda
174567
Varda-ilmare hst.jpg
373±8 245±6 1.23±0.04 cubewano; binary [60] · [60]
2013 FY27
532037
2013 FY27 small.png
370±40 SDO; binary [61]
2003 AZ84
208996
2003AZ84 Hubble small.png
362 ~ 386±6 (assuming HE) 150 ~ 210 (assuming HE) 0.76 ~ 0.87 (assuming HE) plutino; binary [58][62]
Ixion
28978
28978-ixion hst.jpg
354.8±0.1 plutino [63]
2004 GV9
90568
2004-gv9 hst.jpg
340±17 cubewano [64]
2005 RN43
145452
2005-rn43 hst.jpg
340+28
−37
cubewano [64]
Varuna
20000
20000-varuna hst.jpg
334+77
−43
≈ 160 0.99+0.09
−0.02
cubewano [65] · [66]
2002 UX25
55637
20131105 2002 UX25 hst.png
332±15 125±3 0.82±0.11 cubewano; binary [67] · [68]
2005 RM43
145451
145451-2005rm43.jpg
322 SDO [69][70]
Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà
229762
2007 UK126 Hubble (crop).png
321±14 136.1±3.3 1.02±0.17 SDO; binary [71] · [72]
2014 UZ224
2014UZ224-ALMA.jpg
317.5+28.5
−30.5
SDO [73]
2008 OG19
470599
309.5+28
−56.5
0.609±0.004 SDO [74] · [74]
2007 JJ43
278361
305+85
−70
cubewano [75]
Chaos
19521
19521-chaos hst.jpg
300+70
−65
cubewano [64]
Dysnomia
Eris I
Eris and dysnomia2.jpg
≈ 300; ≤ 370 300–500
< 140
1.8–2.4
< 1.2
moon of Eris [76][54]
2014 EZ51
523692
> 288 SDO [77]
2012 VP113 ≈ 287 sednoid [78]
2002 XW93
78799
283+36
−37
other TNO [79]
2004 XR190
612911
2004-xr190 hst.jpg
≈ 278 SDO [7]
2002 XV93
612533
2002xv93.jpg
275+11
−12
plutino [80]
2015 RR245
523794
≈ 270 resonant KBO (2:9); binary [78]
2003 UZ413
455502
455502-2003uz413.jpg
≈ 268 plutino [7]
Vesta
4
Vesta in natural color.jpg
262.7±0.1 259 3.46 belt asteroid type V [81] · [81]
2003 VS2
84922
84922-2003vs2 hst.jpg
262±4 plutino [82]
Pallas
2
Potw1749a Pallas crop.png
256±2 204±3 2.92±0.08 belt asteroid type B [83][84]
2004 TY364
120348
256+19
−20
cubewano [85]
Enceladus
Saturn II
PIA17202-SaturnMoon-Enceladus-ApproachingFlyby-20151028.jpg
252.1±0.2 108.0±0.1 1.609±0.005 moon of Saturn [86] · [87]
2002 TC302
84522
84522-2002tc302 hst.jpg
250±7 resonant SDO (2:5) [88]
2005 UQ513
202421
249+32
−38
cubewano [59]
Miranda
Uranus V
Miranda - January 24 1986 (30906319004).jpg
235.8±0.7 65.9±7.5 1.2±0.15 moon of Uranus [89] · [90]
Dziewanna
471143
471143-dziewanna hst.jpg
235+18
−5
SDO [91]
2005 TB190
145480
145480-2005tb190 hst.jpg
232±31 detached object [92]
1999 DE9
26375
231±23 resonant SDO (2:5) [93]
2003 FY128
120132
230±11 SDO [92]
2002 VR128
84719
224+24
−22
plutino [80]
Vanth
Orcus I
Orcus-vanth hst2.jpg
221±5 87±8 1.5+1.0
−0.5
moon of 90482 Orcus [94] · [54]
Hygiea
10
SPHERE image of Hygiea.jpg
216±4 87.4±6.9 2.06±0.20 belt asteroid type C [95] · [84]
2004 NT33
444030
212+44
−40
cubewano [59]
Proteus
Neptune VIII
Proteus (Voyager 2).jpg
210±7 44 ≈ 1.3 moon of Neptune [5] · [5]
2005 QU182
303775
208±37 SDO [92]
2002 KX14
119951
119951-2002kx14 hst.jpg
207.5±0.5 cubewano [96]
2001 QF298
469372
(469372) 2001 QF298 hst.jpg
204+20
−22
plutino [80]
Huya
38628
Huya Hubble.png
203±8 > 50 > 1.43 plutino; binary [67] · [97]
2004 PF115
175113
203+49
−38
plutino [80]

Legend:

SDO – scattered disc object
cubewano – classical Kuiper belt object
plutino – 2:3 orbital resonance with Neptune

From 100 to 199 km

This list contains a selection of objects estimated to be between 100 and 199 km in radius (200 and 399 km in diameter). The largest of these may have a hydrostatic-equilibrium shape, but most are irregular. Most of the trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) listed with a radius smaller than 200 km have "assumed sizes based on a generic albedo of 0.09" since they are too far away to directly measure their sizes with existing instruments. Mass switches from 1021 kg to 1018 kg (Zg). Main-belt asteroids have orbital elements constrained by (2.0 AU < a < 3.2 AU; q > 1.666 AU) according to JPL Solar System Dynamics (JPLSSD).[98] Many TNOs are omitted from this list as their sizes are poorly known.[58]

Body[note 1] Image Radius[note 2]
(km)
Mass
(1018 kg)
Type Refs[note 5]
r · M
2004 UX10
144897
199±20 ≈ 30 plutino [80] · [99]
Mimas
Saturn I
Mimas Cassini.jpg
198.2±0.3 37.49±0.03 moon of Saturn [86] · [87][23]
1998 SN165
35671
196±20 cubewano [59]
2001 UR163
42301
42301-2001ur163 hst.jpg
≈ 176 resonant KBO (4:9) [58]
Nereid
Neptune II
Nereid-Voyager2.jpg
170±25 moon of Neptune [23]
1996 TL66
15874
170±10 SDO [92]
2004 XA192
230965
170+60
−47.5
SDO [80]
2002 WC19
119979
2002 WC19.jpg
≈ 169 77±5 resonant KBO (1:2); binary [100] · [100]
Interamnia
704
704 Interamnia VLT (2021), deconvolved.pdf
166±3 35.2±5.1 belt asteroid type F [101] · [84]
Ilmarë
Varda I
Varda-ilmare hst.jpg
163±18 moon of 174567 Varda [102]
Europa
52
52 Europa VLT (2021), deconvolved.pdf
160±2 23.9±3.8 belt asteroid type C [84]
Hiʻiaka
Haumea I
Haumea Hubble.png
≈ 160 17.9±1.1 moon of Haumea [36] · [36]
Davida
511
511 Davida VLT (2021), deconvolved.pdf
149±2 26.6±7.3 belt asteroid type C [84]
2002 TX300
55636
55636-2002tx300 hst.jpg
143±5 cubewano [103]
Actaea
Salacia I
Salacia Hubble.png
143±12 moon of 120347 Salacia [104]
Sylvia
87
87 Sylvia VLT (2021), deconvolved.pdf
137±2 14.3±0.5 outer belt asteroid type X; trinary [84]
Lempo
47171
1999TC36-Trujillo-HST.png
136±9 plutino; trinary [105]
Eunomia
15
15 Eunomia VLT (2021), deconvolved.pdf
135±2 30.5±1.9 belt asteroid type S [84]
Hyperion
Saturn VII
Hyperion true.jpg
135±4 5.62±0.05 moon of Saturn [57] · [57][23]
Euphrosyne
31
31 Euphrosyne VLT (2021), deconvolved.pdf
134±2 16.5±2.6 belt asteroid type C; binary [84]
1998 SM165
26308
1998SM165-Trujillo-HST.jpg
134±14 6.87±1.8 resonant KBO (1:2) [106] · [106]
Cybele
65
000065-asteroid shape model (65) Cybele.png
131.5±1.5 14.8±1.8 outer belt asteroid type C [107]
Chariklo
10199
10199 Chariklo Hubble.jpg
≈ 130 centaur; has rings [108]
Juno
3
3 Juno VLT (2021).png
127±1 27.0±2.4 belt asteroid type S [84]
Hiisi
Lempo II
1999TC36-Trujillo-HST.png
126±8 secondary of 47171 Lempo [105]
Hektor
624
624 Hektor.png
125±13 7.9±1.4 Jupiter trojan (L4) type D; binary [109] · [109]
Sila
79360
Sila-nunam.jpg
124±15 10.8±0.22 cubewano; binary [110]
2007 RW10
309239
124±15 quasi-satellite of Neptune [92]
Altjira
148780
148780-altjira-hubble.jpg
123+19
−70
cubewano; binary [59]
Nunam
79360
Sila-nunam.jpg
118±15 secondary of 79360 Sila [110]
Bamberga
324
Potw1749a Bamberga crop.png
114±2 10.2±0.9 belt asteroid type C [84]
Patientia
451
112.9±2.3 10.9±5.3 belt asteroid type C [111] · [112]
Psyche
16
Psyche VLT.png
112±2 26.2±2.9 belt asteroid type M [84]
Ceto
65489
Ceto-phorcys hst.jpg
112±5 5.4±0.4 extended centaur; binary [92] · [113]
Herculina
532
532Herculina (Lightcurve Inversion).png
111.2±2.4 belt asteroid type S [114]
S/2007 (148780) 1
Altjira I
148780-altjira-hubble.jpg
110+17
−62
secondary of 148780 Altjira [59]
Hesperia
69
69Hesperia (Lightcurve Inversion).png
110±15 5.86±1.18 belt asteroid type M
Thisbe
88
88 Thisbe VLT (2021), deconvolved.pdf
109±2 11.6±2.2 belt asteroid type B [84]
Doris
48
48 Doris VLT (2021), deconvolved.pdf
108±2 6.9±2.9 belt asteroid type C [84]
Chiron
2060 or 95P
2060 Chiron Hubble.jpg
108±5 centaur; has rings [67]
Phoebe
Saturn IX
Phoebe cassini.jpg
106.5±0.7 8.29±0.01 moon of Saturn [57] · [57][23]
S/2012 (38628) 1
Huya I
Huya Hubble.png
106±15 moon of 38628 Huya [67]
Fortuna
19
File:19 Fortuna VLT (2021), deconvolved.pdf 105.5±1.0 8.8±1.4 belt asteroid type G [84]
Camilla
107
107Camilla (Lightcurve Inversion).png
105±4 11.2±0.3 outer belt asteroid type C; trinary [111] · [112]
Themis
24
24 Themis VLT (2021), deconvolved.pdf
104±2 6.2±2.9 belt asteroid type C [84]
Amphitrite
29
Potw1749a Amphitrite crop.png
102±1 12.7±2.0 belt asteroid type S [84]
Egeria
13
13 Egeria VLT (2021), deconvolved.pdf
101±2 9.2±2.1 belt asteroid type G [84]
Iris
7
Iris asteroid eso.jpg
100±5 13.5±2.3 belt asteroid type S [84]
Legend:
centaur – asteroids orbiting between the outer planets
Jupiter trojan – asteroids located in Jupiter's L4 and L5 Lagrange points

From 50 to 99 km

This list contains a selection of objects 50 and 99 km in radius (100 km to 199 km in average diameter). The listed objects currently include most objects in the asteroid belt and moons of the giant planets in this size range, but many newly discovered objects in the outer Solar System are missing, such as those included in the following reference.[58] Asteroid spectral types are mostly Tholen, but some might be SMASS.

Body[note 1] Image Radius[note 2]
(km)
Mass
(1018 kg)
Type Refs[note 5]
r · M
Elektra
130
130 Elektra VLT (2021), deconvolved.pdf
99.5±1 6.4±0.2 belt asteroid type G; multiple [84]
Bienor
54598
99+3
−3.5
centaur [115]
Hebe
6
6hebe.png
97.5±1.5 12.4±2.4 belt asteroid type S [84]
Larissa
Neptune VII
Larissa 1.jpg
97±3 ≈ 4.2 moon of Neptune [116] · [lower-alpha 6][23]
Ursula
375
375Ursula-LB1.jpg
96.8±1.3 8.4±5.3 belt asteroid type C [118] · [112]
S/2018 (532037) 1 ≈ 95 moon of 2013 FY27 [61]
Eugenia
45
50px|center 94±1 5.8±0.1 belt asteroid type F; trinary [84]
Hermione
121
Hermione06 2.jpg
94±3 5.0±0.3 outer belt asteroid type C; binary [119] · [112]
Daphne
41
50px|center 94±7 6.1±0.9 belt asteroid type C; binary [84]
Aurora
94
94Aurora (Lightcurve Inversion).png
6.2±3.6 belt asteroid type C [120] · [112]
Bertha
154
50px|center 93.4±0.9 belt asteroid type C [112] · [112]
Janus
Saturn X
PIA12714 Janus crop.jpg
89.5±1.4 1.898±0.001 moon of Saturn [57] · [57]
Teharonhiawako
88611
Teharonhiawako-sawiskera hst.jpg
89+16
−18
cubewano; binary [59] · [121]
Aegle
96
88.9±0.8 6.4±6.3 belt asteroid type T [111] · [112]
Galatea
Neptune VI
Galatea moon.jpg
88±4 2.12±0.08 moon of Neptune [116] · [122][23]
Phorcys
Ceto I
Ceto-phorcys hst.jpg
87+8
−9
≈ 1.67 secondary of 65489 Ceto [113] · [113]
Palma
372
372Palma (Lightcurve Inversion).png
5.2±0.6 belt asteroid type B [123] · [112]
Metis
9
9 Metis VLT (2021), deconvolved.pdf
86.5±1 8.0±1.9 belt asteroid type S [111] · [112]
Alauda
702
702Ala-mag13-occult.jpg
86±28 belt asteroid type C; binary [123] · [124]
Hilda
153
Hilda-LB1-mag14.jpg
85.3±1.6 outer belt asteroid; Hildas [114]
Himalia
Jupiter VI
Cassini-Huygens Image of Himalia.png
85 4.2±0.6 moon of Jupiter [5] · [125]
Namaka
Haumea II
Haumea Hubble.png
≈ 85 1.8±1.5 moon of Haumea [36] · [36]
Weywot
Quaoar I
Quaoar-weywot hst.jpg
≈ 85 < ≈ 5 moon of 50000 Quaoar
Freia
76
76Freia (Lightcurve Inversion).png
84.2±1.0 outer belt asteroid type P/type X [118] · [112]
Amalthea
Jupiter V
Amalthea (moon).png
83.45±2.4 2.08±0.15 moon of Jupiter [126] · [127][23]
Agamemnon
911
911 Agamemnon.png
83.3±2.0 Jupiter trojan (L4) type D [114]
Elpis
59
82.6±2.3 3±0.5 belt asteroid type CP/type B [111] · [112]
Eleonora
354
50px|center 82.5±1.5 7.5±2.7 belt asteroid type A [84]
Nemesis
128
50px|center 81.5±2.5 3.4±1.7 belt asteroid type C [84]
Puck
Uranus XV
Puck.png
81±2 moon of Uranus
S/2015 (136472) 1
Makemake I
Makemake moon Hubble image with legend (cropped).jpg
≈ 80 moon of Makemake [128]
Sycorax
Uranus XVII
Uranus-sycorax2.gif
78.5+11.5
−7.5
moon of Uranus [129]
Io
85
85Io (Lightcurve Inversion).png
2.6±1.5 belt asteroid type FC/type B [114] · [112]
Minerva
93
93Minerva (Lightcurve Inversion).png
77.08±0.65 3.5±0.4 belt asteroid type C; trinary [111] · [112]
Alexandra
54
54Alexandra (Lightcurve Inversion).png
77.07±0.32 belt asteroid type C [111] · [112]
Laetitia
39
77±2 4.7±1.1 belt asteroid type S [112] · [112]
Nemausa
51
51 Nemausa VLT (2021), deconvolved.pdf
75±1.5 3.9±1.6 belt asteroid type G [84]
Kalliope
22
50px|center 75±2.5 7.7±0.4 belt asteroid type M; binary [84]
Despina
Neptune V
Despina.jpg
75±3 moon of Neptune [23]
Manwë
385446
Manwe-thorondor hst.jpg
≈ 75 ≈ 1.41 resonant KBO (4:7); binary [130] · [130]
Pales
49
≈ 74.9 4.2±2.2 belt asteroid type C [114] · [112]
Parthenope
11
50px|center 74.5±1 5.5±0.4 belt asteroid type S [84]
Arethusa
95
95Arethusa (Lightcurve Inversion).png
74.0±2.4 belt asteroid type C [120]
Pulcova
762
762 Pulcova Hubble.jpg
73.7±0.4 1.4±0.1 belt asteroid type F; binary [111] · [131]
Flora
8
50px|center 73±1 4.0±1.6 belt asteroid type S [84]
Ino
173
50px|center 72.5±1.5 2.2±1.3 belt asteroid type Xc [84]
Adeona
145
50px|center 72±1.5 2.4±0.3 belt asteroid type Xc [84]
Irene
14
14Irene (Lightcurve Inversion).png
72±1 2.9±1.9 belt asteroid type S [118] · [112]
Melpomene
18
50px|center 70.5±1 4.5±0.9 belt asteroid type S [84]
Lamberta
187
50px|center 70.5±1 1.9±0.3 belt asteroid type Ch [84]
Aglaja
47
71±4 3.2±1.7 belt asteroid type C [112] · [112]
Patroclus
617
617 Patroclus Hubble.jpg
70.2±0.4 1.36±0.11 Jupiter trojan (L5) type P; binary [111] · [112]
Julia
89
Potw1749a Julia crop.png
70±1.4 4.3±3.2 belt asteroid type S [84]
Typhon
42355
Typhon-echidna hst.jpg
69±4.5 0.87±0.03 resonant SDO (7:10); binary [115] · [132]
Massalia
20
A112.M119.shape.png
67.8±1.8 5±1.04 belt asteroid type S [123] · [112]
Portia
Uranus XII
Portia1.jpg
67.6±4 moon of Uranus [5]
Emma
283
283Emma (Lightcurve Inversion).png
66.2±0.1 1.38±0.03 belt asteroid type X; binary [111] · [112]
Paha
Lempo I
1999TC36-Trujillo-HST.png
66+4
−4.5
0.746±0.001 moon of 47171 Lempo [105] · [133]
Lucina
146
146Lucina (Lightcurve Inversion).png
65.9±? belt asteroid type C [134]
Sawiskera
Teharonhiawako I
Teharonhiawako-sawiskera hst.jpg
65.5+12
−13
secondary of 88611 Teharonhiawako [59]
Achilles
588
Modelled shape of 588 Achilles from its light curve.png
65.0±0.3 Jupiter trojan (L4) type DU [111]
Panopaea
70
64.0±0.4 4.33±1.09 belt asteroid type C [111] · [112]
Thule
279
63.3±1.8 outer belt asteroid type D [114]
Borasisi
66652
Borasisi-pabu hst.jpg
63+12.5
−25.5
3.433±0.027 cubewano; binary [59] · [135]
Hestia
46
62.07±1.7 3.5 belt asteroid type P/type Xc [114] · [136]
Leto
68
68Leto (Lightcurve Inversion).png
61.3±1.6 3.28±1.9 belt asteroid type S [111] · [112]
Undina
92
60.46±0.85 4.43±0.25 belt asteroid type X [118] · [112]
Bellona
28
28Bell-LB1-mag12.jpg
60.45±1.90 2.62±0.15 belt asteroid type S [137] · [112]
Diana
78
60.30±1.35 1.27±0.13 belt asteroid type C [138] · [112]
Anchises
1173
001173-asteroid shape model (1173) Anchises.png
60.2±1.5 Jupiter trojan (L5) type P [118]
Bernardinelli-Bernstein
C/2014 UN271
2014 UN271 Jan 2022 Hubble crop.png
60±7 comet [139]
Galatea
74
59.4±1.4 6.13±5.36 belt asteroid type C [140] · [112]
Deiphobus
1867
59.1±0.8 Jupiter trojan (L5) type D [141]
Äneas
1172
59.01±0.40 Jupiter trojan (L5) type D [142]
Kleopatra
216
216 Kleopatra VLT (2021), deconvolved.pdf
59±1 3.0±0.3 belt asteroid type M; trinary [84]
Athamantis
230
230 Athamantis VLT (2021), deconvolved.pdf
59±1 2.3±1.1 belt asteroid type S [84]
Diomedes
1437
001437-asteroid shape model (1437) Diomedes.png
58.89±0.59 Jupiter trojan (L4) type D [143]
Terpsichore
81
58.9±0.4 6.19±5.31 belt asteroid type C [144] · [112]
Epimetheus
Saturn XI
PIA09813 Epimetheus S. polar region.jpg
58.1±1.8 0.5266±0.0006 moon of Saturn [57] · [57]
Victoria
12
12 Victoria VLT (2021), deconvolved.pdf
58±1 2.7±1.3 belt asteroid type S [84]
Circe
34
34Circe (Lightcurve Inversion).png
57.7±1.0 ≈ 3.66±0.03 belt asteroid type C [111] · [112]
Leda
38
38Leda (Lightcurve Inversion).png
57.7±0.7 5.71±5.47 belt asteroid type C [112] · [112]
Odysseus
1143
57.3±0.3 Jupiter trojan (L4) type D [145]
Alcathous
2241
56.8±0.9 Jupiter trojan (L5) type D [146]
Melete
56
A666.M1106.shape(1).png
56.62±0.85 4.61 belt asteroid type P [114] · [112]
Mnemosyne
57
56.3±1.4 ≈ 12.6±2.4 belt asteroid type S [147] · [112]
Nestor
659
56.2±0.9 Jupiter trojan (L4) type XC [148]
Harmonia
40
40Harmonia (Lightcurve Inversion).png
55.6±0.2 belt asteroid type S [149]
Leleākūhonua
541132
55+7
−5
sednoid [150]
Euterpe
27
27Euterpe (Lightcurve Inversion).png
54.9±0.8 1.67±1.01 belt asteroid type S [118] · [112]
Antilochus
1583
54.4±0.3 Jupiter trojan (L4) type D [111]
Thorondor
Manwë I
Manwe-thorondor hst.jpg
54 0.5 secondary of 385446 Manwë [130] · [130]
Thalia
23
23Thalia (Lightcurve Inversion).png
53.8±1.1 1.96±0.09 belt asteroid type S [151] · [112]
Erato
62
62Erato (Lightcurve Inversion).png
53.5±0.3 belt asteroid type BU/type Ch [152]
Astraea
5
5Astraea (Lightcurve Inversion).png
53.3±1.6 2.9 belt asteroid type S [153] · [136]
Pabu
Borasisi I
Borasisi-pabu hst.jpg
52.5+10
−21
secondary of 66652 Borasisi [59]
Eos
221
51.76±2.8 ≈ 5.87±0.34 belt asteroid type S/type K [112] · [112]
Aegina
91
51.7±0.2 belt asteroid type C [154]
Leukothea
35
A532.M868.shape.png
51.5±0.6 belt asteroid type C [155]
Menoetius
Patroclus I
617 Patroclus Hubble.jpg
51.4±0.25 secondary of 617 Patroclus [156]
Isis
42
42Isis (Lightcurve Inversion).png
51.4±1.4 1.58±0.52 belt asteroid type S [112] · [112]
Klotho
97
97Klotho (Lightcurve Inversion).png
50.4±0.3 1.33±0.13 belt asteroid type M [111] · [112]
Troilus
1208
1208 Troilus Hubble.jpg
50.3±0.5 Jupiter trojan (L5) type FCU [157]

From 20 to 49 km

This list includes few examples since there are about 589 asteroids in the asteroid belt with a measured radius between 20 and 49 km.[158] Many thousands of objects of this size range have yet to be discovered in the trans-Neptunian region. The number of digits is not an endorsement of significant figures. The table switches from ×1018 kg to ×1015 kg (Eg). Most mass values of asteroids are assumed.[112][159]

Body[note 1] Image Radius[note 2]
(km)
Mass
(1015 kg)
Type – notes Refs[note 5]
r · M
Asterope
233
49.8±0.6 belt asteroid type T/type K [160]
Pholus
5145
49.5+7.5
−7
centaur [115]
Thebe
Jupiter XIV
Thebe.jpg
49.3±2 moon of Jupiter [126]
Lutetia
21
Rosetta triumphs at asteroid Lutetia.jpg
49±1 1700±20 belt asteroid type M [84]
Kalypso
53
A1012.M1732.shape.png
48.631±13.299 ≈ 5630±5000 belt asteroid type XC [161] · [112]
Notburga
626
000626-asteroid shape model (626) Notburga.png
48.42±2.335 belt asteroid type XC [112]
Proserpina
26
A713.M1189.shape.png
47.4±0.85 748±895 belt asteroid type S [162] · [112]
Juliet
Uranus XI
Julietmoon.png
46.8±4 moon of Uranus [5]
Urania
30
30Urania (Lightcurve Inversion).png
44±1 1300±900 belt asteroid type S [84]
Ausonia
63
63Ausonia (Lightcurve Inversion).png
46.5±1.5 1200±200 belt asteroid type S [84]
Beatrix
83
44.819±1.326 belt asteroid type X [111]
Concordia
58
44.806±0.419 belt asteroid type C [111]
Echidna
Typhon I
Typhon-echidna hst.jpg
44.5±3 moon of 42355 Typhon [132]
Automedon
2920
44.287±0.898 Jupiter trojan (L4) type D [163]
Antiope
90
43.9±0.5 828±22 belt asteroid type C; binary [164] · [164]
Prometheus
Saturn XVI
Prometheus 12-26-09a.jpg
43.1±2.7 159.5±1.5 moon of Saturn [57] · [57]
Danaë
61
42.969±1.076 2890±2780 belt asteroid type S [165] · [112]
Thetis
17
17Thetis-LB1.jpg
42.449±1.014 1200 belt asteroid type S [166] · [159]
Pandora
55
55Pandora (Lightcurve Inversion).png
42.397±1.251 belt asteroid type M [167]
Huenna
379
42.394±0.779 383±19 belt asteroid type B/type C; binary [168] · [169]
Virginia
50
42.037±0.121 2310±700 belt asteroid type X/type Ch [170] · [112]
Feronia
72
72Feronia (Lightcurve Inversion).png
41.975±2.01 ≈ 3320±8490 belt asteroid type TDG [112] · [112]
S/2000 (90) 1
Antiope I
41.9±0.5 secondary of 90 Antiope [164]
Poulydamas
4348
41.016±0.313 Jupiter trojan (L5) type C [171]
Logos
58534
Logos-zoe-hst.jpg
41±9 458±6.9 cubewano; binary [172] · [172]
Pandora
Saturn XVII
Pandora PIA07632.jpg
40.7±1.5 137.1±1.9 moon of Saturn [57] · [57]
Thalassa
Neptune IV
Neptune Trio.jpg
40.7±2.8 moon of Neptune [116]
Niobe
71
A614.M1014.shape.png
40.43±0.4 belt asteroid type S [118]
Pomona
32
32Pomona (Lightcurve Inversion).png
40.38±0.8 belt asteroid type S [173]
Belinda
Uranus XIV
Belinda.gif
40.3±8 moon of Uranus [5]
Elara
Jupiter VII
Elara - New Horizons.png
39.95±1.7 moon of Jupiter [174]
Cressida
Uranus IX
Cressida.png
39.8±2 moon of Uranus [5]
Amycus
55576
38.15±6.25 centaur [93]
Hylonome
10370
10370 Hylonome Hubble.jpg
37.545 centaur [175]
Socus
3708
37.831±0.404 Jupiter trojan (L5) type C [111]
Nysa
44
44Nysa (Lightcurve Inversion).png
37.83±0.37 belt asteroid type E [118]
Rosalind
Uranus XIII
Rosalindmoon.png
36±6 moon of Uranus [5]
Maja
66
A737.M1234.shape(1).png
35.895±0.46 belt asteroid type C [118]
Ariadne
43
43Ariadne (Lightcurve Inversion).png
35.67±0.627 ≈ 1210±220 belt asteroid type S [176] · [112]
Iphigenia
112
35.535±0.26 ≈ 1970±6780 belt asteroid type C [112] · [112]
Xiangliu
Gonggong I
≈ 35±15 moon of (225088) Gonggong
Dike
99
A688.M1144.shape.png
33.677±0.208 belt asteroid type C [177]
Echeclus
60558 or 174P
32.3±0.8 centaur [115]
Desdemona
Uranus X
Desdemonamoon.png
32±4 moon of Uranus [5]
Eurybates
3548
3548 Eurybates Hubble.jpg
31.943±0.149 Jupiter trojan (L4) type CP [111]
Eurynome
79
79Eurynome (Lightcurve Inversion).png
31.739±0.476 belt asteroid type S [178]
Eurydike
75
31.189±0.802 belt asteroid type M [179]
Halimede
Neptune IX
Halimede.jpg
≈ 31 moon of Neptune [5]
Phocaea
25
25Phocaea (Lightcurve Inversion).png
30.527±1.232 599±60 belt asteroid type S [111] · [112]
Naiad
Neptune III
Naiad Voyager.png
30.2±3.2 moon of Neptune [116]
Schwassmann–
Wachmann 1
29P
29P Schwassmann Wachmann.jpg
30.2±3.7 comet [180]
Neso
Neptune XIII
Neso VLT-FORS1 2002-09-03 annotated.gif
≈ 30 moon of Neptune [5]
Angelina
64
A990.M1696.shape(1).png
29.146±0.541 belt asteroid type E [181]
Pasiphae
Jupiter VIII
Pasiphaé.jpg
28.9±0.4 moon of Jupiter [174]
Alkmene
82
82Alkmene (Lightcurve Inversion).png
28.811±0.357 belt asteroid type S [182]
Nessus
7066
7066 Nessus Hubble.jpg
28.5±8.5 centaur [115]
Polana
142
27.406±0.139 belt asteroid type F [183]
Bianca
Uranus VIII
Biancamoon.png
27±2 moon of Uranus [5]
Mathilde
253
(253) mathilde crop.jpg
26.4 103.3±4.4 belt asteroid type C [184] · [185]
Hidalgo
944
Hidalgoanimation2003.gif
26.225±1.8 centaur [118]
Orus
21900
21900 Orus Hubble.jpg
25.405±0.405 Jupiter trojan (L4) type C/type D [111]
Amalthea
113
25.069±0.633 belt asteroid type S; binary [111]
Prospero
Uranus XVIII
Prospero - Uranus moon.jpg
≈ 25 moon of Uranus [5]
Setebos
Uranus XIX
Uranus - Setebos image.jpg
≈ 24 moon of Uranus [5]
Carme
Jupiter XI
Carmé.jpg
23.35±0.45 moon of Jupiter [174]
Klytia
73
73Klytia (Lightcurve Inversion).png
22.295±0.471 belt asteroid type S [186]
Sao
Neptune XI
Sao VLT-FORS1 2002-09-03 annotated.gif
≈ 22 moon of Neptune [5]
Echo
60
A990.M1696.shape(1).png
21.609±0.286 315±32 belt asteroid type S [187] · [112]
Metis
Jupiter XVI
Metis.jpg
21.5±2 ≈ 119.893 moon of Jupiter [126] · [188]
Ophelia
Uranus VII
Opheliamoon.png
21.4±4 moon of Uranus [5]
Lysithea
Jupiter X
Lysithea 2MASS JHK color composite.png
21.1±0.35 moon of Jupiter [174]
Caliban
Uranus XVI
Caliban discovery.jpg
21+10
−6
moon of Uranus [129]
Laomedeia
Neptune XII
Laomedeia VLT-FORS1 2002-09-03 annotated.gif
≈ 21 moon of Neptune [5]
Cordelia
Uranus VI
Cordeliamoon.png
20.1±3 moon of Uranus [5]
Psamathe
Neptune X
Psmathe feat.jpg
≈ 20 moon of Neptune [5]

From 1 to 19 km

This list contains some examples of Solar System objects between 1 and 19 km in radius. This is a common size for asteroids, comets and irregular moons.

Body[note 1] Image Radius[note 2]
(km)
Mass
(1015 kg)
Type – notes Refs[note 5]
r · M
Urda
167
167Urda (Lightcurve Inversion).png
19.968±0.132 belt asteroid type S [189]
Hydra
Pluto III
Hydra Enhanced Color.jpg
19.65 48±42 moon of Pluto [190] · [191]
Siarnaq
Saturn XXIX
Siarnaq-discovery-CFHT.gif
19.65±2.95 moon of Saturn [174]
Koronis
158
158Koronis (Lightcurve Inversion).png
19.513±0.231 belt asteroid type S [192]
Nix
Pluto II
Nix best view.jpg
19.017 45±40 moon of Pluto [190] · [191]
Ganymed
1036
001036-asteroid shape model (1036) Ganymed.png
18.838±0.199 ≈ 167±318 Amor asteroid type S [111] · [112]
Okyrhoe
52872
18±0.6 centaur [193]
Helene
Saturn XII
Helene over Saturn.jpg
17.6±0.4 moon of Saturn; Dione trojan (L4) [57]
Sinope
Jupiter IX
Sinopé.jpg
17.5±0.3 moon of Jupiter [174]
Hippocamp
Neptune XIV
Hippocamp-heic1904b.jpg
17.4±1 ≈ 50 moon of Neptune [116] · [116]
Leucus
11351
11351 Leucus Hubble.jpg
17.078±0.323 Jupiter trojan (L4) type D [111]
Stephano
Uranus XX
Stephano - Uranus moon.jpg
≈ 16 moon of Uranus [5]
Arrokoth
486958
UltimaThule CA06 color 20190516.png
15.85±0.25 cubewano; contact binary [194]
Ida
243
243 Ida large.jpg
15.7 42±6 belt asteroid type S; binary [195] · [196]
Atlas
Saturn XV
Atlas color PIA21449.png
15.1±0.9 6.6 moon of Saturn [57] · [57]
Ananke
Jupiter XII
Ananké.jpg
14.55±0.3 moon of Jupiter [174]
Albiorix
Saturn XXVI
Albiorix WISE-W4.jpg
14.3±2.7 moon of Saturn [174]
Pan
Saturn XVIII
Pan by Cassini, March 2017.jpg
14.1±1.3 4.95 moon of Saturn [57] · [197]
Linus
Kalliope I
14±1 ≈ 60 asteroid moon of 22 Kalliope [198] · [199]
Dioretsa
20461
14±3 centaur; damocloid [200]
Perdita
Uranus XXV
Perditamoon.png
13±1 moon of Uranus [5]
Telesto
Saturn XIII
Telesto cassini closeup.jpg
12.4±0.4 moon of Saturn; Tethys trojan (L4) [57]
Mab
Uranus XXVI
Mabmoon.png
12±1 moon of Uranus [5]
Phobos
Mars I
Phobos colour 2008.jpg
11.1±0.15 10.659 moon of Mars [201] · [202]
Paaliaq
Saturn XX
Paaliaq-CFHT.gif
≈ 11 moon of Saturn [5]
Francisco
Uranus XXII
≈ 11 moon of Uranus [5]
Leda
Jupiter XIII
Leda WISE-W3.jpg
10.75±0.85 moon of Jupiter [174]
Calypso
Saturn XIV
Calypso N1644755236 1.jpg
10.7±0.7 moons of Saturn; Tethys trojan (L5) [57]
Polymele
15094
15094 Polymele Hubble.jpg
10.548±0.068 Jupiter trojan (L4) type P [114]
Margaret
Uranus XXIII
S2003u3acircle.gif
≈ 10 moon of Uranus [5]
Ferdinand
Uranus XXIV
Uranus moon 021002 02.jpg
≈ 10 moon of Uranus [5]
Cupid
Uranus XXVII
Cupidmoon.png
9±1 moon of Uranus [5]
Ymir
Saturn XIX
Ymir-CFHT.gif
≈ 9 moon of Saturn [5]
Trinculo
Uranus XXI
≈ 9 moon of Uranus [5]
Eros
433
Eros - PIA02923 (color).jpg
8.42±0.02 6.687±0.003 Amor asteroid type S [203] · [203]
Adrastea
Jupiter XV
Adrastea.jpg
8.2±2 moon of Jupiter [5]
Kiviuq
Saturn XXIV
Kiviuq-CFHT.gif
≈ 8 moon of Saturn [5]
Tarvos
Saturn XXI
Tarvos discovery.gif
≈ 7.5 moon of Saturn [5]
Kerberos
Pluto IV
Kerberos (moon).jpg
≈ 6.333 16±9 moon of Pluto [204] · [205]
Gaspra
951
951 Gaspra.jpg
6.266 20–30 belt asteroid type S
Deimos
Mars II
Deimos-MRO.jpg
6.2±0.18 1.476 moon of Mars [5] · [206]
Skamandrios
Hektor I
6±1.5 asteroid moon of 624 Hektor [109]
Ijiraq
Saturn XXII
Ijiraq-discovery-CFHT.gif
≈ 6 moon of Saturn [5]
Halley's Comet
1P
Lspn comet halley.jpg
5.75 0.22 comet [207] · [208]
Styx
Pluto V
Styx (moon).jpg
≈ 5.5 ≈ 7.65 moon of Pluto [204] · [205]
Romulus
Sylvia I
CMSylvia.png
5.4±2.8 asteroid moon of 87 Sylvia [209]
Masursky
2685
Asteroid 2685Masurky.png
5.372±0.085 belt asteroid type S [210]
Erriapus
Saturn XXVIII
Erriapus-discovery-CFHT.gif
≈ 5 moon of Saturn [5]
Callirrhoe
Jupiter XVII
Callirrhoe - New Horizons.gif
4.8±0.65 moon of Jupiter [174]
Alexhelios
Kleopatra I
Kleopatra moons - eso2113e.jpg
4.45±0.8 asteroid moon of 216 Kleopatra [211]
Esclangona
1509
4.085±0.3 inner belt asteroid type S; binary [212]
Themisto
Jupiter XVIII
S 2000 J 1.jpg
≈ 4 moon of Jupiter [5]
Daphnis
Saturn XXXV
Daphnis (Saturn's Moon).jpg
3.8±0.8 0.077±0.015 moon of Saturn [57] · [57]
Petit-Prince
Eugenia I
3.5±1 asteroid moon of 45 Eugenia [213]
Praxidike
Jupiter XXVII
Praxidike-Jewitt-CFHT-annotated.gif
3.5±0.35 moon of Jupiter [174]
Bestla
Saturn XXXIX
Bestla-cassini.png
≈ 3.5 moon of Saturn [5]
Remus
Sylvia II
CMSylvia.png
≈ 3.5 asteroid moon of 87 Sylvia [209]
Kalyke
Jupiter XXIII
Kalyke-Jewitt-CFHT-annotated.gif
3.45±0.65 moon of Jupiter [174]
Cleoselene
Kleopatra II
Kleopatra moons - eso2113e.jpg
3.45±0.8 asteroid moon of 216 Kleopatra [211]
S/2019 (31) 1
Euphrosyne I
3.35±1.2 asteroid moon of 31 Euphrosyne [214]
Tempel 1
9P
PIA02127.jpg
3±0.1 Jupiter-family comet; Deep Impact flyby and impacted [215]
Phaethon
3200
PIA22185.gif
2.9 Apollo asteroid type F [216]
1999 JM8
53319
Asteroid 1999 JM8.gif
2.7±0.6 Apollo asteroid type X [217]
Borrelly
19P
Comet Borrelly Nucleus.jpg
2.66 Jupiter-family comet [218]
Šteins
2867
2867 Šteins by Rosetta (reprocessed).png
2.58±0.084 belt asteroid type E [111]
Atira
163693
Atira.20jan17.u2.s1p0.gif
2.4±0.25 Atira asteroid type S; binary [219]
Annefrank
5535
Stardust - Annefrank.jpg
2.4 belt asteroid type S [220]
Balam
3749
003749-asteroid shape model (3749) Balam.png
2.332±0.107 0.51±0.02 belt asteroid type S; trinary [221] · [222]
Pallene
Saturn XXXIII
Pallene N1665945513 1.jpg
2.22±0.07 moon of Saturn [223]
Florence
3122
Triple asteroid 3122 Florence.gif
2.201±0.015 0.079±0.002 Amor asteroid type S; trinary [120] · [224]
Wild 2
81P
Wild2 3.jpg
2.133 Jupiter family comet [225]
Litva
2577
2.115 Mars-crosser type EU; trinary [226]
Churyumov–Gerasimenko
67P
67P Churyumov-Gerasimenko - Rosetta (32755885495).png
2 0.00998 Jupiter-family comet [227] · [228]
Donaldjohanson
52246
1.948±0.007 belt asteroid type C [229]
Cuno
4183
4183 cuno.jpg
1.826±0.051 Apollo asteroid type S/type Q [230]
1986 DA
6178
1.575 Amor asteroid type M [231]
Pichi üñëm
Alauda I
1.55±0.45 asteroid moon of 702 Alauda [232]
Toutatis
4179
Toutatis.jpg
1.516 0.0505 Apollo asteroid type S [233] · [233]
Methone
Saturn XXXII
Methone PIA14633.jpg
1.45±0.03 moon of Saturn [223]
Carpo (moon)
Jupiter XLVI
1.44 Moon of Jupiter
1998 QE2
285263
(285263) 1998 QE2, Goldstone, May 30, 2013.jpg
1.375 Amor asteroid type S; binary [234]
Polydeuces
Saturn XXXIV
Polydeuces.jpg
1.3±0.4 moon of Saturn; Dione trojan (L5) [57]
2001 SN263
153591
2001sn263 arecibo.png
1.315±0.2 0.00951±0.00013 Amor asteroid type C; trinary [235] · [236]
S/2003 (1509) 1
Esclangona I
1.285 asteroid moon of 1509 Esclangona [237]
APL
132524
132524 APL New Horizons.jpg
≈ 1.25 belt asteroid type S [238]
Camillo
3752
3752 Camillo Radar.jpg
1.153±0.044 Apollo asteroid type S [120]
Cruithne
3753
Cruithne.jpg
1.036±0.053 Aten asteroid type Q; quasi-satellite of Earth [239]

Below 1 km

This list contains examples of objects below 1 km in radius. That means that irregular bodies can have a longer chord in some directions, hence the mean radius averages out. In the asteroid belt alone there are estimated to be between 1.1 and 1.9 million objects with a radius above 0.5 km,[240] many of which are in the range 0.5–1.0 km. Countless more have a radius below 0.5 km. Very few objects in this size range have been explored or even imaged. The exceptions are objects that have been visited by a probe, or have passed close enough to Earth to be imaged. Radius is by mean geometric radius. Number of digits not an endorsement of significant figures. Mass scale shifts from × 1015 to 109 kg, which is equivalent to one billion kg or 1012 grams (Teragram – Tg). Currently most of the objects of mass between 109 kg to 1012 kg (less than 1000 teragrams (Tg)) listed here are near-Earth asteroids (NEAs). The Aten asteroid 1994 WR12 has less mass than the Great Pyramid of Giza, 5.9 × 109 kg. For more about very small objects in the Solar System, see meteoroid, micrometeoroid, cosmic dust, and interplanetary dust cloud. (See also Visited/imaged bodies.)

Body[note 1] Image Radius[note 2]
(m)
Mass
(109 kg)
Type – notes Refs[note 5]
r · M
Ra-Shalom
2100
2100Ra-Shalom (Lightcurve Inversion).png
990±25 Aten asteroid type C [118]
Geographos
1620
Geographos.jpg
980±30 Apollo asteroid type S [111]
Midas
1981
975±35 Apollo asteroid type S [118]
Mithra
4486
924.5±11 Apollo asteroid type S [120]
1998 OH
12538
831.5±164.5 Apollo asteroid type S [120]
Tantalus
2102
1862Apollo (Lightcurve Inversion).png
824.5±22.5 Apollo asteroid type Q [241]
Braille
9969
Braille3.jpg
820 Mars-crosser type Q [242]
2005 GO21
308242
2005GO21-20120617.jpg
780 Aten asteroid type S [243]
Apollo
1862
1862Apollo (Lightcurve Inversion).png
≈ 750 Apollo asteroid type Q [244]
1999 JD6
85989
Asteroid 1999 JD6.jpg
731±10.5 Aten asteroid type K; contact binary [245]
Icarus
1566
Icarus Goldstone radar Jun17.jpg
730 Apollo asteroid type S [246]
Dactyl
Ida I
Dactyl-HiRes.jpg
700 asteroid moon of 243 Ida [247]
Castalia
4769
700 Apollo asteroid type S; contact binary [248]
2007 PA8
214869
Pa8radar.jpg
675±70 Apollo asteroid type Q [249]
Moshup
66391
1999kw4 vlt-eso1910.jpg
658.5±20 2490±54 Aten asteroid type S; binary [250] · [251]
1950 DA
29075
1950 DA (color).png
653 ≈ 2000 Apollo asteroid type S [252] · [253]
2006 HY51
394130
609±114 Apollo asteroid [254]
Hartley 2
103P
Comet Hartley 2 (super crop).jpg
570±80 ≈ 300 Jupiter-family comet [255] · [255]
2003 SD220
163899
PIA20279.jpg
515 Aten asteroid type S [256]
Nyx
3908
3908 nyx-s02.jpg
500±75 Amor asteroid type V [257]
2001 WN5
153814
466±5.5 Apollo asteroid [258]
2017 YE5
PIA22559.gif
450±25 Apollo asteroid type S; binary [259]
Ryugu
162173
Ryugu colored.jpg
432.5±7.5 ≈ 450 Apollo asteroid type Cg [260] · [261]
1997 AE12
162058
Asteroid 1997 AE12.gif
423.5±6.5 Amor asteroid type S [262]
2014 JO25
PIA21597 - New Radar Images of Asteroid 2014 JO25 (cropped).gif
409 Apollo asteroid type S; contact binary [263]
Hermes
69230
Hermes planetoid.jpg
400±50 Apollo asteroid type Sq [264]
Didymos
65803
Didymos-Dimorphos 0401929889 03770 crop.png
390±4 527 Apollo asteroid type Xk; binary [265] · [266]
Aten
2062
365±15 Aten asteroid type S [111]
Aegaeon
Saturn LIII
N1643264379 1.jpg
330±60 moon of Saturn [223]
2015 TB145
Skull2015-TB145.jpg
325±15 Apollo asteroid type S [267]
1994 CC
136617
1994CC-with-moons.gif
310±30 266±32.9 Apollo asteroid type Sq; trinary [268] · [269]
2001 WR1
172034
315.5±9 Amor asteroid type S [270]
Golevka
6489
Asteroid-golevka.jpeg
265±15 Apollo asteroid type Q [271]
Bennu
101955
Bennu mosaic OSIRIS-REx (square).png
262.5±37.5 78±9 Apollo asteroid type B [272] · [273]
2000 WO107
153201
2000WO107-20201128.jpg
255±41.5 Aten asteroid type X [274]
2002 CU11
163132
230±8.5 Apollo asteroid [275]
Squannit
Moshup I
1999kw4 vlt-eso1910.jpg
225.5±13.5 asteroid moon of 66391 Moshup [251]
2014 HQ124
PIA17829-Asteroid-2013YP139-20131229.jpg
204.5±84 Aten asteroid type S [111]
2013 YP139
PIA18412-Asteroid2014HQ124-20140608.jpg
201±13 Apollo asteroid [276]
2008 EV5
341843
Asteroid-2008EV5-ShapeModel-20111006.gif
200±7 Aten asteroid type X/type C [120]
2006 DP14
388188
Asteroid2006DP14.jpg
≈ 200 Apollo asteroid type S; contact binary [277]
1988 EG
6037
199.5±1.35 Apollo asteroid type S [278]
2010 TK7
PIA14405-full crop.jpg
189.5±61.5 Aten asteroid; Earth trojan (L4) [279]
2006 SU49
292220
≈ 188.5 ≈ 73 Apollo asteroid [280] · [280]
2005 YU55
308635
2005YU55-20111107.jpg
180±20 Apollo asteroid type C [281]
2010 SO16 178.5±63 Apollo asteroid; co-orbital with Earth [276]
Itokawa
25143
Itokawa06 hayabusa.jpg
173 35.1±1.05 Apollo asteroid type S [282] · [282]
Apophis
99942
99942 Apophis shape.png
162.5±7.5 ≈ 61 Aten asteroid type Sq [283] · [284]
S/2009 S 1
PIA11665 moonlet in B Ring cropped.jpg
≈ 150 moon of Saturn [285]
2005 WK4
Pia17406-full.jpg
142 Apollo asteroid type S [286]
2004 BL86
357439
Radar images of 2004 BL86 and its moon 2.gif
131.5±13 Apollo asteroid type V; binary [287]
2007 TU24
2007 TU24 radar image 20080128.jpg
125 Apollo asteroid type S [288]
2002 VE68 ≈ 118 Aten asteroid type X; co-orbital with Venus [289]
2011 UW158
436724
2011UW158.jul14.p05us.p27Hz(1).gif
110±20 Apollo asteroid type S [290]
Dimorphos
Didymos I
85±15 asteroid moon of 65803 Didymos [266]
2017 BQ6
2017 BQ6 radar rotation.gif
78 Apollo asteroid type S [291]
YORP
54509
54509 YORP image radar and 3D model.gif
61.8 Apollo asteroid type S [292]
Kamoʻoalewa
469219
41 Apollo asteroid type S; quasi-satellite of Earth [293]
Duende
367943
Radar-2012DA14-Goldstone.jpg
23.75 Aten asteroid type L [294]
1998 KY26
Asteroid 1998 KY26.faces model.jpg
≈ 15 Apollo asteroid type X [295]
2012 TC4
2012 TC4 radar animation before closest approach.gif
11.5 Apollo asteroid type E/type Xe [296]
2014 RC
Asteroid 1997 AE12.gif
≈ 11 Apollo asteroid type Sq [297]
2010 RF12 ≈ 3.5 ≈ 0.0005 Apollo asteroid [298]
2011 MD
PIA18453-Asteroid2011MD-SpitzerSpaceTelescope-IRAC-Feb2014.jpg
3+2
−1
Apollo asteroid/Amor asteroid type S [299]
2008 TC3
2008 TC3 Tumbling (reduced).gif
2.05 0.00008 Apollo asteroid type F/type M [300] · [300]
2023 BU 1.5 Apollo asteroid [301]
2008 TS26 ≈ 0.49 Apollo asteroid [302]

Gallery

Solar system planets, major moons, and 3 stars of different sizes are shown comparatively in three levels of zoom: one for the rocky planets, one for the gas giants, and one for the stars.
Largest moons of the Solar System to scale.

See also

Notes

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Radius estimated using equatorial radius and assuming body is spherical
  2. 2.0 2.1 Radius has been determined by various methods, such as optical (Hubble), thermal (Spitzer), or direct imaging via spacecraft
  3. Calculated in Wolfram Alpha using semi axes of 1050 × 840 × 537 (Ellipsoid volume: 1.98395×10^9 km3)
  4. Best fit, assuming Haumea is in hydrostatic equilibrium
  5. 5.0 5.1 5.2 Radius estimated by using three radii and assuming body is spheroid
  6. The mass estimate is based on the assumed density of 1.2 g/cm3, and a volume of 3.5 ×106 km3 obtained from a detailed shape model in Stooke (1994).[117]
  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Name of body, including alternative names using Roman numerals to designate moons (such as "Saturn I" for Mimas), and numbers to designate minor planets
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Mean radius including uncertainties
  3. Given as surface gravity (1 bar for gaseous planets)
  4. Figures from default source Johnston's Archive—List of Known Trans-Neptunian Objects,[58] if otherwise not mentioned in the References column
  5. 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Reference column specifically for radius (r) and mass (M) citations

References

  1. Brown, M.. "The Dwarf Planets". Caltech. http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/dwarfplanets/. 
  2. "Iapetus' peerless equatorial ridge". The Planetary Society. https://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2012/3389.html. 
  3. "Gǃkúnǁ'hòmdímà and Gǃò'é ǃhú". .lowell.edu. http://www2.lowell.edu/~grundy/abstracts/2019.G-G.html. 
  4. Britt, D. T.; Consolmagno, G. J.; Merline, W. J. (2006). "Small Body Density and Porosity: New Data, New Insights". Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVII. http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2006/pdf/2214.pdf. 
  5. 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17 5.18 5.19 5.20 5.21 5.22 5.23 5.24 5.25 5.26 5.27 5.28 5.29 5.30 5.31 5.32 5.33 5.34 5.35 5.36 5.37 5.38 5.39 5.40 5.41 "Planetary Satellite Physical Parameters". JPL (Solar System Dynamics). 2008-10-24. http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?sat_phys_par. 
  6. Williams, D. R. (2007-11-23). "Uranian Satellite Fact Sheet". NASA (National Space Science Data Center). http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/uraniansatfact.html. 
  7. 7.0 7.1 7.2 Brown, Michael E.. "How many dwarf planets are there in the outer solar system?". California Institute of Technology. http://web.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/dps.html. 
  8. Park, R. S.; Konopliv, A. S.; Bills, B. G.; Rambaux, N.; Castillo-Rogez, J. C.; Raymond, C. A.; Vaughan, A. T.; Ermakov, A. I. et al. (2016). "A partially differentiated interior for (1) Ceres deduced from its gravity field and shape". Nature 537 (7621): 515–517. doi:10.1038/nature18955. PMID 27487219. Bibcode2016Natur.537..515P. 
  9. "Iapetus' peerless equatorial ridge". http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2012/3389.html. 
  10. 10.0 10.1 Grundy, W.M.; Noll, K.S.; Buie, M.W.; Benecchi, S.D.; Ragozzine, D.; Roe, H.G. (December 2019). "The mutual orbit, mass, and density of transneptunian binary Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà ((229762) 2007 UK126)". Icarus 334: 30–38. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2018.12.037. http://www2.lowell.edu/~grundy/abstracts/preprints/2019.G-G.pdf. 
  11. "Uranus Fact Sheet". http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/uranusfact.html. 
  12. "90377 Sedna". 12 September 2022. https://www.universeguide.com/kuiperbeltobject/316/sedna. 
  13. 13.00 13.01 13.02 13.03 13.04 13.05 13.06 13.07 13.08 13.09 13.10 NASA/JPL, Our Sun, by the numbers Accessed 2020 Oct 22
  14. 14.00 14.01 14.02 14.03 14.04 14.05 14.06 14.07 14.08 14.09 14.10 14.11 14.12 14.13 14.14 14.15 14.16 14.17 14.18 14.19 14.20 14.21 14.22 14.23 14.24 14.25 14.26 14.27 14.28 14.29 14.30 14.31 NASA/JPL Planets and Pluto: Physical Characteristics Last updated 2020-May-29
  15. "By The Numbers | Jupiter - NASA Solar System Exploration". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/jupiter/by-the-numbers/. 
  16. "By The Numbers | Saturn - NASA Solar System Exploration". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/saturn/by-the-numbers/. 
  17. "By The Numbers | Uranus - NASA Solar System Exploration". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/uranus/by-the-numbers/. 
  18. "By the Numbers | Neptune - NASA Solar System Exploration". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/neptune/by-the-numbers/. 
  19. "By The Numbers | Earth - NASA Solar System Exploration". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/earth/by-the-numbers/. 
  20. "By the Numbers | Venus - NASA Solar System Exploration". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/venus/by-the-numbers/. 
  21. "By The Numbers | Mars - NASA Solar System Exploration". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/mars/by-the-numbers/. 
  22. "By The Numbers | Ganymede - NASA Solar System Exploration". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/ganymede/by-the-numbers/. 
  23. 23.00 23.01 23.02 23.03 23.04 23.05 23.06 23.07 23.08 23.09 23.10 23.11 23.12 23.13 23.14 23.15 23.16 "Planetary Satellite Physical Parameters". https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?sat_phys_par. 
  24. "By the Numbers | Titan - NASA Solar System Exploration". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/saturn-moons/titan/by-the-numbers/. 
  25. "By The Numbers | Mercury - NASA Solar System Exploration". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/mercury/by-the-numbers/. 
  26. "By The Numbers | Callisto - NASA Solar System Exploration". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/callisto/by-the-numbers/. 
  27. "By The Numbers | Io - NASA Solar System Exploration". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/io/by-the-numbers/. 
  28. 28.0 28.1 Planetary Satellite Physical Parameters
  29. Moon Fact Sheet
  30. "By The Numbers | Earth's Moon - NASA Solar System Exploration". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/earths-moon/by-the-numbers/. 
  31. "By The Numbers | Europa - NASA Solar System Exploration". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/europa/by-the-numbers/. 
  32. "By The Numbers | Triton - NASA Solar System Exploration". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/neptune-moons/triton/by-the-numbers/. 
  33. Sicardy, B. (2011). "Size, density, albedo and atmosphere limit of dwarf planet Eris from a stellar occultation". European Planetary Science Congress Abstracts 6: 137. Bibcode2011epsc.conf..137S. http://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EPSC-DPS2011/EPSC-DPS2011-137-8.pdf. Retrieved 2011-09-14. 
  34. Brown, Michael E.; Schaller, Emily L. (15 June 2007). "The Mass of Dwarf Planet Eris". Science 316 (5831): 1585. doi:10.1126/science.1139415. PMID 17569855. Bibcode2007Sci...316.1585B. 
  35. "The size, shape, density and ring of the dwarf planet Haumea". http://www.astrosurf.com/sogorb/occultations/nature24051.pdf. 
  36. 36.0 36.1 36.2 36.3 36.4 Ragozzine, D.; Brown, M. E. (2009). "Orbits and Masses of the Satellites of the Dwarf Planet Haumea (2003 EL61)". The Astronomical Journal 137 (6): 4766–4776. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/137/6/4766. Bibcode2009AJ....137.4766R. 
  37. Dunham, E. T.; Desch, S. J.; Probst, L. (April 2019). "Haumea's Shape, Composition, and Internal Structure". The Astrophysical Journal 877 (1): 11. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab13b3. Bibcode2019ApJ...877...41D. 
  38. "By The Numbers | Titania - NASA Solar System Exploration". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/uranus-moons/titania/by-the-numbers/. 
  39. "By The Numbers | Rhea - NASA Solar System Exploration". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/saturn-moons/rhea/by-the-numbers/. 
  40. "By The Numbers | Oberon - NASA Solar System Exploration". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/uranus-moons/oberon/by-the-numbers/. 
  41. M.E. Brown (2013). "On the size, shape, and density of dwarf planet Makemake". The Astrophysical Journal Letters 767 (1): L7(5pp). doi:10.1088/2041-8205/767/1/L7. Bibcode2013ApJ...767L...7B. 
  42. Kiss, Csaba; Marton, Gabor; Parker, Alex H.; Grundy, Will; Farkas-Takacs, Aniko; Stansberry, John; Pal, Andras; Muller, Thomas et al. (2019). "The mass and density of the dwarf planet (225088) 2007 OR10". Icarus 334: 3–10. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2019.03.013. Bibcode2018DPS....5031102K. 
    Initial publication at the American Astronomical Society DPS meeting #50, with the publication ID 311.02
  43. "By The Numbers | Charon -NASA Solar System Exploration". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/pluto-moons/charon/by-the-numbers/. 
  44. "By The Numbers | Umbriel - NASA Solar System Exploration". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/uranus-moons/umbriel/by-the-numbers/. 
  45. "By The Numbers | Ariel - NASA Solar System Exploration". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/uranus-moons/ariel/by-the-numbers/. 
  46. "By The Numbers | Dione - NASA Solar System Exploration". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/saturn-moons/dione/by-the-numbers/. 
  47.  , Wikidata Q116754015
  48. Braga-Ribas, F.Expression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (August 2013). "The Size, Shape, Albedo, Density, and Atmospheric Limit of Transneptunian Object (50000) Quaoar from Multi-chord Stellar Occultations". The Astrophysical Journal 773 (1): 13. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/773/1/26. Bibcode2013ApJ...773...26B. 
  49. "By The Numbers | Tethys - NASA Solar System Exploration". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/saturn-moons/tethys/by-the-numbers/. 
  50. Roatsch Jaumann et al. 2009, p. 765, Tables 24.1–2
  51. "Agenda - NASA Exploration Science Forum 2015". http://nesf2015.arc.nasa.gov/agenda. 
  52. Rayman, M. D. (28 May 2015). "Dawn Journal, May 28, 2015". Jet Propulsion Laboratory. http://dawnblog.jpl.nasa.gov/2015/05/28/dawn-journal-may-28-2015/. 
  53. 53.0 53.1 "By The Numbers | Ceres - NASA Solar System Exploration". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/dwarf-planets/ceres/by-the-numbers/. 
  54. 54.0 54.1 54.2 54.3 Brown, Michael E.; Butler, Bryan (2023). "Masses and densities of dwarf planet satellites measured with ALMA". arXiv:2307.04848 [astro-ph.EP].
  55. 55.0 55.1 Grundy, W. M.; Noll, K. S.; Roe, H. G.; Buie, M. W.; Porter, S. B.; Parker, A. H.; Nesvorný, D.; Benecchi, S. D. et al. (2019). "Mutual Orbit Orientations of Transneptunian Binaries". Icarus 334: 62–78. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2019.03.035. ISSN 0019-1035. Bibcode2019Icar..334...62G. http://www2.lowell.edu/~grundy/abstracts/preprints/2019.TNB_orbits.pdf. Retrieved 2019-10-26. 
  56. Rommel, Flavia L.; Braga-Ribas, Felipe; Vara-Lubiano, Mónica; Ortiz, Jose L.; Desmars, Josselin; Morgado, Bruno E.; Benedetti-Rossi, Gustavo; Sicardy, Bruno et al. (28 June 2021). "Evidence of topographic features on (307261) 2002 MS4 surface". European Planetary Science Congress. doi:10.5194/epsc2021-440. Bibcode2021EPSC...15..440R. https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EPSC2021/EPSC2021-440.html. 
  57. 57.00 57.01 57.02 57.03 57.04 57.05 57.06 57.07 57.08 57.09 57.10 57.11 57.12 57.13 57.14 57.15 57.16 57.17 57.18 57.19 57.20 57.21 Thomas, P. C. (July 2010). "Sizes, shapes, and derived properties of the saturnian satellites after the Cassini nominal mission". Icarus 208 (1): 395–401. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2010.01.025. Bibcode2010Icar..208..395T. http://www.ciclops.org/media/sp/2011/6794_16344_0.pdf. Retrieved 2014-04-12. 
  58. 58.0 58.1 58.2 58.3 58.4 Wm. Robert Johnston (25 May 2019). "List of Known Trans-Neptunian Objects". Johnston's Archive. http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/tnoslist.html. 
  59. 59.0 59.1 59.2 59.3 59.4 59.5 59.6 59.7 59.8 59.9 Vilenius, E. (2014). ""TNOs are Cool": A survey of the trans-Neptunian region X. Analysis of classical Kuiper belt objects from Herschel and Spitzer observations". Astronomy & Astrophysics 564: A35. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322416. Bibcode2014A&A...564A..35V. 
  60. 60.0 60.1 Souami, D.Expression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (August 2020). "A multi-chord stellar occultation by the large trans-Neptunian object (174567) Varda". Astronomy & Astrophysics 643: A125. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202038526. Bibcode2020A&A...643A.125S. 
  61. 61.0 61.1 Sheppard, Scott; Fernandez, Yanga; Moullet, Arielle (6 September 2018). "The Albedos, Sizes, Colors and Satellites of Dwarf Planets Compared with Newly Measured Dwarf Planet 2013 FY27". The Astronomical Journal 156 (6): 270. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aae92a. Bibcode2018AJ....156..270S. 
  62. Dias-Oliveira, A.; Sicardy, B.; Ortiz, J. L.; Braga-Ribas, F.; Leiva, R.; Vieira-Martins, R. et al. (July 2017). "Study of the Plutino Object (208996) 2003 AZ84 from Stellar Occultations: Size, Shape, and Topographic Features". The Astronomical Journal 154 (1): 13. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aa74e9. Bibcode2017AJ....154...22D. 
  63. Levine, Stephen E.; Zuluaga, Carlos A.; Person, Michael J.; Sickafoose, Amanda A.; Bosh, Amanda A.; Collins, Michael (April 2021). "Occultation of a Large Star by the Large Plutino (28978) Ixion on 2020 October 13 UTC". The Astronomical Journal 161 (5): 210. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/abe76d. Bibcode2021AJ....161..210L. 
  64. 64.0 64.1 64.2 Vilenius, E. et al. (2012). ""TNOs are Cool": A survey of the trans-Neptunian region VI. Herschel/PACS observations and thermal modeling of 19 classical Kuiper belt objects". Astronomy & Astrophysics 541: A94. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201118743. Bibcode2012A&A...541A..94V. 
  65. Lorenzi, V.; Pinilla-Alonso, N.; Licandro, J. P.; Dalle Ore, C. M.; Emery (24 January 2014). "Rotationally resolved spectroscopy of (20000) Varuna in the near-infrared". Astronomy & Astrophysics 562: A85. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322251. Bibcode2014A&A...562A..85L. "cited data from: Lellouch et al., 2013, of estimated diameter of 668 (+154,−86) km". 
  66. Lacerda, Pedro; Jewitt, David (2006). "Densities of Solar System Objects from their Rotational Lightcurves". The Astronomical Journal 133 (4): 1393. doi:10.1086/511772. Bibcode2007AJ....133.1393L. 
  67. 67.0 67.1 67.2 67.3 Fornasier, S. (6 May 2013). "TNOs are Cool: A survey of the trans-Neptunian region. VIII. Combined Herschel PACS and SPIRE observations of 9 bright targets at 70–500 μm". Astronomy & Astrophysics 555: A15. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201321329. Bibcode2013A&A...555A..15F. 
  68. M.E. Brown (4 November 2013). "The density of mid-sized Kuiper belt object 2002 UX25 and the formation of the dwarf planets". The Astrophysical Journal 778 (2): L34. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/778/2/L34. Bibcode2013ApJ...778L..34B. 
  69. "TNO Results". ERC Lucky Star Project. Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique (LESIA). https://lesia.obspm.fr/lucky-star/results.php. 
  70. "Occultation by 2005 RM43 in 23 DEC 2018". ERC Lucky Star Project. Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique (LESIA). 24 December 2018. https://lesia.obspm.fr/lucky-star/campaigns/results/2005RM43_24_12_2018_prelim2.pdf. 
  71. Benedetti-Rossi, G.; Sicardy, B.; Buie, M. W.; Ortiz, J. L.; Vieira-Martins, R.; Keller, J. M. et al. (December 2016). "Results from the 2014 November 15th Multi-chord Stellar Occultation by the TNO (229762) 2007 UK126". The Astronomical Journal 152 (6): 11. doi:10.3847/0004-6256/152/6/156. Bibcode2016AJ....152..156B. 
  72. Grundy, W.M.; Noll, K.S.; Buie, M.W.; Benecchi, S.D.; Ragozzine, D.; Roe, H.G. (2019). "The Mutual Orbit, Mass, and Density of Transneptunian Binary Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà ((229762) 2007 UK126)". Icarus 334: 30–38. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2018.12.037. http://www2.lowell.edu/~grundy/abstracts/2019.G-G.html. Retrieved 2019-04-28. 
  73. Gerdes, David W. et al. (2017). "Discovery and Physical Characterization of a Large Scattered Disk Object at 92 AU". The Astrophysical Journal Letters 839 (1): L15. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aa64d8. Bibcode2017ApJ...839L..15G. 
  74. 74.0 74.1 Fernández-Valenzuela, Estela; Ortiz, Jose Luis; Duffard, René (2015). "2008 OG19: A highly elongated Trans-Neptunian Object". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 456 (3): 2354–2360. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv2739. Bibcode2016MNRAS.456.2354F. 
  75. Pál, A. et al. (2015). "Pushing the Limits: K2 Observations of the Trans-Neptunian Objects 2002 GV31 and (278361) 2007 JJ43". The Astrophysical Journal Letters 804 (2): L45. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/804/2/L45. Bibcode2015ApJ...804L..45P. 
  76. Szakáts, R.Expression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (2023). "Tidally locked rotation of the dwarf planet (136199) Eris discovered from long-term ground based and space photometry". Astronomy & Astrophysics L3: 669. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202245234. Bibcode2023A&A...669L...3S. 
  77. Loader, B.; Hanna, W. (25 February 2019). "(523692) 2014 EZ51, 2019 February 25 occultation". http://www.occultations.org.nz/planet/2019/results/20190225_523692_2014EZ51_UCAC4_322-079801_Plot_Colour.png. 
  78. 78.0 78.1 "List of known trans-Neptunian objects". http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/tnoslist.html. 
  79. "Asteroid (78799) 2002 XW93". Small Bodies Data Ferret. https://sbntools.psi.edu/ferret/SimpleSearch/results.action?targetName=78799. 
  80. 80.0 80.1 80.2 80.3 80.4 80.5 Mommert, Michael; Harris, A. W.; Kiss, C.; Pál, A.; Santos-Sanz, P.; Stansberry, J.; Delsanti, A. et al. (May 2012). "TNOs are cool: A survey of the trans-Neptunian region—V. Physical characterization of 18 Plutinos using Herschel-PACS observations". Astronomy & Astrophysics 541: A93. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201118562. Bibcode2012A&A...541A..93M. 
  81. 81.0 81.1 Russell, C. T. (2012). "Dawn at Vesta: Testing the Protoplanetary Paradigm". Science 336 (6082): 684–686. doi:10.1126/science.1219381. PMID 22582253. Bibcode2012Sci...336..684R. 
  82. Vara-Lubiano, M. et al. (2022). "The multichord stellar occultation on 2019 October 22 by the trans-Neptunian object (84922) 2003 VS2". Astronomy & Astrophysics 663: A121. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202141842. Bibcode2022A&A...663A.121V. 
  83. Marsset, M., Brož, M., Vernazza, P. et al. The violent collisional history of aqueously evolved (2) Pallas. Nat Astron 4, 569–576 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-019-1007-5
  84. 84.00 84.01 84.02 84.03 84.04 84.05 84.06 84.07 84.08 84.09 84.10 84.11 84.12 84.13 84.14 84.15 84.16 84.17 84.18 84.19 84.20 84.21 84.22 84.23 84.24 84.25 84.26 84.27 84.28 84.29 84.30 84.31 84.32 84.33 84.34 84.35 84.36 84.37 84.38 P. Vernazza et al. (2021) VLT/SPHERE imaging survey of the largest main-belt asteroids: Final results and synthesis. Astronomy & Astrophysics 54, A56
  85. Lellouch, E.; Santos-Sanz, P.; Lacerda, P.; Mommert, M.; Duffard, R.; Ortiz, J. L. et al. (September 2013). ""TNOs are Cool": A survey of the trans-Neptunian region. IX. Thermal properties of Kuiper belt objects and Centaurs from combined Herschel and Spitzer observations". Astronomy and Astrophysics 557: 19. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322047. Bibcode2013A&A...557A..60L. http://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/pdf/2013/09/aa22047-13.pdf. Retrieved 27 April 2019. 
  86. 86.0 86.1 Roatsch, T.; Jaumann, R.; Stephan, K.; Thomas, P. C. (2009). "Cartographic Mapping of the Icy Satellites Using ISS and VIMS Data". Saturn from Cassini-Huygens. pp. 763–781. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9217-6_24. ISBN 978-1-4020-9216-9. 
  87. 87.0 87.1 Jacobson, R. A.; Antreasian, P. G.; Bordi, J. J.; Criddle, K. E.; Ionasescu, R.; Jones, J. B.; Mackenzie, R. A. et al. (December 2006). "The Gravity Field of the Saturnian System from Satellite Observations and Spacecraft Tracking Data". The Astronomical Journal 132 (6): 2520–2526. doi:10.1086/508812. Bibcode2006AJ....132.2520J. 
  88. Ortiz, J. L.; Santos-Sanz, P.; Sicardy, B.; Benedetti-Rossi, G.; Duffard, E.; Morales, N. (18 May 2020). "The large Trans-Neptunian Object 2002 TC302 from combined stellar occultation, photometry and astrometry data". Astronomy & Astrophysics A134: 639. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202038046. 
  89. Thomas, P. C. (1988). "Radii, shapes, and topography of the satellites of Uranus from limb coordinates". Icarus 73 (3): 427–441. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(88)90054-1. Bibcode1988Icar...73..427T. 
  90. Jacobson, R. A.; Campbell, J. K.; Taylor, A. H.; Synnott, S. P. (June 1992). "The masses of Uranus and its major satellites from Voyager tracking data and earth-based Uranian satellite data". The Astronomical Journal 103 (6): 2068–2078. doi:10.1086/116211. Bibcode1992AJ....103.2068J. 
  91. Pál, A.; Kiss, C.; Müller, T. G.; Santos-Sanz, P.; Vilenius, E.; Szalai, N.; Mommert, M. et al. (May 2012). ""TNOs are Cool": A survey of the trans-Neptunian region - VII. Size and surface characteristics of (90377) Sedna and 2010 EK139". Astronomy & Astrophysics 541: L6. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201218874. Bibcode2012A&A...541L...6P. 
  92. 92.0 92.1 92.2 92.3 92.4 92.5 Santos-Sanz, P. (2012). ""TNOs are Cool": A Survey of the Transneptunian Region IV. Size/albedo characterization of 15 scattered disk and detached objects observed with Herschel Space Observatory-PACS". Astronomy & Astrophysics 541: A92. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201118541. Bibcode2012A&A...541A..92S. 
  93. 93.0 93.1 Stansberry, John; Grundy, Will; Brown, Mike; Cruikshank, Dale; Spencer, John; Trilling, David; Margot, Jean-Luc (2008). "Physical Properties of Kuiper Belt and Centaur Objects: Constraints from the Spitzer Space Telescope". The Solar System Beyond Neptune. University of Arizona Press. pp. 161–179. ISBN 978-0-8165-2755-7. Bibcode2008ssbn.book..161S. https://www.lpi.usra.edu/books/ssbn2008/7017.pdf. 
  94. Sickafoose, A. A.; Bosh, A. S.; Levine, S. E.; Zuluaga, C. A.; Genade, A.; Schindler, K.; Lister, T. A.; Person, M. J. (February 2019). "A stellar occultation by Vanth, a satellite of (90482) Orcus". Icarus 319: 657–668. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2018.10.016. Bibcode2019Icar..319..657S. 
  95. Vernazza, P. et al. (2020). "A basin-free spherical shape as an outcome of a giant impact on asteroid Hygiea". Nature Astronomy 273 (2): 136–141. doi:10.1038/s41550-019-0915-8. Bibcode2020NatAs...4..136V. https://www.eso.org/public/archives/releases/sciencepapers/eso1918/eso1918a.pdf. 
  96. Alvarez-Candal, A. et al. (November 2014). "Stellar occultation by (119951) 2002 KX14 on April 26, 2012". Astronomy & Astrophysics 571 (A48): 8. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201424648. Bibcode2014A&A...571A..48A. https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/pdf/2014/11/aa24648-14.pdf. Retrieved 14 October 2019. 
  97. Thirouin, A.; Knoll, K. S.; Ortiz, J. L.; Morales, N. (September 2014). "Rotational properties of the binary and non-binary populations in the Trans-Neptunian belt". Astronomy & Astrophysics 569 (A3): 20. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201423567. Bibcode2014A&A...569A...3T. https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2014/09/aa23567-14/aa23567-14.html. 
  98. "JPL definition of Main-belt Asteroid (MBA)". JPL Solar System Dynamics. http://ssd.jpl.ar.gov/sbdb_help.cgi?class=MBA. [yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  99. Thirouin, A.; Ortiz, J. L.; Duffard, R.; Santos-Sanz, P.; Aceituno, F. J.; Morales, N. (2010). "Short-term variability of a sample of 29 trans-Neptunian objects and Centaurs". Astronomy & Astrophysics 522: A93. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200912340. Bibcode2010A&A...522A..93T. 
  100. 100.0 100.1 Johnston, Wm. Robert (27 May 2019). "(119979) 2002 WC19". Johnston's Archive. http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/astmoons/am-119979.html. 
  101. Hanuš, J. et al. (2020). "(704) Interamnia: A transitional object between a dwarf planet and a typical irregular-shaped minor body". Astronomy & Astrophysics 633: A65. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201936639. Bibcode2020A&A...633A..65H. 
  102. Johnston, Wm. Robert (31 January 2015). "(450894) 2008 BT18". Johnston's Archive. http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/astmoons/am-174567.html. 
  103. Elliot, J. L.; Person, M. J.; Zuluaga, C. A.; Bosh, A. S.; Adams, E. R.; Brothers, T. C. et al. (2010). "Size and albedo of Kuiper belt object 55636 from a stellar occultation". Nature 465 (7300): 897–900. doi:10.1038/nature09109. PMID 20559381. Bibcode2010Natur.465..897E. http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA541934&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf. 
  104. Johnston, Wm. Robert (20 September 2014). "(120347) Salacia and Actaea". Johnston's Archive. http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/astmoons/am-120347.html. 
  105. 105.0 105.1 105.2 Johnston, Wm. Robert (8 October 2017). "(47171) Lempo, Paha, and Hiisi". Johnston's Archive. http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/astmoons/am-47171.html. 
  106. 106.0 106.1 Johnston, Wm. Robert (21 September 2014). "(26308) 1998 SM165 and S/2001 (26308) 1". Johnston's Archive. http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/astmoons/am-79360.html. 
  107. Marsset et al. (2022) The equilibrium shape of (65) Cybele: primordial or relic of a large impact?
  108. "LCDB Data for (10199) Chariklo". Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB). http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/GenerateALCDEFPage_Local.php?AstInfo=10199%7CChariklo. 
  109. 109.0 109.1 109.2 Marchis, F.; Durech, J.; Castillo-Rogez, J.; Vachier, F.; Cuk, M.; Berthier, J. et al. (March 2014). "The Puzzling Mutual Orbit of the Binary Trojan Asteroid (624) Hektor". The Astrophysical Journal Letters 783 (2): 6. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/783/2/L37. Bibcode2014ApJ...783L..37M. 
  110. 110.0 110.1 Johnston, Wm. Robert (20 September 2014). "(79360) Sila-Nunam". Johnston's Archive. http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/astmoons/am-79360.html. 
  111. 111.00 111.01 111.02 111.03 111.04 111.05 111.06 111.07 111.08 111.09 111.10 111.11 111.12 111.13 111.14 111.15 111.16 111.17 111.18 111.19 111.20 111.21 111.22 111.23 111.24 111.25 111.26 111.27 111.28 Mainzer, A. K.; Bauer, J. M.; Cutri, R. M.; Grav, T.; Kramer, E. A.; Masiero, J. R. et al. (June 2016). "NEOWISE Diameters and Albedos V1.0". NASA Planetary Data System: EAR–A–COMPIL–5–NEOWISEDIAM–V1.0. Bibcode2016PDSS..247.....M. https://sbnarchive.psi.edu/pds3/non_mission/EAR_A_COMPIL_5_NEOWISEDIAM_V1_0/data/neowise_mainbelt.tab. Retrieved 31 October 2018. 
  112. 112.00 112.01 112.02 112.03 112.04 112.05 112.06 112.07 112.08 112.09 112.10 112.11 112.12 112.13 112.14 112.15 112.16 112.17 112.18 112.19 112.20 112.21 112.22 112.23 112.24 112.25 112.26 112.27 112.28 112.29 112.30 112.31 112.32 112.33 112.34 112.35 112.36 112.37 112.38 112.39 112.40 112.41 112.42 112.43 112.44 112.45 112.46 112.47 112.48 112.49 112.50 112.51 112.52 112.53 112.54 112.55 112.56 Carry, B. (December 2012). "Density of asteroids". Planetary and Space Science 73 (1): 98–118. doi:10.1016/j.pss.2012.03.009. Bibcode2012P&SS...73...98C. 
  113. 113.0 113.1 113.2 Grundy, W.M. et al. (2007). "The orbit, mass, size, albedo, and density of (65489) Ceto/Phorcys: A tidally-evolved binary Centaur". Icarus 191 (1): 286–297. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2007.04.004. Bibcode2007Icar..191..286G. 
  114. 114.0 114.1 114.2 114.3 114.4 114.5 114.6 114.7 114.8 Tedesco (2004). "Supplemental IRAS Minor Planet Survey (SIMPS)". IRAS-A-FPA-3-RDR-IMPS-V6.0. Planetary Data System. http://www.psi.edu/pds/resource/imps.html. 
  115. 115.0 115.1 115.2 115.3 115.4 Duffard, R.; Pinilla-Alonso, N.; Santos-Sanz, P.; Vilenius, E.; Ortiz, J. L.; Mueller, T. et al. (April 2014). ""TNOs are Cool": A survey of the trans-Neptunian region. XI. A Herschel-PACS view of 16 Centaurs". Astronomy and Astrophysics 564: 17. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322377. Bibcode2014A&A...564A..92D. 
  116. 116.0 116.1 116.2 116.3 116.4 116.5 Showalter, M. R.; de Pater, I.; Lissauer, J. J.; French, R. S. (2019). "The seventh inner moon of Neptune". Nature 566 (7744): 350–353. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-0909-9. PMID 30787452. PMC 6424524. Bibcode2019Natur.566..350S. https://www.spacetelescope.org/static/archives/releases/science_papers/heic1904/heic1904a.pdf. 
  117. Stooke, Philip J. (1994). "The surfaces of Larissa and Proteus". Earth, Moon, and Planets 65 (1): 31–54. doi:10.1007/BF00572198. Bibcode1994EM&P...65...31S. 
  118. 118.00 118.01 118.02 118.03 118.04 118.05 118.06 118.07 118.08 118.09 118.10 118.11 Usui, Fumihiko; Kuroda, Daisuke; Müller, Thomas G.; Hasegawa, Sunao; Ishiguro, Masateru; Ootsubo, Takafumi et al. (October 2011). "Asteroid Catalog Using Akari: AKARI/IRC Mid-Infrared Asteroid Survey". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan 63 (5): 1117–1138. doi:10.1093/pasj/63.5.1117. Bibcode2011PASJ...63.1117U. 
  119. Johnston, Wm. Robert (21 September 2014). "(121) Hermione and S/2002 (121) 1 ("LaFayette")". Johnston's Archive. http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/astmoons/am-00121.html. 
  120. 120.0 120.1 120.2 120.3 120.4 120.5 120.6 Mainzer, A.; Grav, T.; Masiero, J.; Hand, E.; Bauer, J.; Tholen, D. (November 2011). "NEOWISE Studies of Spectrophotometrically Classified Asteroids: Preliminary Results". The Astrophysical Journal 741 (2): 25. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/90. Bibcode2011ApJ...741...90M. 
  121. Johnston, Wm. Robert (20 September 2014). "(88611) Teharonhiawako and Sawiskera". Johnston's Archive. http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/astmoons/am-88611.html. 
  122. Porco, C.C. (1991). "An Explanation for Neptune's Ring Arcs". Science 253 (5023): 995–1001. doi:10.1126/science.253.5023.995. PMID 17775342. Bibcode1991Sci...253..995P. 
  123. 123.0 123.1 123.2 Masiero, Joseph R.; Mainzer, A. K.; Grav, T.; Bauer, J. M.; Cutri, R. M.; Nugent, C.; Cabrera, M. S. (10 October 2012). "Preliminary Analysis of WISE/NEOWISE 3-Band Cryogenic and Post-cryogenic Observations of Main Belt Asteroids". The Astrophysical Journal Letters 759 (1): L8. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/759/1/L8. Bibcode2012ApJ...759L...8M. 
  124. Rojo, P.; Margot, J. L. (February 2011). "Mass and Density of the B-type Asteroid (702) Alauda". The Astrophysical Journal 727 (2): 5. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/727/2/69. Bibcode2011ApJ...727...69R. 
  125. Emelyanov, N.V. et al. (2005). "The mass of Himalia from the perturbations on other satellites". Astronomy and Astrophysics 438 (3): L33–L36. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200500143. Bibcode2005A&A...438L..33E. https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/pdf/2005/30/aahe201.pdf. 
  126. 126.0 126.1 126.2 Thomas, P. C.; Burns, J. A.; Rossier, L.; Simonelli, D.; Veverka, J.; Chapman, C. R.; Klaasen, K.; Johnson, T. V. et al. (September 1998). "The Small Inner Satellites of Jupiter". Icarus 135 (1): 360–371. doi:10.1006/icar.1998.5976. Bibcode1998Icar..135..360T. 
  127. Anderson, J. D.; Johnson, T. V.; Schubert, G.; Asmar, S.; Jacobson, R. A.; Johnston, D.; Lau, E. L.; Lewis, G. et al. (27 May 2005). "Amalthea's Density is Less Than That of Water". Science 308 (5726): 1291–1293. doi:10.1126/science.1110422. PMID 15919987. Bibcode2005Sci...308.1291A. 
  128. "In Depth | Makemake - NASA Solar System Exploration". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/dwarf-planets/makemake/in-depth/. 
  129. 129.0 129.1 Farkas-Takács, A.Expression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (September 2017). "Properties of the Irregular Satellite System around Uranus Inferred from K2, Herschel, and Spitzer Observations". The Astronomical Journal 154 (3): 13. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aa8365. 119. Bibcode2017AJ....154..119F. 
  130. 130.0 130.1 130.2 130.3 Rabinowitz, David L.; Benecchi, Susan D.; Grundy, William M.; Verbiscer, Anne J.; Thirouin, Audrey (November 2019). "The Complex Rotational Light Curve of (385446) Manwë-Thorondor, a Multi-Component Eclipsing System in the Kuiper Belt". arXiv:1911.08546 [astro-ph.EP].
  131. Johnston, Wm. Robert (21 September 2014). "(762) Pulcova". Johnston's Archive. http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/astmoons/am-00762.html. 
  132. 132.0 132.1 Johnston, Wm. Robert (31 January 2015). "(42355) Typhon and Echidna". Johnston's Archive. http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/astmoons/am-42355.html. 
  133. Benecchi, S.D; Noll, K. S.; Grundy, W. M.; Levison, H. F. (2010). "(47171) 1999 TC36, A Transneptunian Triple". Icarus 207 (2): 978–991. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2009.12.017. Bibcode2010Icar..207..978B. 
  134. Pravec, P.; Harris, A. W.; Kusnirak, P.; Galad, A.; Hornoch, K. (2012). "Absolute Magnitudes of Asteroids and a Revision of Asteroid Albedo Estimates from WISE Thermal Observations". Icarus 221 (1): 365–387. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2012.07.026. Bibcode2012LPICo1667.6089P. 
  135. Grundy, W. M.; Noll, K. S.; Nimmo, F.; Roe, H. G.; Buie, M. W.; Porter, S. B.; Benecchi, S. D.; Stephens, D. C. et al. (2011). "Five new and three improved mutual orbits of transneptunian binaries". Icarus 213 (2): 678. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2011.03.012. Bibcode2011Icar..213..678G. http://es.ucsc.edu/~fnimmo/website/Grundy_KBO.pdf. 
  136. 136.0 136.1 Michalak, G. (2001). "Determination of asteroid masses". Astronomy & Astrophysics 374 (2): 703–711. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20010731. Bibcode2001A&A...374..703M. 
  137. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 28 Bellona". http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=28. 
  138. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 78 Diana". http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=78. 
  139. Hui, Man-To; Jewitt, David; Yu, Liang-Liang; Mutchler, Max J. (12 Apr 2022). "Hubble Space Telescope Detection of the Nucleus of Comet C/2014 UN271 (Bernardinelli–Bernstein)". The Astrophysical Journal Letters 929 (L12): L12. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac626a. Bibcode2022ApJ...929L..12H. 
  140. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 74 Galatea". http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=74. 
  141. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 1867 Deiphobus (1971 EA)". http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=1867. 
  142. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 1172 Aneas (1930 UA)". http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=1172. 
  143. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 1437 Diomedes (1937 PB)". http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=1437. 
  144. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 81 Terpsichore". http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=81. 
  145. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 1143 Odysseus (1930 BH)". http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=1143. 
  146. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 2241 Alcathous (1979 WM)". http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2241. 
  147. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 57 Mnemosyne". http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=57. 
  148. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 659 Nestor (A908 FE)". http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=659. 
  149. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 40 Harmonia". http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=40. 
  150. Buie, Marc W.Expression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (April 2020). "A Single-chord Stellar Occultation by the Extreme Trans-Neptunian Object (541132) Leleākūhonua". The Astronomical Journal 159 (5): 230. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab8630. 230. Bibcode2020AJ....159..230B. 
  151. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 23 Thalia". http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=23. 
  152. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 62 Erato". http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=62. 
  153. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 5 Astraea". http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=5. 
  154. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 91 Aegina". http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=91. 
  155. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 35 Leukothea". http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=35. 
  156. "LCDB Data for (617)". Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB). http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/GenerateALCDEFPage_Local.php?AstInfo=617%7C. 
  157. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 1208 Troilus (1931 YA)". http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=1208. 
  158. Chamberlin, Alan. "JPL Small-Body Database Search Engine". http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb_query.cgi?obj_group=all;obj_kind=all;obj_numbered=all;ast_orbit_class=IMB;ast_orbit_class=MBA;ast_orbit_class=OMB;OBJ_field=0;ORB_field=0;combine_mode=AND;c1_group=OBJ;c1_item=Ap;c1_op=%3C=;c1_value=100;c2_group=OBJ;c2_item=Ap;c2_op=%3E=;c2_value=40;table_format=HTML;max_rows=50;format_option=comp;c_fields=AcBhBgBjBiBnBsAiAp;.cgifields=format_option;.cgifields=ast_orbit_class;.cgifields=combine_mode;.cgifields=table_format;.cgifields=obj_kind;.cgifields=obj_group;.cgifields=obj_numbered;.cgifields=com_orbit_class&query=1&c_sort=ApD. 
  159. 159.0 159.1 Baer, James; Steven R. Chesley (2008). "Astrometric masses of 21 asteroids, and an integrated asteroid ephemeris". Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy 100 (2008): 27–42. doi:10.1007/s10569-007-9103-8. Bibcode2008CeMDA.100...27B. 
  160. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 233 Asterope". http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=233. 
  161. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 53 Kalypso". http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=53. 
  162. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 26 Prosperina". http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=26. 
  163. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 2920 Automedon (1981 JR)". http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2920. 
  164. 164.0 164.1 164.2 Johnston, Wm. Robert (21 September 2014). "(90) Antiope and S/2000 (90) 1". Johnston's Archive. http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/astmoons/am-42355.html. 
  165. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 61 Danae". http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=61. 
  166. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 17 Thetis". http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=17. 
  167. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 55 Pandora". http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=55. 
  168. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 379 Huenna (A894 AA)". http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=379. 
  169. Marchis, Franck; P. Descamps; J. Berthier; D. hestroffer; F. vachier; M. Baek et al. (2008). "Main Belt Binary Asteroidal Systems With Eccentric Mutual Orbits". Icarus 195 (1): 295–316. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2007.12.010. Bibcode2008Icar..195..295M. 
  170. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 50 Virginia". http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=50. 
  171. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 4348 Poulydamas (1988 RU)". http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=4348. 
  172. 172.0 172.1 Johnston, Wm. Robert (20 September 2014). "(58534) Logos and Zoe". Johnston's Archive. http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/astmoons/am-58534.html. 
  173. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 32 Pomona". http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=32. 
  174. 174.00 174.01 174.02 174.03 174.04 174.05 174.06 174.07 174.08 174.09 174.10 174.11 Grav, T.Expression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (August 2015). "NEOWISE: Observations of the Irregular Satellites of Jupiter and Saturn". The Astrophysical Journal 809 (1): 9. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/809/1/3. 3. Bibcode2015ApJ...809....3G. 
  175. "LCDB Data for (10370)". Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB). http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/GenerateALCDEFPage_Local.php?AstInfo=10370%7C. 
  176. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 43 Ariadne". http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=43. 
  177. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 99 Dike". http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=99. 
  178. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 79 Eurynome". http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=79. 
  179. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 75 Eurydike". http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=75. 
  180. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 29P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 1". http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=1000079. 
  181. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 64 Angelina". http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=64. 
  182. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 82 Alkmene". http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=82. 
  183. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 142 Polana". http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=142. 
  184. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 253 Mathilde". http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=253. 
  185. D. K. Yeomans (1997). "Estimating the mass of asteroid 253 Mathilde from tracking data during the NEAR flyby". Science 278 (5346): 2106–9. doi:10.1126/science.278.5346.2106. PMID 9405343. Bibcode1997Sci...278.2106Y. 
  186. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 73 Klytia". http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=73. 
  187. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 60 Echo". http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=60. 
  188. "Metis By the Numbers". NASA Solar System Exploration. 25 April 2019. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/metis/by-the-numbers/. 
  189. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 167 Urda". http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=167. 
  190. 190.0 190.1 Verbiscer, A. J.; Porter, S. B.; Buratti, B. J.; Weaver, H. A.; Spencer, J. R.; Showalter, M. R.; Buie, M. W.; Hofgartner, J. D. et al. (2018). "Phase Curves of Nix and Hydra from the New Horizons Imaging Cameras". The Astrophysical Journal 852 (2): L35. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aaa486. Bibcode2018ApJ...852L..35V. 
  191. 191.0 191.1 Stern, S. A. et al. (15 October 2015). "The Pluto system: Initial results from its exploration by New Horizons". Science 350 (6258): aad1815. doi:10.1126/science.aad1815. PMID 26472913. Bibcode2015Sci...350.1815S. 
  192. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 158 Koronis". http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=158. 
  193. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 52872 Okyrhoe (1998 SG35)". http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=52872. 
  194. Stern, S.A. (9 January 2019). "Overview of initial results from the reconnaissance flyby of a Kuiper Belt planetesimal: 2014 MU69". arXiv:1901.02578 [astro-ph.EP]. Invalid |display-authors=0. (help)
  195. Britt, D. T.; Yeomans, D. K.; Housen, K.; Consolmagno, G. (2002). "Asteroid Density, Porosity, and Structure". Asteroids III: 485–500. doi:10.2307/j.ctv1v7zdn4.37. Bibcode2002aste.book..485B. http://www.lpi.usra.edu/books/AsteroidsIII/pdf/3022.pdf. Retrieved 2008-10-27. 
  196. Britt et al. 2002, p. 486
  197. Porco, C. C. (2007). "Saturn's Small Inner Satellites: Clues to Their Origins". Science 318 (5856): 1602–1607. doi:10.1126/science.1143977. PMID 18063794. Bibcode2007Sci...318.1602P. 
  198. Descamps, P.; Marchis, F. et al. (2008). "New determination of the size and bulk density of the binary asteroid 22 Kalliope from observations of mutual eclipses". Icarus 196 (2): 578–600. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2008.03.014. Bibcode2008Icar..196..578D. 
  199. F. Marchis (2003). "A three-dimensional solution for the orbit of the asteroidal satellite of 22 Kalliope". Icarus 165 (1): 112–120. doi:10.1016/S0019-1035(03)00195-7. Bibcode2003Icar..165..112M. 
  200. Harris, Alan W.; Delbó, Marco; Binzel, Richard P.; Davies, John K.; Roberts, Julie; Tholen, David J.; Whiteley, Robert J. (1 October 2001). "Visible to Thermal-Infrared Spectrophotometry of a Possible Inactive Cometary Nucleus". Icarus 153 (2): 332–337. doi:10.1006/icar.2001.6687. Bibcode2001Icar..153..332H. 
  201. "Phobos In Depth". NASA Solar System Exploration. 25 April 2019. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/mars-moons/phobos/in-depth/. 
  202. "Phobos By the Numbers". NASA Solar System Exploration. 25 April 2019. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/mars-moons/phobos/by-the-numbers/. 
  203. 203.0 203.1 Yeomans, D. K.; Antreasian, P. G.; Barriot, J.-P.; Chesley, S. R.; Dunham, D. W.; Farquhar, R. W. et al. (September 2000). "Radio Science Results During the NEAR-Shoemaker Spacecraft Rendezvous with Eros". Science 289 (5487): 2085–2088. doi:10.1126/science.289.5487.2085. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 11000104. Bibcode2000Sci...289.2085Y. 
  204. 204.0 204.1 "Special Session: Planet 9 from Outer Space - Pluto Geology and Geochemistry". Lunar and Planetary Institute. 25 March 2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZtoLw0KWzsU?t=7470. 
  205. 205.0 205.1 Johnston, Robert. "(134340) Pluto, Charon, Nix, Hydra, Kerberos, and Styx". http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/astmoons/am-pluto.html. 
  206. "Deimos By the Numbers". NASA Solar System Exploration. 25 April 2019. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/mars-moons/deimos/by-the-numbers/. 
  207. "What Have We Learned About Halley's Comet?". Astronomical Society of the Pacific (No. 6 – Fall 1986). 1986. http://www.astrosociety.org/education/publications/tnl/06/06.html. 
  208. G. Cevolani; G. Bortolotti; A. Hajduk (1987). "Halley, comet's mass loss and age". Il Nuovo Cimento C (Italian Physical Society) 10 (5): 587–591. doi:10.1007/BF02507255. Bibcode1987NCimC..10..587C. 
  209. 209.0 209.1 Fang, Julia; Margot, Jean-Luc; Rojo, Patricio (16 July 2012). "Orbits, Masses, and Evolution of Main Belt Triple (87) Sylvia". The Astronomical Journal 144 (2): 70. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/144/2/70. Bibcode2012AJ....144...70F. 
  210. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 2685 Masursky (1981 JN)". http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2685. 
  211. 211.0 211.1 Johnston, Wm. Robert (21 September 2014). "(216) Kleopatra, Alexhelios, and Cleoselene". Johnston's Archive. http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/astmoons/am-00216.html. 
  212. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 1509 Esclangona (1938 YG)". http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=1509. 
  213. Wm. Robert Johnston (21 September 2014). "(45) Eugenia, Petit-Prince, and S/2004 (45) 1". Johnston's Archive. http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/astmoons/am-00045.html. 
  214. Johnston, Wm. Robert (27 May 2019). "(31) Euphrosyne". Johnston's Archive. http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/astmoons/am-00031.html. 
  215. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 9P/Tempel 1". http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=9P. 
  216. Agle, D. C.; Brown, Dwayne; Farukhi, Suraiya (22 December 2017). "Arecibo Radar Returns with Asteroid Phaethon Images". NASA. https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7030. 
  217. Reddy, Vishnu; Gaffey, Michael J.; Abell, Paul A.; Hardersen, Paul S. (May 2012). "Constraining albedo, diameter and composition of near-Earth asteroids via near-infrared spectroscopy". Icarus 219 (1): 382–392. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2012.03.005. Bibcode2012Icar..219..382R. 
  218. Weaver, H. A.; Stern, S.A.; Parker, J. Wm. (2003). "Hubble Space Telescope STIS Observations of Comet 19P/BORRELLY during the Deep Space 1 Encounter". The Astronomical Journal (The American Astronomical Society) 126 (1): 444–451. doi:10.1086/375752. Bibcode2003AJ....126..444W. 
  219. Johnston, Wm. Robert (19 February 2017). "(163693) Atira". Johnston's Archive. http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/astmoons/am-163693.html. 
  220. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 5535 Annefrank (1942 EM)". http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=5535. 
  221. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 3749 Balam (1982 BG1)". http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=3749. 
  222. Wm. Robert Johnston (2009-01-13). "(3749) Balam, S/2002 (3749) 1, and third component". Johnston's Archive. http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/astmoons/am-03749.html. 
  223. 223.0 223.1 223.2 Thomas, P. C.; Burns, J. A.; Tiscareno, M. S.; Hedman, M. M.; Helfenstein, P. (2013). "Saturn's Mysterious Arc-Embedded Moons: Recycled Fluff?". p. 1598. http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2013/pdf/1598.pdf. Retrieved 8 June 2019. 
  224. Johnston, Wm. Robert (27 May 2019). "(3122) Florence". Johnston's Archive. http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/astmoons/am-03122.html. 
  225. "Comet 81P/Wild 2". The Planetary Society. http://www.planetary.org/explore/topics/asteroids_and_comets/wild2.html. 
  226. "LCDB Data for (2577)". Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB). http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/GenerateALCDEFPage_Local.php?AstInfo=2577%7C. 
  227. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko". http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=67P. 
  228. Pätzold, M. et al. (4 February 2016). "A homogeneous nucleus for comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko from its gravity field". Nature 530 (7588): 63–65. doi:10.1038/nature16535. PMID 26842054. Bibcode2016Natur.530...63P. 
  229. Masiero, Joseph R.; Mainzer, A. K.; Grav, T.; Bauer, J. M.; Cutri, R. M.; Dailey, J. et al. (November 2011). "Main Belt Asteroids with WISE/NEOWISE. I. Preliminary Albedos and Diameters". The Astrophysical Journal 741 (2): 20. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/68. Bibcode2011ApJ...741...68M. 
  230. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 4183 Cuno (1959 LM)". http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=4183. 
  231. Pravec, Petr; Harris, Alan W.; Kusnirák, Peter; Galád, Adrián; Hornoch, Kamil (September 2012). "Absolute magnitudes of asteroids and a revision of asteroid albedo estimates from WISE thermal observations". Icarus 221 (1): 365–387. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2012.07.026. Bibcode2012Icar..221..365P. 
  232. Johnston, Wm. Robert (21 September 2014). "(702) Alauda and Pichi unem". Johnston's Archive. http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/astmoons/am-00702.html. 
  233. 233.0 233.1 Huang, Jiangchuan; Ji, Jianghui; Ye, Peijian; Wang, Xiaolei; Yan, Jun; Meng, Linzhi (2013). "The Ginger-shaped Asteroid 4179 Toutatis: New Observations from a Successful Flyby of Chang'e-2". Scientific Reports (Nature Research) 3 (3411): 3411. doi:10.1038/srep03411. PMID 24336501. Bibcode2013NatSR...3E3411H. 
  234. Dr. Lance A. M. Benner (28 May 2013). "(285263) 1998 QE2 Goldstone Radar Observations Planning". NASA/JPL Asteroid Radar Research. http://echo.jpl.nasa.gov/asteroids/1998QE2/1998QE2_planning.html. 
  235. Fang, Julia; Margot, Jean-Luc; Brozovic, Marina; Nolan, Michael C.; Benner, Lance A. M.; Taylor, Patrick A. (May 2011). "Orbits of Near-Earth Asteroid Triples 2001 SN263 and 1994 CC: Properties, Origin, and Evolution". The Astronomical Journal 141 (5): 15. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/141/5/154. Bibcode2011AJ....141..154F. 
  236. Johnston, Wm. Robert (21 September 2014). "(153591) 2001 SN263, "Beta", and "Gamma"". Johnston's Archive. http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/astmoons/am-153591.html. 
  237. Johnston, Wm. Robert (21 September 2014). "(1509) Esclangona and S/2003 (1509) 1". Johnston's Archive. http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/astmoons/am-01509.html. 
  238. "New Horizons Mission to Pluto". Technology Org. 18 July 2015. https://www.technology.org/2015/07/18/new-horizons-mission-to-pluto/. 
  239. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 3753 Cruithne (1986 TO)". http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=3753. 
  240. Tedesco, Edward; Metcalfe, Leo (4 April 2002). "New study reveals twice as many asteroids as previously believed" (Press release). European Space Agency. Archived from the original on 6 March 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
  241. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 2102 Tantalus (1975 YA)". http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2102. 
  242. "LCDB Data for (9969) Braille". Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB). http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/GenerateALCDEFPage_Local.php?AstInfo=9969%7CBraille. 
  243. "LCDB Data for (308242)". Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB). http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/GenerateALCDEFPage_Local.php?AstInfo=308242%7C. 
  244. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 1862 Apollo (1932 HA)". http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=1862. 
  245. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 85989 (1999 JD6)". http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=85989. 
  246. Greenberg, Adam H.; Margot, Jean-Luc; Verma, Ashok K.; Taylor, Patrick A.; Naidu, Shantanu P.; Brozovic, Marina. et al. (March 2017). "Asteroid 1566 Icarus's Size, Shape, Orbit, and Yarkovsky Drift from Radar Observations". The Astronomical Journal 153 (3): 16. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/153/3/108. Bibcode2017AJ....153..108G. 
  247. Chapman, Clark R. (October 1996). "S-Type Asteroids, Ordinary Chondrites, and Space Weathering: The Evidence from Galileo's Fly-bys of Gaspra and Ida". Meteoritics 31 (6): 699–725. doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.1996.tb02107.x. Bibcode1996M&PS...31..699C. 
  248. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 4769 Castalia (1989 PB)". http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=4769. 
  249. Brozovic, Marina; Benner, Lance A. M.; Magri, Christopher; Scheeres, Daniel J.; Busch, Michael W.; Giorgini, Jon D. (April 2017). "Goldstone radar evidence for short-axis mode non-principal-axis rotation of near-Earth asteroid (214869) 2007 PA8". Icarus 286: 314–329. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2016.10.016. Bibcode2017Icar..286..314B. 
  250. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 66391 Moshup (1999 KW4)". http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=66391. 
  251. 251.0 251.1 Johnston, Wm. Robert (20 September 2014). "(66391) Moshup and Squannit". Johnston's Archive. http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/astmoons/am-66391.html. 
  252. Busch, Michael W.; Giorgini, Jon D.; Ostro, Steven J.; Benner, Lance A. M.; Jurgens, Raymond F.; Rose, Randy (October 2007). "Physical modeling of near-Earth Asteroid (29075) 1950 DA". Icarus 190 (2): 608–621. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2007.03.032. Bibcode2007Icar..190..608B. https://echo.jpl.nasa.gov/asteroids/29075_1950DA/busch.etal.2007.1950da.pdf. 
  253. "Earth Impact Risk Summary: 29075". NASA/JPL Near-Earth Object Program Office. https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/sentry/details.html#?des=29075. 
  254. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 394130 (2006 HY51)". http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=394130. 
  255. 255.0 255.1 Lisse, C. M. et al. (2009). "Spitzer Space Telescope Observations of the Nucleus of Comet 103P/Hartley 2". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 121 (883): 968–975. doi:10.1086/605546. Bibcode2009PASP..121..968L. 
  256. "LCDB Data for (163899)". Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB). http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/GenerateALCDEFPage_Local.php?AstInfo=163899%7C. 
  257. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 3908 Nyx (1980 PA)". http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=3908. 
  258. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 153814 (2001 WN5)". http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=153814. 
  259. "LCDB Data for 2017 YE5". Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB). http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/GenerateALCDEFPage_Local.php?AstInfo=0%7C2017+YE5. 
  260. Müller, T. G.; Durech, J.; Ishiguro, M.; Mueller, M.; Krühler, T.; Yang, H. (March 2017). "Hayabusa-2 mission target asteroid 162173 Ryugu (1999 JU3): Searching for the object's spin-axis orientation". Astronomy and Astrophysics 599: 25. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629134. Bibcode2017A&A...599A.103M. 
  261. Clark, Stephen (6 September 2018). "Hayabusa 2 team sets dates for asteroid landings – Spaceflight Now". https://spaceflightnow.com/2018/09/06/hayabusa-2-team-sets-dates-for-asteroid-landings. 
  262. Nugent, C. R.; Mainzer, A.; Bauer, J.; Cutri, R. M.; Kramer, E. A.; Grav, T. et al. (September 2016). "NEOWISE Reactivation Mission Year Two: Asteroid Diameters and Albedos". The Astronomical Journal 152 (3): 12. doi:10.3847/0004-6256/152/3/63. Bibcode2016AJ....152...63N. 
  263. "LCDB Data for 2014 JO25". Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB). http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/GenerateALCDEFPage_Local.php?AstInfo=0%7C2014+JO25. 
  264. Marchis, F.Expression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (November 2012). "Multiple asteroid systems: Dimensions and thermal properties from Spitzer Space Telescope and ground-based observations". Icarus 221 (2): 1130–1161. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2012.09.013. Bibcode2012Icar..221.1130M. 
  265. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 65803 Didymos (1996 GT)". http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=65803. 
  266. 266.0 266.1 Johnston, Wm. Robert (20 September 2014). "(65803) Didymos". Johnston's Archive. http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/astmoons/am-65803.html. 
  267. Müller, T. G.; Marciniak, A.; Butkiewicz-Bąk, M.; Duffard, R.; Oszkiewicz, D.; Käufl, H. U.; Szakáts, R.; Santana-Ros, T. et al. (February 2017). "Large Halloween asteroid at lunar distance". Astronomy & Astrophysics 598: A63. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629584. Bibcode2017A&A...598A..63M. https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/pdf/2017/02/aa29584-16.pdf. Retrieved 9 June 2019. 
  268. Brozovic, Marina; Benner, Lance A. M.; Taylor, Patrick A.; Nolan, Michael C. (November 2011). "Radar and optical observations and physical modeling of triple near-Earth Asteroid (136617) 1994 CC". Icarus 216 (1): 241–256. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2011.09.002. Bibcode2011Icar..216..241B. 
  269. Johnston, Wm. Robert (21 September 2014). "(136617) 1994 CC, "Beta", and "Gamma"". Johnston's Archive. http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/astmoons/am-136617.html. 
  270. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 172034 (2001 WR1)". http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=172034. 
  271. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 6489 Golevka (1991 JX)". http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=6489. 
  272. Nolan, M. C.; Magri, C. (2013). "Shape model and surface properties of the OSIRIS-REx target Asteroid (101955) Bennu from radar and lightcurve observations". Icarus 226 (1): 629–640. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2013.05.028. ISSN 0019-1035. Bibcode2013Icar..226..629N. http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/6mh8b2t5. 
  273. . Bibcode2014Icar..235....5C. 
  274. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 153201 (2000 WO107)". http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=153201. 
  275. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 163132 (2002 CU11)". http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=163132. 
  276. 276.0 276.1 Nugent, C. R.; Mainzer, A.; Masiero, J.; Bauer, J.; Cutri, R. M.; Grav, T. et al. (December 2015). "NEOWISE Reactivation Mission Year One: Preliminary Asteroid Diameters and Albedos". The Astrophysical Journal 814 (2): 13. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/814/2/117. Bibcode2015ApJ...814..117N. 
  277. "Radar Images of near-Earth Asteroid 2006 DP14". Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 25 February 2014. https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-060. 
  278. Trilling, D. E.; Mueller, M.; Hora, J. L.; Fazio, G.; Spahr, T.; Stansberry, J. A. et al. (August 2008). "Diameters and Albedos of Three Subkilometer Near-Earth Objects Derived from Spitzer Observations". The Astrophysical Journal Letters 683 (2): L199–L202. doi:10.1086/591668. Bibcode2008ApJ...683L.199T. 
  279. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2010 TK7)". http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=3548081. 
  280. 280.0 280.1 "2006 SU49 Impact Risk". NASA/JPL Near-Earth Object Program Office. http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/risk/2006su49.html. 
  281. M.W. Busch (31 March 2012). "Shape and Spin of Near-Earth Asteroid 308635 (2005 YU55) From Radar Images and Speckle Tracking". Lunar and Planetary Institute. http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/acm2012/pdf/6179.pdf. 
  282. 282.0 282.1 Fujiwara, A.; Kawaguchi, J.; Yeomans, D. K.; Abe, M.; Mukai, T.; Okada, T. (June 2006). "The Rubble-Pile Asteroid Itokawa as Observed by Hayabusa". Science 312 (5778): 1330–1334. doi:10.1126/science.1125841. PMID 16741107. Bibcode2006Sci...312.1330F. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7042075. Retrieved 8 June 2019. 
  283. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 99942 Apophis (2004 MN4)". http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=99942. 
  284. "Earth Impact Risk Summary: 99942". NASA/JPL Near-Earth Object Program Office. https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/sentry/details.html#?des=99942. 
  285. "A Small Find Near Equinox". Cassini Solstice Mission. Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 7 August 2009. http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/photos/imagedetails/index.cfm?imageId=3617. 
  286. "LCDB Data for (277475)". Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB). http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/GenerateALCDEFPage_Local.php?AstInfo=277475%7C. 
  287. Reddy, Vishnu; Gary, Bruce L.; Sanchez, Juan A.; Takir, Driss; Thomas, Cristina A.; Hardersen, Paul S. (September 2015). "The Physical Characterization of the Potentially Hazardous Asteroid 2004 BL86: A Fragment of a Differentiated Asteroid". The Astrophysical Journal 811 (1): 10. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/811/1/65. Bibcode2015ApJ...811...65R. 
  288. "NASA Scientists Get First Images of Earth Flyby Asteroid". Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 25 January 2008. http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2008-014. 
  289. "LCDB Data for 2002 VE68". Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB). http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/GenerateALCDEFPage_Local.php?AstInfo=0%7C2002+VE68. 
  290. Bruce L., Gary (January 2016). "Unusual Properties for the NEA (436724) 2011 UW158". The Minor Planet Bulletin 43 (1): 33–38. ISSN 1052-8091. Bibcode2016MPBu...43...33G. 
  291. "LCDB Data for 2017 BQ6". Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB). http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/GenerateALCDEFPage_Local.php?AstInfo=0%7C2017+BQ6. 
  292. Taylor, Patrick A. (13 April 2007). "Spin Rate of Asteroid (54509) 2000 PH5 Increasing Due to the YORP Effect". Science 316 (5822): 274–277. doi:10.1126/science.1139038. PMID 17347415. Bibcode2007Sci...316..274T. http://www.astro.cornell.edu/~jlm/publications/Taylor07.science316.yorp.pdf. 
  293. "LCDB Data for (469219)". Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB). http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/GenerateALCDEFPage_Local.php?AstInfo=469219%7C. 
  294. Dr. Lance A. M. Benner (13 January 2013). "2012 DA14 Goldstone Radar Observations Planning". NASA/JPL Asteroid Radar Research. http://echo.jpl.nasa.gov/asteroids/2012DA14/2012DA14_planning.html. 
  295. Ostro, Steven J.; Pravec, Petr; Benner, Lance A. M.; Hudson, R. Scott; Sarounová, Lenka; Hicks, Michael D. (June 1999). "Radar and Optical Observations of Asteroid 1998 KY26". Science 285 (5427): 557–559 (SciHomepage). doi:10.1126/science.285.5427.557. PMID 10417379. Bibcode1999Sci...285..557O. 
  296. "The 2012 TC4 Observing Campaign – Radar observations UPDATE October 12, 2017". University of Maryland. http://2012tc4.astro.umd.edu/References/TC4RadarUpdate.txt. 
  297. "Reports of Meteorite Strike in Nicaragua and Update on Asteroid 2014 RC". NASA/JPL Near-Earth Object Program Office. http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news185.html. 
  298. "Earth Impact Risk Summary: 2010 RF12". NASA/JPL Near-Earth Object Program Office. https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/sentry/details.html#?des=2010%20RF12. 
  299. Mommert, M. (19 June 2014). "Physical properties of near-earth asteroid 2011 MD". The Astrophysical Journal Letters 789 (1): L22. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/789/1/L22. Bibcode2014ApJ...789L..22M. 
  300. 300.0 300.1 Jenniskens, P. (2009). "The impact and recovery of asteroid 2008 TC3". Nature 458 (7237): 485–488. doi:10.1038/nature07920. PMID 19325630. Bibcode2009Natur.458..485J. 
  301. "archive.ph". https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/ca/. 
  302. "Asteroid 2008 TS26". Asteroids Near Earth. https://www.asteroidsnear.com/asteroid-2008-ts26-1490. 

Further reading

External links