Astronomy:Thirty Meter Telescope

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Short description: Future observatory in the United States
Thirty Meter Telescope
Top view of tmt complex.jpg
An artist's rendering of proposed telescope
Location(s)Mauna Kea Observatory in Hawaii, United States[1][2]
Coordinates [ ⚑ ] : 19°49′58″N 155°28′54″W / 19.8327°N 155.4816°W / 19.8327; -155.4816[3]
OrganizationTMT International Observatory
Altitude4,050 m or 13,290 ft[2]
WavelengthNear UV, visible, and Mid-IR (0.31–28 μm)
BuiltConstruction began 2014, halted since 2015[4]
First lightTBD[4]
Telescope styleSegmented Ritchey–Chrétien telescope
Diameter30 m or 98 ft
Secondary diameter3.1 m or 10 ft
Tertiary diameter2.5 m × 3.5 m or 8.2 ft × 11.5 ft
Collecting area655 m2 or 7,050 sq ft[2]
Focal lengthf/15 (450 m)[2]:52
MountingAltazimuth mount
EnclosureSpherical calotte
WebsiteTMT.org
[edit on Wikidata]

The Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) is a planned extremely large telescope (ELT)[5][6] that has become controversial due to its location on Mauna Kea,[7][8][9][10] on the island of Hawaiʻi. The TMT would become the largest visible-light telescope on Mauna Kea.[11][12]

Scientists have been considering ELTs since the mid 1980s. In 2000, astronomers considered the possibility of a telescope with a light-gathering mirror larger than 20 meters (65') in diameter, using either small segments that create one large mirror, or a grouping of larger 8-meter (26') mirrors working as one unit. The US National Academy of Sciences recommended a 30-meter (100') telescope be the focus of U.S. interests, seeking to see it built within the decade.

Scientists at the University of California, Santa Cruz and Caltech began development of a design that would eventually become the TMT, consisting of a 492-segment primary mirror with nine times the power of the Keck Observatory. Due to its light-gathering power and the optimal observing conditions which exist atop Mauna Kea, the TMT would enable astronomers to conduct research which is infeasible with current instruments. The TMT is designed for near-ultraviolet to mid-infrared (0.31 to 28 μm wavelengths) observations, featuring adaptive optics to assist in correcting image blur. The TMT will be at the highest altitude of all the proposed ELTs. The telescope has government-level support from several nations.

Demonstrations attracted press coverage after October 2014,[13] when construction was temporarily halted due to a blockade of the roadway. When construction of the telescope was set to resume, construction was blocked by further protests each time.[14] In 2015, Governor David Ige announced several changes to the management of Mauna Kea, including a requirement that the TMT's site will be the last new site on Mauna Kea to be developed for a telescope.[15][16] The Board of Land and Natural Resources approved the TMT project,[17][18] but the Supreme Court of Hawaii invalidated the building permits in December 2015, ruling that the board had not followed due process. In October 2018, the Court approved the resumption of construction;[19] however, no further construction has occurred due to continued opposition. In July 2023 a new state appointed oversight board, which includes Native Hawaiian community representatives and cultural practitioners, began a five-year transition to assume management over Mauna Kea and its telescope sites, which may be a path forward.[20]

Several alternative sites for the Thirty Meter Telescope have been proposed. As of January 2024, there were no specific timelines or schedules regarding new start or completion dates.

Background

In 2000, astronomers began considering the potential of telescopes larger than 20 meters (65') in diameter. The technology to build a mirror larger than 8.4 meters (28') does not exist; instead scientists considered two methods: either segmented smaller mirrors as used in the Keck Observatory, or a group of 8-meter (26') mirrors mounted to form a single unit.[21] The US National Academy of Sciences made a suggestion that a 30-meter (100') telescope should be the focus of US astronomy interests and recommended that it be built within the decade.[22]

The University of California, along with Caltech, began development of a 30-meter telescope that same year. The California Extremely Large Telescope (CELT) began development, along with the Giant Segmented Mirror Telescope (GSMT), and the Very Large Optical Telescope (VLOT). These studies would eventually become the Thirty Meter Telescope.[23] The TMT would have nine times the collecting area of the older Keck telescope using slightly smaller mirror segments in a vastly larger group.[21] Another telescope of a large diameter in the works is the Extremely Large Telescope (ELT) being built in northern Chile.[6]

The telescope is designed for observations from near-ultraviolet to mid-infrared (0.31 to 28 μm wavelengths). In addition, its adaptive optics system will help correct for image blur caused by the atmosphere of the Earth, helping it to reach the potential of such a large mirror. Among existing and planned extremely large telescopes, the TMT will have the highest elevation and will be the second-largest telescope once the ELT is built. Both use segments of small 1.44 metre (4'9") hexagonal mirrors—a design vastly different from the large mirrors of the Large Binocular Telescope (LBT) or the Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT).[24] Each night, the TMT would collect 90 terabytes of data.[25] The TMT has government-level support from the following countries: Canada, China, Japan and India.[26][27] The United States is also contributing some funding, but less than the formal partnership.[28][29]

Proposed locations

A world map of proposed Thirty Meter Telescope sites – orange denotes lights, blue denotes elevation (land and water separately)

In cooperation with AURA, the TMT project completed a multi-year evaluation of six sites:

  • Roque de los Muchachos Observatory, La Palma, Canary Islands, Spain
  • Cerro Armazones, Antofagasta Region, Republic of Chile
  • Cerro Tolanchar, Antofagasta Region, Republic of Chile
  • Cerro Tolar, Antofagasta Region, Republic of Chile
  • Mauna Kea, Hawaii, United States (This site was chosen and approval was granted in April 2013)
  • San Pedro Mártir, Baja California, Mexico
  • Hanle, Ladakh, India[30]

The TMT Observatory Corporation board of directors narrowed the list to two sites, one in each hemisphere, for further consideration: Cerro Armazones in Chile's Atacama Desert and Mauna Kea on Hawaii Island. On July 21, 2009, the TMT board announced Mauna Kea as the preferred site.[31][32] The final TMT site selection decision was based on a combination of scientific, financial, and political criteria. Chile is also where the European Southern Observatory is building the ELT. If both next-generation telescopes were in the same hemisphere, there would be many astronomical objects that neither could observe. The telescope was given approval by the state Board of Land and Natural Resources in April 2013.[18]

There has been opposition to the building of the telescope,[33] based on potential disruption to the fragile alpine environment of Mauna Kea due to construction, traffic, and noise, which is a concern for the habitat of several species,[34] and because Mauna Kea is a sacred site for the Native Hawaiian culture.[35][36] The Hawaii Board of Land and Natural Resources conditionally approved the Mauna Kea site for the TMT in February 2011. The approval has been challenged; however, the Board officially approved the site following a hearing on February 12, 2013.[37]

Opposition in the Canary Islands

Because of the ongoing protests that re-erupted in July 2019, the TMT project officials requested a building permit for a second site choice, the Spain island of La Palma in the Canary Islands. Rafael Rebolo, the director of the Canary Islands Astrophysics Institute, confirmed that he had received a letter requesting a building permit for the site as a backup in case the Hawaii site cannot be constructed.[38] Some astronomers argue however that La Palma is not an adequate site to build the telescope due to the island’s comparatively low elevation, which would enable water vapor to frequently interfere with observations due to water vapor’s tendency to absorb light at midinfrared wavelengths.[39] Such atmospheric interference could impact observing times for research into exoplanets, galactic formation, and cosmology.[39] Other astronomers argue that construction of the telescope in La Palma would disrupt projected international collaboration between the United States and other involved countries such as Japan, Canada, and France.[39]

Environmentalists such as Ben Magec and the environmental advocacy organization Ecologistas en Acción in the Canary Islands are gearing up to fight against its construction there as well. According to EEA spokesperson Pablo Bautista, the projected TMT construction area in the Canary Islands exists inside a protected conservation refuge which hosts at least three archeological sites of the indigenous Guanche people, who lived on the islands for thousands of years before Spanish colonization.[39] On July 29, 2021, Judge Roi López Encinas of the High Court of Justice of the Canary Islands, revoked the 2017 concession of public lands by local authorities for the TMT construction.[40] Encinas ruled that the land concessions were invalid as they were not covered by an international treaty on scientific research and that the TMT International Observatory consortium did not express concrete intent to build on the La Palma site as opposed to the site in Mauna Kea.[40]

On July 19, 2022, The National Science Foundation announced it will carry out a new environmental survey of the possible impacts of the construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope at proposed building sites at both Mauna Kea and at the Canary Islands.[41] Continued funding for the telescope will not be considered prior to the results of the environmental survey, updates on the project's technical readiness, and comments from the public.[41]

Partnerships and funding

The Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation has committed US$200 million for construction. Caltech and the University of California have committed an additional US$50 million each.[42] Japan, which has its own large telescope at Mauna Kea, the 8.3-metre Subaru, is also a partner.[43]

In 2008, the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ) joined TMT as a collaborator institution.[44] The following year, the telescope cost was estimated to be $970 million[45] to $1.4 billion.[31] That same year, the National Astronomical Observatories of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (NAOC) joined TMT as an observer.[46][47] The observer status is the first step in becoming a full partner in the construction of the TMT and participating in the engineering development and scientific use of the observatory.

In June 2010, Governor Linda Lingle and University of Hawaii-Hilo Chancellor Rose Tseng attended a banquet at the Great Hall of the People at Tiananmen Square in Beijing, China, sponsored by the China Diplomatic Friendship Association and the Chinese Chamber of Commerce. The banquet included special guest Lu Yong Xiang, vice chairman of the Chinese People’s National Congress and head of the Chinese National Academy of Sciences who had visited Mauna Kea as part of China's intention to become a collaborative partner with the TMT. The governor gave a presentation on the two competing site locations, Mauna Kea and Cerro Armazones, Chile.[48] Speaking at a Chinese Academy of Science conference in 1995, Lu Yong Xiang stated that by 2010, the academy would become one of the leading international scientific institutions, with new research results in such fields as Moon exploration, evolution of the universe and of life, space micro-gravity, particle physics, and astrophysics.[49]

In 2010, a consortium of Indian Astronomy Research Institutes (IIA, IUCAA and ARIES) joined TMT as an observer, subject to approval of funding from the Indian government. Two years later, India and China became partners with representatives on the TMT board. Both countries agreed to share the telescope construction costs, expected to top $1 billion.[50][51] India became a full member of the TMT consortium in 2014. In 2019 the India-based company Larsen & Toubro (L&T) were awarded the contract to build the segment support assembly (SSA), which "are complex optomechanical sub-assemblies on which each hexagonal mirror of the 30-metre primary mirror, the heart of the telescope, is mounted".[52]

The IndiaTMT Optics Fabricating Facility (ITOFF) will be constructed at the Indian Institute of Astrophysics campus in the city of Hosakote, near Bengaluru. India will supply 80 of the 492 mirror segments for the TMT. A.N. Ramaprakash, the associate programme director of India-TMT, stated; "All sensors, actuators and SSAs for the whole telescope are being developed and manufactured in India, which will be put together in building the heart of TMT", also adding; "Since it is for the first time that India is involved in such a technically demanding astronomy project, it is also an opportunity to put to test the abilities of Indian scientists and industries, alike."[52]

The continued financial commitment from the Canadian government had been in doubt due to economic pressures.[26][53] In April 2015, Prime Minister Stephen Harper announced that Canada would commit $243.5 million over a period of 10 years.[54] The telescope's unique enclosure was designed by Dynamic Structures Ltd. in British Columbia.[55] In a 2019 online petition, a group of Canadian academics called on succeeding Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau together with Industry Minister Navdeep Bains and Science Minister Kirsty Duncan to divest Canadian funding from the project.[56] The Canadian astronomy community has (As of September 2020) named TMT its top facility priority for the decade ahead.[57]

Design

The Thirty Meter Telescope design, late 2007

The TMT would be housed in a general-purpose observatory capable of investigating a broad range of astrophysical problems. The total diameter of the dome will be 217 feet (66 m) with the total dome height at 180 feet (55 m) (comparable in height to an eighteen-storey building[58]). The total area of the structure is projected to be 1.44 acres (0.58 ha) within a 5-acre (2.0 ha) complex.[59]

Telescope

The centerpiece of the TMT Observatory is to be a Ritchey-Chrétien telescope with a 30-metre (98 ft) diameter primary mirror. This mirror is to be segmented and consist of 492 smaller (1.4 metre; 4'6"), individual hexagonal mirrors. The shape of each segment, as well as its position relative to neighboring segments, will be controlled actively.[60]


Adaptive optics

Mirror sizes of existing and proposed telescopes. The two other new extremely large telescopes, the ELT and GMT are being built in the southern hemisphere

Integral to the observatory is a Multi-Conjugate Adaptive Optics (MCAO) system. This MCAO system will measure atmospheric turbulence by observing a combination of natural (real) stars and artificial laser guide stars. Based on these measurements, a pair of deformable mirrors will be adjusted many times per second to correct optical wave-front distortions caused by the intervening turbulence.[61][62]

This system will produce diffraction-limited images over a 30-arc-second diameter field-of-view, which means that the core of the point spread function will have a size of 0.015 arc-second at a wavelength of 2.2 micrometers, almost ten times better than the Hubble Space Telescope.[63]

Scientific instrumentation

Early-light capabilities

Three instruments are planned to be available for scientific observations:

  • Wide Field Optical Spectrometer (WFOS) provides a seeing limit that goes down to the ultraviolet[64] with optical (0.3–1.0 μm wavelength) imaging and spectroscopy capable of 40-square arc-minute field-of-view.[65] The TMT will use precision cut focal plane masks and enable long-slit observations of individual objects as well as short-slit observations of hundreds of different objects at the same time. The spectrometer will use natural (uncorrected) seeing images.[66]
  • Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (IRIS) mounted on the observatory MCAO system, capable of diffraction-limited imaging and integral-field spectroscopy at near-infrared wavelengths (0.8–2.5 μm). Principal investigators are James Larkin of UCLA and Anna Moore of Caltech. Project scientist is Shelley Wright of UC San Diego.[67][68]
  • Infrared Multi-object Spectrometer (IRMS) allowing close to diffraction-limited imaging and slit spectroscopy over a 2 arc-minute diameter field-of-view at near-infrared wavelengths (0.8–2.5 μm).

Approval process and protests

Main page: Thirty Meter Telescope protests
Cultural practitioner Joshua Lanakila Mangauil, along with Kahoʻokahi Kanuha and Hawaiian sovereignty supporters block the access road to Mauna Kea in October 2014, demonstrating against the building of the Thirty Meter Telescope.

In 2008, the TMT corporation selected two semi-finalists for further study, Mauna Kea and Cerro Amazones.[69] In July 2009, Mauna Kea was selected.[69] Once TMT selected Mauna Kea, the project began a regulatory and community process for approval.[70] Mauna Kea is ranked as one of the best sites on Earth for telescope viewing and is home to 13 other telescopes built at the summit of the mountain, within the Mauna Kea Observatories grounds.[71] Telescopes generate money for the big island, with millions of dollars in jobs and subsidies gained by the state.[71] The TMT would be one of the most expensive telescopes ever created.[71]

However, the proposed construction of the TMT on Mauna Kea sparked protests and demonstrations across the state of Hawaii.[72] Mauna Kea is the most sacred mountain in Hawaiian culture[72][73][74][75][76][77] as well as conservation land held in trust by the state of Hawaii.[73]

2010-2014: Initial approval, permit and contested case hearing

In 2010 Governor Linda Lingle of the State of Hawaii signed off on an environmental study after 14 community meetings.[70][78] The BLNR held hearings on December 2 and December 3, 2010, on the application for a permit.[79]

On February 25, 2011, the board granted the permits after multiple public hearings.[70][79] This approval had conditions, in particular, that a hearing about contesting the approval be heard.[79] A contested case hearing was held in August 2011, which led to a judgment by the hearing officer for approval in November 2012. The telescope was given approval by the state Board of Land and Natural Resources in April 2013.[18][79] This process was challenged in court with a lower court ruling in May 2014.[79] The Intermediate Court of Appeals of the State of Hawaii declined to hear an appeal regarding the permit until the Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources first issued a decision from the contested case hearing that could then be appealed to the court.[80]

2014-2015: First blockade, construction halts, State Supreme Court invalidates permit

The dedication and ground-breaking ceremony was held, but interrupted by protesters on October 7, 2014.[81][82][83] The project became the focal point of escalating political conflict,[84] police arrests[85][86][87] and continued litigation over the proper use of conservation lands.[88][89] Native Hawaiian cultural practice and religious rights became central to the opposition,[90] with concerns over the lack of meaningful dialogue during the permitting process.[91] In late March 2015, demonstrators again halted the construction crews.[92] On April 2, 2015, about 300 protesters gathered on Mauna Kea, some of them trying to block the access road to the summit; 23 arrests were made.[93][94] Once the access road to the summit was cleared by the police, about 40 to 50 protesters began following the heavily laden and slow-moving construction trucks to the summit construction site.[93]

On April 7, 2015, the construction was halted for one week at the request of Hawaii state governor David Ige, after the protest on Mauna Kea continued. Project manager Gary Sanders stated that TMT agreed to the one-week stop for continued dialogue; Kealoha Pisciotta, president of Mauna Kea Anaina Hou, one of the organizations that have challenged the TMT in court,[95] viewed the development as positive but said opposition to the project would continue.[96] On April 8, 2015, Governor Ige announced that the project was being temporarily postponed until at least April 20, 2015.[97] Construction was set to begin again on June 24,[14] though hundreds of protesters gathered on that day, blocking access to the construction site for the TMT. Some protesters camped on the access road to the site, while others rolled large rocks onto the road. The actions resulted in 11 arrests.[98]

The TMT company chairman stated: "T.M.T. will follow the process set forth by the state."[99][100] A revised permit was approved on September 28, 2017, by the Hawaii Board of Land and Natural Resources.[101]

On December 2, 2015, the Hawaii State Supreme Court ruled the 2011 permit from the State of Hawaii Board of Land and Natural Resources (BLNR) was invalid[102] ruling that due process was not followed when the Board approved the permit before the contested case hearing. The high court stated: "BLNR put the cart before the horse when it approved the permit before the contested case hearing," and "Once the permit was granted, Appellants were denied the most basic element of procedural due process – an opportunity to be heard at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner. Our Constitution demands more".[103][104]

2017-2019: BLNR hearings, Court validates revised permit

In March 2017, the BLNR hearing officer, retired judge Riki May Amano, finished six months of hearings in Hilo, Hawaii, taking 44 days of testimony from 71 witnesses.[105] On July 26, 2017, Amano filed her recommendation that the Land Board grant the construction permit.[106] On September 28, 2017, the BLNR, acting on Amano's report, approved, by a vote of 5-2, a Conservation District Use Permit (CDUP) for the TMT. Numerous conditions, including the removal of three existing telescopes and an assertion that the TMT is to be the last telescope on the mountain, were attached to the permit.[107][108]

On October 30, 2018, the Supreme Court of Hawaii ruled 4-1, that the revised permit was acceptable, allowing construction to proceed.[109][19] On July 10, 2019, Hawaii Gov. David Ige and the Thirty Meter Telescope International Observatory jointly announced that construction would begin the week of July 15, 2019.[110]

2019 blockade and aftermath

Main page: Religion:Opposition to the Mauna Kea Observatories

On July 15, 2019, renewed protests blocked the access road, again preventing construction from commencing. On July 17, 38 protestors were arrested, all of whom were kupuna (elders) as the blockage of the access road continued.[111][112] The blockade lasted 4 weeks and shut down all 12 observatories on Mauna Kea, the longest shut down in the 50-year history of the observatories. The full shut down ended when state officials brokered a deal that included building a new road around the campsite of the demonstrations and providing a complete list of vehicles accessing the road to show they are not associated with the TMT.[113] The protests were labeled a fight for indigenous rights[114] and a field-defining moment for astronomy. While there is both Native Hawaiian and non native Hawaiian support for the TMT, a substantial percentage[quantify] of native Hawaiians oppose the construction and see the proposal itself as a continued disregard to their basic rights.[115]

The 50 years of protests against the use of Mauna Kea has drawn into question the ethics of conducting research with telescopes on the mountain.[116] The controversy is about more than the construction and is about generations of conflict between Native Hawaiians, the U.S. Government and private interests. The American Astronomical Society stated through their Press Officer, Rick Fienberg; "The Hawaiian people have numerous legitimate grievances concerning the way they’ve been treated over the centuries. These grievances have simmered for many years, and when astronomers announced their intention to build a new giant telescope on Maunakea, things boiled over".[117] On July 18, 2019, an online petition titled "Impeach Governor David Ige" was posted to Change.org. The petition gathered over 25,000 signatures.[118] The governor and others in his administration received death threats over the construction of the telescope.[119]

On December 19, 2019, Hawaii Governor David Ige announced that the state would reduce its law enforcement personnel on Mauna Kea.[120] At the same time, the TMT project stated it was not prepared to start construction anytime soon.[121]

2020s

An inverted Hawaiian flag in the foreground, in the background the saddle road and behind it a road up Mauna Kea
Inverted flag being flown next to Mauna Kea access road as a sign of protest, September 2023

Early in 2020, TMT and the Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT) jointly presented their science and technical readiness to the U.S. National Academies Astro2020 panel.[122] Chile is the site for GMT in the south and Mauna Kea is being considered as the primary site for TMT in the north. The panel will produce a series of recommendations for implementing a strategy and vision for the coming decade of U.S. Astronomy & Astrophysics frontier research and prioritize projects for future funding.[needs update]

In July 2020, TMT confirmed it would not resume construction on TMT until 2021, at the earliest.[123] The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in TMT's partnership working from home around the world and presented a public health threat as well as travel and logistical challenges.

On August 13, 2020, the Speaker of the Hawaii House of Representatives, Scott Saiki announced that the National Science Foundation (NSF) has initiated an informal outreach process to engage stakeholders interested in the Thirty Meter Telescope project.[124] After listening to and considering the stakeholders’ viewpoints, NSF will decide whether to initiate a formal federal environmental review process for TMT.[needs update]

As of June 2022, no further construction was announced or initiated. Continued progress on instrument design, mirror casting & polishing, and other critical operational technicalities were worked through or were being worked on.[125][126] In July 2023 a new state appointed board, the Maunakea Stewardship Oversight Authority, began a five-year transition to assume management over the Mauna Kea site and all telescopes on the mountain. While there are no specific timelines or schedules regarding new start or completion dates, activist Noe Noe Wong-Wilson is quoted by Astronomy Magazine as saying, "It’s still early in the life of the new authority, but there’s actually a pathway forward." The authority includes representatives from Native Hawaiian communities and cultural practitioners as well as astronomers and others. The body will have full control of the site from July 2028.[20]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Thirty Meter Telescope Selects Mauna Kea, TMT Observatory Corporation, 2009-07-21, http://www.tmt.org/news/site-selection.htm, retrieved 2009-07-24 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Thirty Meter Telescope Construction Proposal, TMT Observatory Corporation, 2007-09-12, p. 29, http://www.tmt.org/news/TMT-Construction%20Proposal-Public.pdf, retrieved 2009-07-24 
  3. ↑ Sanders, Gary H (2005-01-11), [79.03] The Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) Project, p. 17, http://www.tmt.org/whats-new/G-Sanders-Jan05-AAS.pdf 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Timeline". TMT International Observatory. https://www.tmt.org/page/timeline. 
  5. ↑ Michael Perryman (31 August 2018). The Exoplanet Handbook. Cambridge University Press. p. 345. ISBN 978-1-108-32966-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=lQdxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA345. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Govert Schilling; Lars Lindberg Christensen (7 December 2011). Eyes on the Skies: 400 Years of Telescopic Discovery. John Wiley & Sons. p. 45. ISBN 978-3-527-65705-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=gGaj_9AOcdkC&pg=PT45. 
  7. ↑ "'We put everything into it.' Modest telescope could have big impact on Turkish science". Science. March 4, 2020. https://www.science.org/content/article/we-put-everything-it-modest-telescope-could-have-big-impact-turkish-science. 
  8. ↑ "Controversy over giant telescope roils astronomy conference in Hawaii | Space". 16 January 2020. https://www.space.com/thirty-meter-telescope-controversy-roils-astronomy-conference.html. 
  9. ↑ "Why are Jason Momoa and other Native Hawaiians protesting a telescope on Mauna Kea? What's at stake?". USA today. August 21, 2019. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/08/21/mauna-kea-tmt-protests-hawaii-native-rights-telescope/1993037001. 
  10. ↑ "'This is our last stand.' Protesters on Mauna Kea dig in their heels". CNN. July 22, 2019. https://www.cnn.com/2019/07/21/us/hawaii-mauna-kea-protests/index.html. 
  11. ↑ "What is TMT?". TMT International Observatory. https://www.tmt.org/page/about. 
  12. ↑ Jones, Caleb (2019-06-20). "Controversial telescope to be built on sacred Hawaiian peak". Associated Press. https://www.apnews.com/ed9b871b97314a0e832fb4116a8d22b1. 
  13. ↑ Herman, Doug (April 23, 2015). "The Heart of the Hawaiian Peoples' Arguments Against the Telescope on Mauna Kea". Smithsonian.com. Smithsonian.com. http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/heart-hawaiian-people-arguments-arguments-against-telescope-mauna-kea-180955057/?no-ist. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "Astronomers to restart construction of controversial telescope in Hawaii". 21 June 2015. https://www.science.org/content/article/astronomers-restart-construction-controversial-telescope-hawaii. 
  15. ↑ "Governor David Ige announces major changes in the stewardship of Mauna Kea". Governor of Hawaii. 2015-05-26. https://governor.hawaii.gov/newsroom/news-release-governor-david-ige-announces-major-changes-in-the-stewardship-of-mauna-kea/. 
  16. ↑ Big Island Now (June 20, 2019). "UPDATE: Notice to Proceed Granted for Thirty Meter Telescope | Big Island Now". Big Island now. https://bigislandnow.com/2019/06/20/officials-to-announce-thirty-meter-telescope-decision/. ""We also accept the increased responsibilities for the stewardship of Maunakea, including the requirement that as this very last site is developed for astronomy on the mauna, five current telescopes will be decommissioned and their sites restored.”"" 
  17. ↑ "Construction Permits Revoked on the Thirty-Meter Telescope in Hawaii". http://space.io9.com/construction-permits-pulled-on-the-thirty-meter-telesco-1745857470. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 "Massive telescope to be built in Hawaii". 3 News NZ. April 15, 2013. http://www.3news.co.nz/Massive-telescope-to-be-built-in-Hawaii/tabid/1160/articleID/294296/Default.aspx. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Hawaii top court approves controversial Thirty Meter Telescope BBC News, 2018-10-31.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Zastrow, Mark (29 March 2023). "Path forward for Thirty Meter Telescope, Mauna Kea begins to emerge" (in en). Astronomy. https://www.astronomy.com/science/path-forward-for-thirty-meter-telescope-and-mauna-kea-begins-to-emerge/. Retrieved 4 October 2023. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Martin Ratcliffe (1 February 2008). State of the Universe 2008: New Images, Discoveries, and Events. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 165. ISBN 978-0-387-73998-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=QE8wAv-G2PQC&pg=PA165. 
  22. ↑ A.P. Lobanov; J.A. Zensus; C. Cesarsky; Ph. Diamond (15 February 2007). Exploring the Cosmic Frontier: Astrophysical Instruments for the 21st Century. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 24. ISBN 978-3-540-39756-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=UyltC13KR-4C&pg=PA24. 
  23. ↑ Patricia A. Whitelock (2006). The Scientific Requirements for Extremely Large Telescopes: Proceedings of the 232nd Symposium of the International Astronomical Union Held in Cape Town, South Africa, November 14–18, 2005. Cambridge University Press. p. 440. ISBN 978-0-521-85608-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=lcQdsrrMJb4C&pg=PA440. 
  24. ↑ Anderson, Mark (13 March 2014). "The Billion-Dollar Telescope Race". Nautilus. New York: NautilusThink. http://nautil.us/issue/11/light/the-billion_dollar-telescope-race. 
  25. ↑ Brady, Henry E. (2019-05-11). "The Challenge of Big Data and Data Science" (in en). Annual Review of Political Science 22 (1): 297–323. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-090216-023229. ISSN 1094-2939. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Mariella Moon (2015-03-18). "Canada's economic issues might affect Thirty Meter Telescope's future". https://www.engadget.com/2015/03/18/thirty-meter-telescope-canada-funding-problems/. 
  27. ↑ "Megascope member". Nature 516 (7530): 148–149. 11 December 2014. doi:10.1038/516148a. Bibcode: 2014Natur.516..148.. "India announced on 2 December that it will become a full partner in the Thirty Meter Telescope....". 
  28. ↑ Yudhijit Bhattacharjee (2013-03-19). "Thirty Meter Telescope Gets Small Grant to Make Big Plans". Science, journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. https://www.science.org/content/article/thirty-meter-telescope-gets-small-grant-make-big-plans. 
  29. ↑ Yudhijit Bhattacharjee (2012-01-03). "Giant Telescopes Face NSF Funding Delay". Science, journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. https://www.science.org/content/article/giant-telescopes-face-nsf-funding-delay. 
  30. ↑ "Ladakh to get world's largest telescope". timesofindia.com. 2016-03-26. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/Ladakh-to-get-worlds-largest-telescope/articleshow/51556329.cms. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Xin, Ling (October 9, 2014). "TMT opening ceremony interrupted by protests". Science. http://news.sciencemag.org/people-events/2014/10/tmt-opening-ceremony-interrupted-protests. 
  32. ↑ McAvoy, Audrey (July 21, 2009), "World's largest telescope to be built in Hawaii", Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/07/21/AR2009072102367.html [|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  33. ↑ "Hearing on Hawaii Thirty Meter Telescope to continue next week – Pacific Business News". Bizjournals.com. 2011-08-19. http://www.bizjournals.com/pacific/blog/morning_call/2011/08/hearing-on-hawaii-thirty-meter.html. 
  34. ↑ "Summit Ecosystems — KAHEA". Kahea.org. http://kahea.org/issues/sacred-summits/summit-ecosystems. 
  35. ↑ "Sacred Landscape — KAHEA". Kahea.org. http://kahea.org/issues/sacred-summits/sacred-landscape. 
  36. ↑ "Hawaii Tribune Herald". Hawaii Tribune Herald. http://www.hawaiitribune-herald.com/sections/news/local-news/tmts-eis-author-questioned.html. 
  37. ↑ "TMT Takes Step Towards Construction after Approval by the Board of Land and Natural Resources | Thirty Meter Telescope". Tmt.org. 2013-04-13. http://www.tmt.org/news-center/tmt-takes-step-towards-construction-after-approval-board-land-and-natural-resources. 
  38. ↑ Joseph Wilson; Caleb Jones (August 5, 2019). "Still blocked from Hawaii peak, telescope seeks Spain permit". The Associated press. https://www.apnews.com/8982201d53014053a600d9b6970d79b0. 
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 39.3 "Stalled in Hawaii, giant telescope faces roadblocks at its backup site in the Canary Islands" (in en). https://www.science.org/content/article/stalled-hawaii-giant-telescope-faces-roadblocks-its-backup-site-canary-islands. 
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 "Spain judge nixes backup site for disputed Hawaii telescope" (in en). 2021-08-25. https://apnews.com/article/europe-africa-business-environment-and-nature-hawaii-29a288462daf07ecd68a68d35530aecd. 
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 "US environmental study launched for Thirty Meter Telescope" (in en). 2022-07-19. https://apnews.com/article/astronomy-science-hawaii-canary-islands-spain-3704e2a4c35dc460cf501a94846c992e. 
  42. ↑ Perry, Jill (5 December 2007). "Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation Commits $200 Million Support for Thirty-Meter Telescope". https://www.caltech.edu/news/gordon-and-betty-moore-foundation-commits-200-million-support-thirty-meter-telescope-1361. 
  43. ↑ "India Joins Thirty Meter Telescope Project | Thirty Meter Telescope". Tmt.org. 2010-06-24. http://www.tmt.org/news-center/india-joins-thirty-meter-telescope-project. 
  44. ↑ "Thirty Meter Telescope". Tmt.org. 2009-04-01. http://www.tmt.org/facts-scientists/TMT-History.htm. 
  45. ↑ Mann, Adam (November 16, 2009). "Titanic Thirty Meter Telescope Will See Deep Space More Clearly". Wired. https://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2009/11/thirty-meter-telescope/. 
  46. ↑ "Thirty Meter Telescope". Tmt.org. 2009-11-17. http://www.tmt.org/news/NAOC-Join-TMT.htm. 
  47. ↑ "China, India to jump forward with Hawaii telescope". Associated Press. https://news.yahoo.com/china-india-jump-forward-hawaii-telescope-023243908.html. 
  48. ↑ Office of Hawaii Governor Linda Lingle. "Hawaii governor ends China mission with TMT talk". Press release - Today, Governor Linda Lingle continued to market Hawai‘i in Beijing. Big Island Video News. https://www.bigislandvideonews.com/2010/06/16/hawaii-governor-ends-china-mission-with-tmt-talk/. 
  49. ↑ Daily Report: China. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1995. p. 20. https://books.google.com/books?id=Z5yMOFXDO1wC. 
  50. ↑ "Construction of 30-meter optical telescope to begin next year". The Economic Times. 23 January 2013. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/et-cetera/construction-of-30-meter-optical-telescope-to-begin-next-year/articleshow/18136201.cms. 
  51. ↑ "China, India to work for largest telescope". The Hindu. 13 January 2012. http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-international/article2797209.ece. 
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 The Wire staff. "India to Start Manufacturing Key Components for Thirty Meter Telescope Project". The Wire. https://thewire.in/the-sciences/india-ground-based-observatory-tmt. 
  53. ↑ Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (2013-10-10). "World's largest telescope stalled by Canadian funding woes". http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/world-s-largest-telescope-stalled-by-canadian-funding-woes-1.1935793. 
  54. ↑ "Canada finally commits its share of funds for Thirty Meter Telescope". http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/canada-finally-commits-its-share-of-funds-for-thirty-meter-telescope-1.3022659. 
  55. ↑ Semeniuk, Ivan (6 April 2015). "With $243-million contribution, Canada signs on to mega-telescope in search of first stars and other Earths". https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/harper-announces-243-million-contribution-for-thirty-meter-telescope-project/article23818767/. 
  56. ↑ Ivan Semeniuk (22 July 2019). "Thirty Meter Telescope dispute puts focus on Canada's role". https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-thirty-meter-telescope-dispute-puts-focus-on-canadas-role/. 
  57. ↑ Bellrichard, Chantelle (27 September 2020). "Canadian astronomers contend with issue of Indigenous consent over Hawaiian telescope project". CBC. https://www.cbc.ca/news/indigenous/canada-indigenous-consent-hawaii-telescope-1.5738068. 
  58. ↑ Worth, Katie (February 20, 2015). "World's Largest Telescope Faces Opposition from Native Hawaiian Protesters". Scientific American. http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/world-s-largest-telescope-faces-opposition-from-native-hawaiian-protesters/. 
  59. ↑ "Thirty Meter Telescope Detailed Science Case : 2007". Tmt.org. http://www.tmt.org/sites/default/files/TMT-DSC-2007-R1.pdf. 
  60. ↑ Stepp, Larry M.; Thompson, Peter M.; MacMynowski, Douglas G.; Regehr, Martin W.; Colavita, M. Mark; Sirota, Mark J.; Gilmozzi, Roberto; Hall, Helen J. (2010). Stepp, Larry M; Gilmozzi, Roberto; Hall, Helen J. eds. "Servo design and analysis for the Thirty Meter Telescope primary mirror actuators". Ground-based and Airborne Telescopes III 7733: 77332F–77332F–14. doi:10.1117/12.857371. ISSN 0277-786X. Bibcode: 2010SPIE.7733E..2FT. https://authors.library.caltech.edu/71796/1/77332F_1.pdf. 
  61. ↑ Rochester, Simon M.; Otarola, Angel; Boyer, Corinne; Budker, Dmitry; Ellerbroek, Brent; Holzlöhner, Ronald; Wang, Lianqi (2012). "Modeling of pulsed-laser guide stars for the Thirty Meter Telescope project". Journal of the Optical Society of America B 29 (8): 2176. doi:10.1364/JOSAB.29.002176. ISSN 0740-3224. Bibcode: 2012JOSAB..29.2176R. 
  62. ↑ Hippler, Stefan (2019). "Adaptive Optics for Extremely Large Telescopes". Journal of Astronomical Instrumentation 8 (2): 1950001–322. doi:10.1142/S2251171719500016. Bibcode: 2019JAI.....850001H. 
  63. ↑ Ellerbroek, Brent et al. (2010). "First light adaptive optics systems and components for the Thirty Meter Telescope". in Ellerbroek, Brent L; Hart, Michael; Hubin, Norbert et al.. Adaptive Optics Systems II. 7736. pp. 773604–773604–14. doi:10.1117/12.856503. Bibcode: 2010SPIE.7736E..04E. https://authors.library.caltech.edu/87523/1/773604.pdf. 
  64. ↑ Alan F.M. Moorwood (21 November 2008). Science with the VLT in the ELT Era. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 242. ISBN 978-1-4020-9190-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=xRF9Z_-mbQsC&pg=PA242. 
  65. ↑ Kevin H. Baines; F. Michael Flasar; Norbert Krupp; Tom Stallard (6 December 2018). Saturn in the 21st Century. Cambridge University Press. p. 431. ISBN 978-1-107-10677-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=eU91DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA431. 
  66. ↑ Fred Kamphues (2016). "www.maunakeaandtmt.org". Mikeroniek. p. 14. http://www.maunakeaandtmt.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Mikroniek-2016-6-TMT.pdf. 
  67. ↑ "IRIS Home Page". Irlab.astro.ucla.edu. 2010-10-05. http://irlab.astro.ucla.edu/iris/. 
  68. ↑ Ellerbroek, Brent; Joyce, Richard; Boyer, Corinne; Daggert, Larry; Hileman, Edward; Hunten, Mark; Liang, Ming; Bonaccini Calia, Domenico (2006). "The laser guide star facility for the Thirty Meter Telescope". Advances in Adaptive Optics II. SPIE Conference Series. 6272. pp. 62721H–62721H–13. doi:10.1117/12.670070. Bibcode: 2006SPIE.6272E..1HJ. https://authors.library.caltech.edu/95636/1/62721H.pdf. 
  69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 "Thirty Meter Telescope". http://www.tmt.org/news-center/thirty-meter-telescope-selects-mauna-kea. 
  70. ↑ 70.0 70.1 70.2 "About TMT". http://www.tmt.org/about-tmt/history. 
  71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 71.2 TI Here's why we should build it anyway
  72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 Zara, Christopher (April 4, 2015). "TMT Mauna Kea Protests Heat Up: Site Of Thirty Meter Telescope Called 'Sacred' By Native Hawaiian Leaders". International Business Times. IBT Media Inc.. http://www.ibtimes.com/tmt-mauna-kea-protests-heat-site-thirty-meter-telescope-called-sacred-native-hawaiian-1869862. 
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 Nelson, Jonathan (29 June 2015). "Who Owns the Rights to Mauna Kea?". economics21.org. http://economics21.org/commentary/mauna-kea-Hawaii-telescope-protests-07-01-15. 
  74. ↑ Martin Gray (2007). Sacred Earth: Places of Peace and Power. Sterling Publishing Company. p. 254. ISBN 978-1-4027-4737-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=RmBcIDvf6XEC&pg=PA254. "Mauna Kea, the most sacred mountain to native Hawaiians was the site of ongoing religious ritual practice." 
  75. ↑ Gutierrez, Ben (10 April 2015). "Protest against Thirty Meter Telescope spreading worldwide". Honolulu: Hawaii News Now. http://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/28757745/protest-against-thirty-meter-telescope-spreading-worldwide. "Mauna Kea is sacred, and our children are taught to respect our `aina," said teacher Leo Akana. "They understand that science is an important thing, but I think the state needs to realize that Hawaiians were the very first astronomers here." 
  76. ↑ "Mauna Kea | Indigenous Religious Traditions". 18 November 2011. https://sites.coloradocollege.edu/indigenoustraditions/sacred-lands/sacred-lands-mauna-kea/. "Mauna Kea is sacred to the Native Hawaiians and is the zenith of their ancestral ties to creation." 
  77. ↑ "Mauna Kea - The Office of Hawaiian Affairs (OHA)". https://www.oha.org/maunakea/. "Mauna Kea is a deeply sacred place that is revered in Hawaiian traditions. It’s regarded as a shrine for worship, as a home to the gods, and as the piko of Hawaiʻi Island." 
  78. ↑ University of Hawaii at Hilo (proposing agency) (May 8, 2010). "Final Environmental Imapact Statement, volume II, section 8.0". http://oeqc2.doh.hawaii.gov/EA_EIS_Library/2010-05-08-HA-FEIS-Thirty-Meter-Telescope-Vol2.pdf. 
  79. ↑ 79.0 79.1 79.2 79.3 79.4 Stewart, Burnett, Colin M., John (December 3, 2015). "Hawaii Supreme Court voids Thirty Meter Telescope permit". West Hawaii Today. Oahu Publications. http://westhawaiitoday.com/news/local-news/court-voids-tmt-permit-justices-fault-dlnr-granting-approval-prior-contested-case. 
  80. ↑ Jamie Winpenny (2013-06-26). "The Uncertain Future of Mauna Kea". Big Island Weekly. http://bigislandweekly.com/sections/news/uncertain-future-mauna-kea.html. 
  81. ↑ KITV4 News (2014-10-07). "Protesters disrupt Mauna Kea telescope groundbreaking". KITV4 News. http://www.kitv.com/news/protesters-disrupt-mauna-kea-telescope-groundbreaking/28998256. 
  82. ↑ The Two-way, National Public Radio (2014-10-08). "Protesters disrupt telescope groundbreaking in Hawaii". NPR: National Public Radio. https://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2014/10/08/354477691/protests-disrupt-telescope-groundbreaking-in-hawaii. 
  83. ↑ Beatty, J. Kelly. "Work begins on Thirty Metre Telescope". Australian Sky & Telescope (Odysseus Publishing Pty Ltd) (83): 11. ISSN 1832-0457. 
  84. ↑ Lynn Beittel (2015-04-01). "VIDEO: Why block TMT on Mauna Kea?". Big Island Video News. http://www.bigislandvideonews.com/2015/04/01/video-why-block-tmt-on-mauna-kea/. 
  85. ↑ KITV4 News (2015-04-02). "Protesters arrested blocking road to giant telescope site". KITV4 News. http://www.kitv.com/news/protesters-arrested-blocking-road-to-giant-telescope-site/32160740. 
  86. ↑ Jamilia Epping (2015-04-03). "DLNR makes additional protest arrests". Big Island Now.com. http://bigislandnow.com/2015/04/03/dlnr-makes-additional-protest-arrests/. 
  87. ↑ Ben Gutierrez (2015-04-04). "A day after arrests Mauna Kea telescope protest grows". Hawaii News Now. http://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/28719978/a-day-after-arrests-mauna-kea-telescope-protest-grows. 
  88. ↑ Tom Callis (2014-08-29). "TMT project headed back to court: 4 appeal denial of contested case hearing request for sublease". West Hawaii Today. http://westhawaiitoday.com/news/local-news/tmt-project-headed-back-court-4-appeal-denial-contested-case-hearing-request. 
  89. ↑ Ikaika Hussey (2014-02-20). "Board of regents vote in favor of mauna kea sublease plan despite lawsuit, demonstrations". The Hawaii Independent. http://hawaiiindependent.net/story/board-of-regents-vote-in-favor-of-mauna-kea-sublease-plan-despite-lawsuit-s. 
  90. ↑ Dominique Saks (2011-11-19). "Indigenous religious traditions: Mauna Kea". Colorado College. http://sites.coloradocollege.edu/indigenoustraditions/sacred-lands/sacred-lands-mauna-kea/. 
  91. ↑ Chad Blair (2015-04-04). "OHA trustee calls for moratorium on Mauna Kea telescope". Honolulu Civil Beat and KITV4 News. http://www.civilbeat.com/2015/04/oha-trustee-calls-for-moratorium-on-mauna-kea-telescope/. 
  92. ↑ Davis, Chelsea (March 26, 2015). "Thirty Meter Telescope protesters continue to block construction on Mauna Kea". KHNL. http://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/28619239/thirty-meter-telescope-protesters-continue-to-block-construction-on-mauna-kea. 
  93. ↑ 93.0 93.1 Jones, Caleb (April 3, 2015). "Clash in Hawaii Between Science and Sacred Land". U.S. News & World Report. Associated Press. https://www.usnews.com/news/science/news/articles/2015/04/03/clash-over-telescope-at-sacred-hawaiian-site-intensifies. 
  94. ↑ Staff (April 2, 2015). "Police, TMT Issue Statements on Mass Arrests on Mauna Kea". Big Island Video News. http://www.bigislandvideonews.com/2015/04/02/police-tmt-issue-statements-on-mass-arrests-on-mauna-kea/. 
  95. ↑ Hawaii Court Rescinds Permit to Build Thirty Meter Telescope
  96. ↑ Jones, Caleb (April 7, 2015). "Amid controversy, construction of telescope in Hawaii halted". U.S. News & World Report. Associated Press. https://www.usnews.com/news/science/news/articles/2015/04/07/amid-controversy-construction-of-telescope-in-hawaii-halted. 
  97. ↑ Yoro, Sarah (April 11, 2015). "Thirty Meter Telescope construction delayed". KHON2. http://khon2.com/2015/04/11/thirty-meter-telescope-construction-delayed/. 
  98. ↑ Dickerson, Kelly (June 25, 2015). "Protesters just blocked the construction of a revolutionary scientific instrument – again". Business Insider. http://www.businessinsider.com/thirty-meter-telescope-construction-halted-on-hawaiis-mauna-kea-2015-6. 
  99. ↑ Overbye, Dennis (December 3, 2015). "Contested case hearing". The New York Times. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/04/science/space/hawaii-court-rescinds-permit-to-build-thirty-meter-telescope.html?_r=0. 
  100. ↑ "APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE THIRD CIRCUIT(CAAP-14-0000873; CIV. NO. 13-1-0349)". http://www.courts.state.hi.us/docs/opin_ord/sct/2015/December/SCAP-14-0000873.pdf. 
  101. ↑ 09/28/17 – Board of Land and Natural Resources Approves TMT Permit
  102. ↑ Witze, Alexandra (2015). "Hawaiian court revokes permit for planned mega-telescope". Nature (Nature.com) 528 (7581): 176. doi:10.1038/nature.2015.18944. PMID 26659163. Bibcode: 2015Natur.528..176W. 
  103. ↑ Knapp, Alex (December 3, 2015). "Hawaii Supreme Court Revokes Construction Permit for Thirty Meter Telescope on Mauna Kea". Forbes.com. Forbes.com. https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexknapp/2015/12/03/hawaii-supreme-court-revokes-construction-permit-for-thirty-meter-telescope-on-mauna-kea/. 
  104. ↑ Hou v. Board of the Land and Natural Resources, 363 P.3d 224, 136 Haw. 376 (2015).
  105. ↑ Overbye, Dennis (28 July 2017). "Giant Telescope Atop Hawaii's Mauna Kea Should Be Approved, Judge Says". The New York Times: p. A13. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/27/science/thirty-meter-telescope-hawaii-mauna-kea.html. 
  106. ↑ Proposed Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law and Decision and Order, In re Contested Case Hearing Re Conservation District Use Application (CDUA) HA-3568 For the Thirty Meter Telescope at the Mauna Kea Science Reserve, Ka`ohe Mauka, Hamakua, Hawai‘i TMK (3) 4-4-015:009.
  107. ↑ "Hawaii Board of Land and Natural Resources Approves Conservation District Use Permit to Build TMT on Maunakea". Sep 29, 2017. http://www.maunakeaandtmt.org/hawaii-board-of-land-and-natural-resources-approves-conservation-district-use-permit-to-build-tmt-on-maunakea/. 
  108. ↑ "Hawai'i BLNR Approves TMT Permit". September 28, 2017. http://bigislandnow.com/2017/09/28/hawaii-blnr-approved-tmt-permit/. 
  109. ↑ "State Supreme Court rules in favor of Thirty Meter Telescope's construction". 31 October 2018. https://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/2018/10/30/state-supreme-court-rules-favor-thirty-meter-telescopes-construction/. 
  110. ↑ Hofschneider, Anita (July 10, 2019). "Thirty Meter Telescope Construction Will Start Next Week". Civil Beat. https://www.civilbeat.org/2019/07/ige-thirty-meter-telescope-construction-will-start-next-week/. 
  111. ↑ Kelleher, Jennifer Sinco; Jones, Caleb (2019-07-18). "Hawaiian Elders Arrested as Standoff Continues Over a Telescope Slated for a Sacred Mountain". Time (AP Press). https://time.com/5629162/hawaii-mauna-kea-telescope-protest/. 
  112. ↑ "DLNR releases names of those arrested on Maunakea". 2019-07-26. https://www.hawaiitribune-herald.com/2019/07/24/hawaii-news/dlnr-releases-names-of-those-arrested-on-maunakea/. 
  113. ↑ Daniel Clery (August 13, 2019). "Telescopes in Hawaii reopen after deal with protesters | Science | AAAS". American Association for the Advancement of Science. https://www.science.org/content/article/telescopes-hawaii-reopen-after-deal-protesters. 
  114. ↑ Yessenia Funes (August 9, 2019). "Mauna Kea's Thirty Meter Telescope Is the Latest Front in the New Fight for Indigenous Sovereignty". Gizmodo Media Group. https://earther.gizmodo.com/mauna-keas-thirty-meter-telescope-is-the-latest-front-i-1837037365. 
  115. ↑ Ethan Siegel (August 9, 2019). "Astronomy Faces A Field-Defining Choice In Choosing The Next Steps For The TMT". Forbes Media. https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2019/08/09/astronomy-faces-a-field-defining-choice-in-the-next-steps-for-the-tmt/#657602de44ff. 
  116. ↑ Marisa Peryer (July 27, 2019). "For years, Yale's Astro Dept. has conducted research on Native Hawaiian cultural site". Yale Daily News. https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2019/07/27/156243/. 
  117. ↑ Peter Hess (August 13, 2019). "Hawaii's Space Telescope Controversy Is Reopening Old Wounds | Inverse". Inverse. https://www.inverse.com/article/58462-thirty-meter-telescope-controversy-has-a-compromise. 
  118. ↑ "Petition on change.org calls for impeachment of Governor David Ige". KITV. July 19, 2019. https://www.kitv.com/story/40814201/petition-on-changeorg-calls-for-impeachment-of-governor-david-ige. 
  119. ↑ "Gov. David Ige decries death threats over Thirty Meter Telescope". 13 September 2019. https://www.staradvertiser.com/2019/09/13/breaking-news/livestream-gov-david-ige-discusses-ongoing-protest-against-thirty-meter-telescope-on-mauna-kea/. 
  120. ↑ "OFFICE OF THE GOVERNOR — Statement by Governor David Ige on Mauna Kea/TMT" (in en). https://governor.hawaii.gov/newsroom/latest-news/office-of-the-governor-statement-by-governor-david-ige-on-mauna-kea-tmt/. 
  121. ↑ Staff, H. N. N. (26 December 2019). "In major deal, TMT protesters agree to temporarily clear Mauna Kea Access Road" (in en-US). https://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/2019/12/26/tmt-protesters-move-kupuna-tent-thats-blocking-road-mauna-kea-summit/. 
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  124. ↑ Democrats, Hawai'i House (2020-08-19). "Speaker Saiki Announces National Science Foundation's Outreach for Thirty Meter Telescope" (in en). https://www.hawaiihousedemocrats.com/post/speaker-saiki-announces-national-science-foundation-s-outreach-for-thirty-meter-telescope. 
  125. ↑ "TMT International Observatory". https://www.tmt.org/news?year=2021. 
  126. ↑ "TMT International Observatory". https://www.tmt.org/news?year=2022. 

External links



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