Biography:Jim Simons

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James Simons
Simons in 2007
Born(1938-04-25)April 25, 1938
Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.
DiedMay 10, 2024(2024-05-10) (aged 86)
New York City, U.S.
EducationMassachusetts Institute of Technology (BS)
University of California, Berkeley (MS, PhD)
OccupationHedge fund manager, investor, mathematician, philanthropist
Known forFounding and managing Renaissance Technologies
Simons formula
Chern–Simons form
Simons cone
Spouse(s)
Children5, including Nat[2]
AwardsOswald Veblen Prize (1976)[3]
Scientific career
FieldsDifferential geometry, cryptography, quantitative financial analysis
ThesisOn the transitivity of holonomy systems (1962)
Doctoral advisorBertram Kostant
Doctoral studentsJeff Cheeger

James Harris Simons (April 25, 1938 – May 10, 2024) was an American hedge fund manager, investor, mathematician, and philanthropist.[4] At the time of his death, Simons's net worth was estimated to be $31.4 billion, making him the 55th-richest person in the world.[4] He was the founder of Renaissance Technologies, a quantitative hedge fund based in East Setauket, New York. He and his fund are known to be quantitative investors, using mathematical models and algorithms to make investment gains from market inefficiencies. Due to the long-term aggregate investment returns of Renaissance and its Medallion Fund, Simons was called the "greatest investor on Wall Street" and more specifically "the most successful hedge fund manager of all time".[5][6][7]

Simons developed the Chern–Simons form (with Shiing-Shen Chern), and contributed to the development of string theory by providing a theoretical framework to combine geometry and topology with quantum field theory.[8]

In 1994, Simons and his wife, Marilyn, founded the Simons Foundation to support research in mathematics and fundamental sciences. The foundation is the top benefactor of Stony Brook University, Marilyn's alma mater, and is a major contributor to his alma maters, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the University of California, Berkeley. Simons was a member of the boards of the Stony Brook Foundation, the MIT Corporation, and the Simons Laufer Mathematical Sciences Institute in Berkeley, and chaired the boards of Math for America, the Simons Foundation, and Renaissance Technologies.[9][10] In 2023, the Simons Foundation gave $500 million to Stony Brook University, the second-largest donation to a public university in U.S. history.[11] In 2016, the International Astronomical Union named asteroid 6618 Jimsimons, which Clyde Tombaugh discovered in 1936, after Simons in honor of his contributions to mathematics and philanthropy.[12]

Early life and education

James Harris Simons was born on April 25, 1938,[13] to an American Jewish family,[14] the only child of Marcia (née Kantor)[15] and Matthew Simons, and raised in Brookline, Massachusetts.[16]

He received a bachelor's degree in mathematics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1958[17] and a PhD in mathematics from the University of California, Berkeley under the supervision of Bertram Kostant in 1961, at age 23.[17] After graduating from MIT, Simons traveled from Boston to Bogotá, Colombia, on a motor scooter.[18]

Academic and scientific career

Simons's mathematical work primarily focused on the geometry and topology of manifolds. His 1962 Berkeley PhD thesis, written under the direction of Bertram Kostant, gave a new proof of Berger's classification of the holonomy groups of Riemannian manifolds. He subsequently began to work with Shiing-Shen Chern on the theory of characteristic classes, eventually discovering the Chern–Simons secondary characteristic classes of 3-manifolds. Later, mathematical physicist Albert Schwarz discovered early topological quantum field theory, an application of the Chern–Simons form. It is also related to the Yang-Mills functional on 4-manifolds, and has had an effect on modern physics. These and other contributions to geometry and topology led to Simons becoming the 1976 recipient of the American Mathematical Society (AMS) Oswald Veblen Prize in Geometry.[19] In 2014, he was elected to the U.S. National Academy of Sciences.[20]

In 1964, Simons worked with the National Security Agency to break codes.[21] Between 1964 and 1968, he was on the research staff of the Communications Research Division of the Institute for Defense Analysis (CRD of IDA) and taught mathematics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University. Simons also tried starting a trading company named iStar with colleagues including Richard Leibler, but was discovered by management, and the effort failed.[22] After being forced to leave the IDA due to his public opposition to the Vietnam War, he joined the faculty at Stony Brook University.[18] From 1968 to 1978, he chaired Stony Brook's math department.[23] In 1973, IBM asked Simons to attack the block cipher Lucifer, an early but direct precursor to the Data Encryption Standard (DES).[24] In 2004, Simons founded Math for America, a nonprofit organization with a mission to improve mathematics education in U.S. public schools by recruiting more highly qualified teachers.[25]

Business career

Renaissance Technologies

External video
210px
A Rare Interview with the Mathematician Who Cracked Wall Street, 23:03, TED Talks[26]
The Carnegie Medal of Philanthropy Ceremony – 17th October 2013, 1:31:40 (Simons section at 52:00–1:05:30), Scottish Parliament[27]

Simons founded the hedge fund management firm Monemetrics, which he later renamed Renaissance Technologies. He gradually realized that it should be possible to make mathematical models of the data he was collecting. After hiring mathematicians such as Leonard E. Baum and James Ax, Renaissance established the Medallion Fund in 1988.[28][29][30]

The Medallion Fund, which is closed to outside investors, has earned over $100 billion in trading profits since its inception in 1988. This is a 66.1% average gross annual return or a 39.1% average net annual return between 1988 and 2018.[31] Renaissance Technologies manages three other funds—Renaissance Institutional Equities Fund (RIEF), Renaissance Institutional Diversified Alpha (RIDA), and Renaissance Institutional Diversified Global Equity Fund—that as of April 2019 had approximately $55 billion in combined assets and were open to outside investors.[31]

"It's startling to see such a highly successful mathematician achieve success in another field," says Edward Witten, professor of physics at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey and considered by many of his peers to be the most accomplished theoretical physicist alive.[32]

In 2006, Simons was named Financial Engineer of the Year by the International Association of Financial Engineers. In 2020, he was estimated to have personally earned $2.6 billion,[33] $2.8 billion in 2007,[34] $1.7 billion in 2006,[35] $1.5 billion in 2005[36] (the largest compensation among hedge fund managers that year),[37] and $670 million in 2004. On October 10, 2009, Simons announced he would retire on January 1, 2010, but remain at Renaissance as nonexecutive chairman.[38]

Simons in 2007

Wealth and personal life

In 2014, Simons reportedly earned $1.2 billion, including a share of his firm's management and performance fees, cash compensation, and stock and option awards.[39] According to Forbes magazine, Simons had a net worth of $30 billion in 2023, making him the 25th-richest person on the Forbes 400 list.[40] In 2018, he was ranked 23rd by Forbes,[41] and in October 2019, his net worth was estimated at $21.6 billion.[42] In March 2019, he was named one of the highest-earning hedge fund managers and traders by Forbes.[43] At the time of his death, Simons's net worth was estimated to be $31.4 billion, making him the 55th-richest person on Forbes's 2024 The World's Billionaires list.[4]

Simons shunned the limelight and rarely gave interviews, citing Benjamin the Donkey in Animal Farm: "'God gave me a tail to keep off the flies. But I'd rather have had no tail and no flies.' That's kind of the way I feel about publicity."[31][44]

Simons was married twice and had five children. In 1996, his son Paul, aged 34, was killed in a car accident while riding his bicycle in Long Island.[21] In 2003, his son Nicholas, aged 24, drowned on a trip to Bali, Indonesia. Simons's three surviving children all run charities of their own: Liz Simons founded the Heising-Simons Foundation, Nathaniel Simons founded the Sea Change Foundation, and Audrey Simons founded the Foundation For A Just Society.[45][46][47]

Simons owned a motor yacht named Archimedes. It was built at the Dutch yacht builder Royal Van Lent and delivered to Simons in 2008.[48][47]

Simons did not wear socks.[49][50][51] He was known for smoking up to two packs a day of Merit cigarettes.[52]

Political and economic views

Simons was a major contributor to Democratic Party political action committees. According to OpenSecrets, he was the #5 donor to federal candidates in the 2016 election cycle, behind Renaissance Technologies' co-CEO Robert Mercer, who ranked #1 and generally donates to Republicans.[53] Simons donated $7 million to Hillary Clinton's Priorities USA Action,[54] $2.6 million to the House and Senate Majority PACs, and $500,000 to EMILY's List.[53] He also donated $25,000 to Republican senator Lindsey Graham's super PAC.[53] From 2006 Simons contributed about $30.6 million to federal campaigns.[53] Since 1990, Renaissance Technologies has contributed $59,081,152 to federal campaigns. It has spent $3,730,000 on lobbying as of 2016.[55]

In August 2020, Simons donated $1.5 million to the Senate Majority PAC, a Democratic super-PAC.[56]

Controversies

According to The Wall Street Journal in May 2009, investors questioned Simons about the dramatic performance gap between Renaissance Technologies' portfolios. The Medallion Fund, which has been available exclusively to current and past employees and their families, surged 80% in 2008 despite hefty fees; the Renaissance Institutional Equities Fund (RIEF), owned by outsiders, lost money in both 2008 and 2009; RIEF declined 16% in 2008.[57]

On July 22, 2014, Simons was subject to bipartisan condemnation by the U.S. Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations for the use of complex basket options to shield day-to-day trading (usually subject to higher ordinary income tax rates) as long-term capital gains. "Renaissance Technologies was able to avoid paying more than $6 billion in taxes by disguising its day-to-day stock trades as long term investments", said Senator John McCain, the committee's ranking Republican, in his opening statement.[58]

In 2015, The New York Times reported that Simons was involved in one of the biggest tax battles of the year, with Renaissance Technologies "under review by the IRS over a loophole that saved their fund an estimated $6.8 billion in taxes over roughly a decade."[59] In September 2021, it was announced that Simons and his colleagues would pay billions of dollars in back taxes, interest, and penalties to resolve the dispute, one of the biggest in IRS history.[60][61]

Philanthropy

Simons gave over $4 billion to philanthropic causes.[62] In 1994, he and his wife, Marilyn Hawrys Simons, co-founded the Simons Foundation, a charitable organization that supports projects related to education, health, and scientific research.[2] The Simons Foundation established the Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative (SFARI) in 2003 as a scientific initiative within the Simons Foundation's suite of programs. SFARI's mission is to improve the understanding, diagnosis and treatment of autism spectrum disorders.[63]

In 2004, Simons founded Math for America with an initial pledge of $25 million from the Simons Foundation, a pledge he doubled in 2006.[64] The foundation continues to fund its operations, contributing nearly $22 million in 2018.[65]

Simons was among the largest contributors to his undergraduate alma mater, MIT. The couple and their foundation funded the renovation of the building housing the mathematics department, which in 2016 was named in their honor, and endowed the Simons Center for the Social Brain. Simons was a life member emeritus of the MIT Corporation.[66]

Simons was a major benefactor of his graduate alma mater, Berkeley. In 2012, the Simons Foundation pledged $60 million to Berkeley to establish the Simons Institute for the Theory of Computing, the world's leading institute for collaborative research in theoretical computer science.[67][68] In 2020, the foundation made separate grants to Berkeley totaling over $46 million to increase the institute's endowment and support its operations. In October 2023, the university announced that the Simons Foundation had awarded the institute an additional $25 million as a matching pledge.[69][70][71] Simons and his wife also made major grants to Berkeley affiliates, notably the Simons Laufer Mathematical Sciences Institute and Berkeley Lab.[72][73][74]

In 2016, the Simons Foundation established the Flatiron Institute[75] to house five groups of computational scientists (each with 60 or more PhD level researchers). The institute consists of four cores or departments: CCB (Center for Computational Biology), CCA (Center for Computational Astrophysics), CCQ (Center for Computational Quantum mechanics), CCM (Center for Computational Mathematics), and CCN (Center for Computational Neuroscience).[76]

In memory of his son Paul, whom he had with his first wife, Barbara Simons, he established Avalon Nature Preserve, a 130-acre (0.53 km2) nature preserve in Stony Brook.[77] The Avalon preserve was extended to 216 acres in 2024.[78]

Another son, Nick Simons, drowned at age 24 while on a trip to Bali in 2003. Nick had worked in Nepal. The Simonses became large donors to Nepalese healthcare through the Nick Simons Institute.[79]

In 2006, the Simonses donated $25 million to Stony Brook University through the Stony Brook Foundation, the largest donation ever to a State University of New York school at the time.[80] On February 27, 2008, Governor Eliot Spitzer announced a $60 million donation by the Simons Foundation to found the Simons Center for Geometry and Physics at Stony Brook, the largest gift to a public university in New York state history.[81] In 2011, the couple broke that record again with a $150 million donation to Stony Brook, which went to research in medical sciences, the construction of a life sciences building, the creation of a neurosciences institute and a center for biological imaging, the study of cancer and infectious diseases, 35 new endowed professorships, and 40 fellowships for graduate students. To secure the donation, Stony Brook was allowed to raise its annual tuition in opposition to traditional New York state policy.[82] In 2023, the university announced that it had received a $500 million endowment gift from the Simons Foundation, the second-largest gift ever to a public university.[11][83]

Death

Simons died peacefully in New York City on May 10, 2024, at age 86, surrounded by his family.[84] He was active in the work of his foundation until the end of his life.[85]

Legacy and awards

In 2008, he was inducted into Institutional Investor Alpha's Hedge Fund Manager Hall of Fame.[86]

He was named by the Financial Times in 2006 as "the world's smartest billionaire".[87] He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2007.[88] In 2011, he was included in the 50 Most Influential ranking of Bloomberg Markets Magazine.[89]

A book about Simons and his investing methods, The Man Who Solved the Market: How Jim Simons Launched the Quant Revolution by Gregory Zuckerman, was released in 2019.[51] He was awarded honorary doctorates by York University[90] and the University of Edinburgh[91] in 2016, and Trinity College Dublin[92] in 2018.

Publications and works

See also

References

  1. ↑ Coy, Peter (April 11, 2019). "Meet Marilyn Simons, the Bricklayer's Daughter Who Became a Philanthropist". Bloomberg Businessweek. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-04-11/meet-marilyn-simons-bricklayer-s-daughter-now-a-philanthropist. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Teitelbaum, Richard (January 2008). "The Code Breaker". Bloomberg Markets Magazine. Bloomberg LP. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/marketsmag/mm_0108_story1.html. 
  3. ↑ Broad, William J. (July 7, 2014). "A Billionaire Mathematician's Life of Ferocious Curiosity". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/08/science/a-billionaire-mathematicians-life-of-ferocious-curiosity.html?_r=0. Retrieved November 11, 2017. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Forbes Profile: Jim Simons". https://www.forbes.com/profile/jim-simons/. 
  5. ↑ "Bitter Lawsuits. Epic Meltdowns. Vicious Arguments. Jim Simons' Renaissance Made Him Billions – But It Came at a Price.". November 6, 2019. https://www.institutionalinvestor.com/article/b1hxhbvc55xtfq/Bitter-Lawsuits-Epic-Meltdowns-Vicious-Arguments-Jim-Simons-Renaissance-Made-Him-Billions-But-It-Came-at-a-Price. 
  6. ↑ Stevens, Pippa (November 5, 2019). "The secret behind the greatest modern day moneymaker on Wall Street: Remove all emotion" (in en). https://www.cnbc.com/2019/11/05/how-jim-simons-founder-of-renaissance-technologies-beats-the-market.html. 
  7. ↑ Zuckerman, Gregory (November 2, 2019). "The Making of the World's Greatest Investor" (in en). The Wall Street Journal. Eastern Edition. Dow Jones & Company Inc (United States) (Hedge Funds). ISSN 0099-9660. https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-making-of-the-worlds-greatest-investor-11572667202. 
  8. ↑ More Money than God. Penguin Press. June 10, 2010. https://www.amazon.com/More-Money-Than-God-Making/dp/B004HILSZ2. Retrieved September 1, 2017. 
  9. ↑ MSRI. "Mathematical Sciences Research Institute". http://www.msri.org/. 
  10. ↑ "About" (in en-US). https://www.simonsfoundation.org/mathematics-physical-sciences/about/. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Saul, Derek (June 1, 2023). "Billionaire Jim Simons Makes Second-Largest Donation To Public College Ever". https://www.forbes.com/sites/dereksaul/2023/06/01/billionaire-jim-simons-makes-second-largest-donation-to-public-college-ever/. 
  12. ↑ IAU Minor Planet Center. .
  13. ↑ "RENAISSANCE INSTITUTIONAL MANAGEMENT (UK) LIMITED". https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/05730810/officers. 
  14. ↑ "The Jewish Billionaires of Forbes". March 14, 2012. http://www.jspace.com/news/articles/the-jewish-billionaires-of-forbes/8044. 
  15. ↑ Boston Globe: "Marcia (Kantor) Simons Obituary". . Retrieved March 31, 2013.
  16. ↑ Bloomberg: "Simons at Renaissance Cracks Code, Doubling Assets (Update1)" By Richard Teitelbaum. . November 27, 2007.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "James Simons". AMS. http://www.genealogy.ams.org/id.php?id=32049. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Schaffer, Amanda (October 18, 2016). "The Polymath Philanthropist" (in en). https://www.technologyreview.com/2016/10/18/156740/the-polymath-philanthropist/. 
  19. ↑ "Browse Prizes and Awards" (in en). https://www.ams.org/prizes-awards/pabrowse.cgi?parent_id=34&year=Year. 
  20. ↑ "James H. Simons Elected to the National Academy of Sciences – Stony Brook University Newsroom". stonybrook.edu. April 30, 2014. http://sb.cc.stonybrook.edu/news/general/140430JamesSimon.php. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Broad, William (July 7, 2014). "Seeker, Doer, Giver, Ponderer: A Billionaire Mathematician's Life of Ferocious Curiosity". New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/08/science/a-billionaire-mathematicians-life-of-ferocious-curiosity.html. 
  22. ↑ Zuckerman, Gregory (2019). The man who solved the market. New York, NY: Portfolio / Penguin. pp. 26. ISBN 978-0-7352-1798-0. 
  23. ↑ "Simons Foundation Chair Jim Simons on His Career in Mathematics | Simons Foundation" (in en-US). September 27, 2012. https://www.simonsfoundation.org/features/foundation-news/simons-foundation-chair-jim-simons-talks-about-his-career-in-mathematics/. 
  24. ↑ Levy, Steven (2001). Crypto: secrecy and privacy in the new code war. Penguin. pp. 356. ISBN 0-14-024432-8. https://archive.org/details/crypto00stev. 
  25. ↑ Teitelbaum, Richard (November 27, 2007). "Simons at Renaissance Cracks Code, Doubling Assets". Bloomberg News. https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=ayjImYcoCiH8&refer=home. 
  26. ↑ "A Rare Interview with the Mathematician Who Cracked Wall Street". TED (conference). March 2015. https://www.ted.com/talks/jim_simons_the_mathematician_who_cracked_wall_street?language=en. 
  27. ↑ "Carnegie Medals of Philanthropy presented at the Scottish Parliament". The Scottish Parliament. October 2013. http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/newsandmediacentre/68913.aspx. 
  28. ↑ Zuckerman, Gregory (November 8, 2019). "How Billionaire Jim Simons Learned To Beat The Market—And Began Wall Street's Quant Revolution". Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesdigitalcovers/2019/11/08/jim-simons-the-man-who-solved-the-market-gregory-zuckerman-book-excerpt/. 
  29. ↑ Teitelbaum, Richard (October 27, 2008). "Simons at Renaissance Cracks Code, Doubling Assets". Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601213&sid=aq33M3X795vQ&refer=home. 
  30. ↑ Zuckerman, Gregory (November 8, 2019). "How Billionaire Jim Simons Learned To Beat The Market—And Began Wall Street's Quant Revolution". Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesdigitalcovers/2019/11/08/jim-simons-the-man-who-solved-the-market-gregory-zuckerman-book-excerpt/. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 Zuckerman, Gregory (2019). The Man Who Solved the Market: How Jim Simons Launched the Quant Revolution. Penguin. pp. Appendix| pgs. 331–332. ISBN 9780735217980. 
  32. ↑ Zuckerman, Gregory (July 1, 2005). "Renaissance's Man: James Simons Does The Math on Fund". The Wall Street Journal: pp. C1. https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB112018150042875023. 
  33. ↑ Taub, Stephen (February 22, 2021). "The 20th Annual Rich List, the Definitive Ranking of What Hedge Fund Managers Earned in 2020". Institutional Investor. https://www.institutionalinvestor.com/article/b1qmsgpxhz0lpt/The-20th-Annual-Rich-List-the-Definitive-Ranking-of-What-Hedge-Fund-Managers-Earned-in-2020. 
  34. ↑ Andersen, Jenny (April 16, 2008). "Wall Street Winners Get Billion-Dollar Paydays". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/16/business/16wall.html?_r=1&hp. 
  35. ↑ Anderson, Jenny; Creswell, Julie (April 24, 2007). "Make Less Than $240 Million? You're Off Top Hedge Fund List". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/24/business/24hedge.html. 
  36. ↑ Shell, Adam (May 26, 2006). "$363M is average pay for top hedge fund managers". USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/money/perfi/funds/2006-05-26-hedge-funds-usat_x.htm. 
  37. ↑ "Top hedge fund manager had take-home pay of $1.5 billion in 2005 on 5% fee and 44% of gains". Finfacts.com. May 26, 2006. http://www.finfacts.com/irelandbusinessnews/publish/article_10005996.shtml. 
  38. ↑ "Renaissance Founder Simons, Computer Trading Pioneer, to Retire". Bloomberg. October 9, 2009. http://bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=aiQopQ6Y0WRE. 
  39. ↑ H. Kent Baker; Filbeck, Greg (July 26, 2017). Hedge Funds: Structure, Strategies, and Performance. Oxford University Press. pp. 52–. ISBN 978-0-19-060739-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=qYwtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT52. Retrieved September 22, 2018. 
  40. ↑ "James Simons" (in en). Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/profile/james-simons/. 
  41. ↑ "Forbes 400 2018" (in en). https://www.forbes.com/forbes-400/. 
  42. ↑ Forbes: "The World's Billionaires: Jim Simons" October 2019
  43. ↑ Vardi, Nathan. "The Highest-Earning Hedge Fund Managers And Traders". https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanvardi/2019/03/20/the-highest-earning-hedge-fund-managers-and-traders/. 
  44. ↑ "Seed Interview: James Simons". Seed. September 19, 2006. http://seedmagazine.com/content/article/seed_interview_james_simons/. 
  45. ↑ Savchuk, Katia (2016-10-05). "Two Generations Of Givers: How The Simons Family Passed On The Philanthropy Gene" (in en). https://www.forbes.com/sites/katiasavchuk/2016/10/05/two-generations-of-givers-how-the-simons-family-passed-on-the-philanthropy-gene/. 
  46. ↑ "The Quiet Hedge Fund Heir Who's Engaged in Massive Climate Giving". https://www.insidephilanthropy.com/wall-street-wallets/2014/4/3/the-quiet-hedge-fund-heir-whos-engaged-in-massive-climate-gi.html. 
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 "Liz Simons". https://www.hsfoundation.org/person/liz-simons. 
  48. ↑ "Superyacht Archimedes". SuperYachtFan. http://www.superyachtfan.com/superyacht/superyacht_archimedes.html. 
  49. ↑ "Jim Simons Goes Sockless Like Einstein to Back Princeton Haven" (in en). March 18, 2019. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-03-18/jim-simons-goes-sockless-like-einstein-to-back-princeton-haven. 
  50. ↑ "How Jim Simons Scored on His Math SAT" (in en-gb). March 16, 2019. https://www.institutionalinvestor.com/article/b1dk61tspy6hxc/How-Jim-Simons-Scored-on-His-Math-SAT. 
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 "The Man Who Solved the Market — How Jim Simons Built a Moneymaking Machine". Financial Times. November 1, 2019. https://www.ft.com/content/868d0902-f0b4-11e9-ad1e-4367d8281195. 
  52. ↑ Strasburg, Jenny; Patterson, Scott (2009-06-12). "Renaissance's Simons Delays Retirement Plans" (in en-US). Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124467822161104275. 
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 53.2 53.3 Bowers, John (June 7, 2016). "A hedge fund house divided: Renaissance Technologies". OpenSecrets Blog. OpenSecrets. https://www.opensecrets.org/news/2016/06/a-hedge-fund-house-divided-renaissance-technologies/. 
  54. ↑ Who are the Super PACs' Biggest Donors? By Al Shaw, ProPublica. Updated December 7, 2012
  55. ↑ "Organizations: Renaissance Technologies". https://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/summary.php?id=D000022219&cycle=A. 
  56. ↑ Allison, Bill (August 21, 2020). "Senate Leadership Fund Gets $10 Million Boost From Schwarzman". Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-08-21/senate-leadership-fund-gets-10-million-boost-from-schwarzman. 
  57. ↑ Pulliam, Susan; Strasburg, Jenny (May 15, 2009). "Simons Questioned by Investors: Disparity Is Seen in Running of Two Renaissance Funds". The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124235370437022507. 
  58. ↑ "Hearings | Homeland Security & Governmental Affairs Committee". http://www.hsgac.senate.gov/. 
  59. ↑ Scheiber, Noam; Cohendec, Patricia (December 29, 2015). "For the Wealthiest, a Private Tax System That Saves Them Billions". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/30/business/economy/for-the-wealthiest-private-tax-system-saves-them-billions.html. 
  60. ↑ "Jim Simons, RenTech Insiders to Pay Billions in Back Taxes" (in en). Bloomberg.com. September 2, 2021. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-09-02/jim-simons-rentech-insiders-to-pay-irs-billions-in-back-taxes. 
  61. ↑ "Jim Simons and RenTech execs to pay up to $7bn to settle tax dispute". https://citywireusa.com/professional-buyer/news/jim-simons-and-rentech-execs-to-pay-7bn-to-settle-tax-dispute/a1549933. 
  62. ↑ "Jim Simons" (in en). https://www.forbes.com/profile/jim-simons/. 
  63. ↑ "About SFARI". SFARI. https://sfari.org/about-sfari. 
  64. ↑ Roekbe, Joshua (September 19, 2006). "Putting his money where his math is". Seed. http://seedmagazine.com/news/2006/09/putting_his_money_where_his_ma.php. 
  65. ↑ "Math for America". October 29, 2013. https://www.simonsfoundation.org/2013/10/29/math-for-america/. 
  66. ↑ "MIT names historic Building 2, home of mathematics, in honor of James '58 and Marilyn Simons". Massachusetts Institute of Technology. March 30, 2016. https://news.mit.edu/2016/mit-names-building-2-after-james-and-marilyn-simons-0330. 
  67. ↑ Markoff, John (April 30, 2012). "California Chosen as Home for Computing Institute". New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/01/science/simons-foundation-chooses-uc-berkeley-for-computing-center.html. 
  68. ↑ "Top Five UC Berkeley Contributors". https://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/blog/2013/06/top-5-contributors-to-uc-berkeley.html. 
  69. ↑ "Simons Foundation Announces New $35.5 Million Grant to the Simons Institute for the Theory of Computing". August 10, 2020. https://simons.berkeley.edu/news/simons-foundation-announces-new-355-million-grant-simons-institute-theory-computing-press. 
  70. ↑ "Largest Contributions to UC Berkeley". https://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/subscriber-only/2021/11/05/contributions-uc-berkeley.html. 
  71. ↑ "Simons Institute for the Theory of Computing Announces $25 Million Matching Pledge by Simons Foundation International". Simons Institute. October 18, 2023. https://simons.berkeley.edu/news/simons-institute-theory-computing-announces-25-million-matching-pledge-simons-foundation. 
  72. ↑ "Berkeley – $10 million donated to math institute". San Francisco Chronicle. May 6, 2007. https://www.sfgate.com/education/article/BERKELEY-10-million-Donated-to-Math-Institute-2597351.php. 
  73. ↑ Scientific American. "Hunt for Big Bang Gravitational Waves Gets $40-Million Boost". https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/hunt-for-big-bang-gravitational-waves-gets-40-million-boost/. 
  74. ↑ "Mathematical Sciences Research Institute Receives $70M Gift; Largest Unrestricted Endowed Gift to a U.S.-Based Mathematics Institute". Business Wire (Press release). May 19, 2022. Archived from the original on February 5, 2024. Retrieved October 19, 2023.
  75. ↑ Chang, Kenneth (November 22, 2016). "James Simons's Foundation Starts New Institute for Computing, Big Data". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/22/science/flatiron-institute-james-simons-foundation.html. 
  76. ↑ "About" (in en-US). https://www.simonsfoundation.org/flatiron/about/. 
  77. ↑ Staff, LIBN (May 2, 2003). "Do the math. Is East Setauket hedge fund the world's best? | Long Island Business News" (in en-US). https://libn.com/2003/05/02/do-the-math-is-east-setauket-hedge-fund-the-worlds-best/. 
  78. ↑ "Our Roots | Avalon Nature Preserve". https://avalonnaturepreserve.org/our-roots/. 
  79. ↑ NSI Nick Simons Institute. "NICK: NSI Nick Simons Institute". http://www.nsi.edu.np/en/page/about_us/nick. 
  80. ↑ "Stony Brook Announces $25 Million Gift From Renowned Former Math Chair Jim Simons". stonybrook.edu. http://commcgi.cc.stonybrook.edu/artman/publish/printer_1088.shtml. 
  81. ↑ Arenson, Karen W. (February 27, 2008). "$60 Million Gift for Stony Brook". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/27/nyregion/27cnd-stonybrook.html. 
  82. ↑ Pérez-Peña, Richard (December 13, 2011). "Stony Brook University to Get $150 Million Gift" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/14/nyregion/stony-brook-university-given-150-million.html. 
  83. ↑ Stack, Liam (June 1, 2023). "Stony Brook University to Receive $500 Million, an Uncommonly Large Gift". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/01/nyregion/stony-brook-university-gift.html. 
  84. ↑ Sumner, Thomas (May 10, 2024). "Simons Foundation Co-Founder, Mathematician and Investor Jim Simons Dies at 86". Simons Foundation. https://www.simonsfoundation.org/2024/05/10/simons-foundation-co-founder-mathematician-and-investor-jim-simons-dies-at-86. 
  85. ↑ "Jim Simons 1938–2024". https://www.simonsfoundation.org/observing/?mc_cid=f7bda34d02&mc_eid=8a27f8d7d5. 
  86. ↑ "Cohen, Simons, 12 Others Enter Hedge Fund Hall" (in en). Institutional Investor LLC. Institutional Investor. September 23, 2008. https://www.institutionalinvestor.com/article/b18bl36h7n2yzt/cohen-simons-12-others-enter-hedge-fund-hall. 
  87. ↑ "Alternative Rich List". FT.com. September 22, 2006. https://www.ft.com/content/92d94ba6-24e4-11d8-81c6-08209b00dd01. 
  88. ↑ "APS Member History". https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=James+H.+Simons&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced. 
  89. ↑ "Bloomberg Markets Most Influential 50". Bloomberg.com. September 8, 2011. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/photo-essays/2011-09-08/bloomberg-markets-most-influential-50. 
  90. ↑ "Honorary Degree Recipients". https://www.yorku.ca/secretariat/senate/sub-committee-on-honorary-degrees-and-ceremonials/honorary-degree-recipients/. 
  91. ↑ "Honorary graduates 2015/16". December 3, 2015. https://www.ed.ac.uk/about/people/honorary-degrees/2015-16. 
  92. ↑ "Registrar: Trinity College Dublin, the University of Dublin, Ireland". https://www.tcd.ie/registrar/honorary-degrees/2017-18/. 

Further reading



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