Biography:Lynn Conway

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Lynn Conway
Lynn Conway in front of a white background. She is a middle-aged white woman with reddish blonde hair, wearing a colorful top.
Conway in 2006
Born(1938-01-02)January 2, 1938
Mount Vernon, New York, U.S.
DiedJune 9, 2024(2024-06-09) (aged 86)
Jackson, Michigan, U.S.
EducationMassachusetts Institute of Technology (attended)
Columbia University (BS, MS)
Known for
Spouse(s)
  • "Sue" (pseudonym)
    (m. 1963; div. 1968)
  • Charles Rogers (m. 2002)
Awards
  • Harold Pender Award (1984)
  • John Price Wetherill Medal (1985)
  • Secretary of Defense Meritorious Civilian Service Award (1985)
  • National Academy of Engineering (1989)
  • Computer Pioneer Award (2009)
  • Computer History Museum Fellow (2014)[1]
  • IEEE/RSE James Clerk Maxwell Medal (2015)
  • National Inventors Hall of Fame (2023)
Scientific career
Fields
Institutions

Lynn Ann Conway (January 2, 1938 – June 9, 2024) was an American computer scientist, electrical engineer, and transgender rights activist.

In the 1960s, while working at IBM, Conway invented generalized dynamic instruction handling, a key advancement used in out-of-order execution, used by most modern computer processors to improve performance. IBM fired Conway in 1968 after she revealed her intention to undergo a gender transition, which the company apologized for in 2020.

Following her transition, Conway adopted a new name and identity and restarted her career. She worked at Xerox PARC from 1973 to 1983, where she led the "LSI Systems" group. She initiated the Mead–Conway VLSI chip design revolution in very large-scale integrated (VLSI) microchip design, which reshaped the field of microchip design during the 1980s.

Conway joined the University of Michigan as a professor of electrical engineering and computer science in 1985. She retired from active teaching and research in 1998 as professor emerita. Conway began publicly discussing her gender transition in 1999 and was a transgender rights activist until her death in 2024.

Early life and education

Conway was born in Mount Vernon, New York, on January 2, 1938 to Christine Alice (née Burney) Savage (1904–1977) and Rufus Savage (1904–1966).[2][3][4][5] Raised as a boy, Conway was brought up in Hartsdale and White Plains, New York, as a shy child who experienced gender dysphoria. After her parents divorced in 1945, Conway and her younger brother, Blair Savage (1941–2022), were raised by their mother. Conway became fascinated by astronomy (building a 6-inch (150 mm) reflector telescope one summer) and did well in math and science in school.[6]

After graduating from White Plains High School in 1955, Conway entered the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and began an attempted gender transition in 1957. Facing a lack of social and medical support, she withdrew from MIT in 1959 and eventually detransitioned.[6]

After working as an electronics technician for several years, Conway resumed education at Columbia University's School of Engineering and Applied Science, earning B.S. and M.S.E.E. degrees in 1962 and 1963.[6][7]

Early research at IBM

Conway was recruited by IBM Research in Yorktown Heights, New York, in 1964, and was soon selected to join the architecture team designing an advanced supercomputer, working alongside John Cocke, Brian Randell, Herbert Schorr, Ed Sussenguth, Fran Allen and other IBM researchers on the Advanced Computing Systems (ACS) project, inventing multiple-issue out-of-order dynamic instruction scheduling while working there.[8][9][10][11][12] The Computer History Museum has stated that "The ACS architecture ... appears to have been the first 'superscalar' design".[13]

Gender transition

After learning about Harry Benjamin's pioneering research in healthcare for transsexual women, which included the feasibility of sex reassignment surgery, Conway sought his assistance. Struggling with severe clinical depression due to gender dysphoria, she contacted Benjamin, who agreed to provide counseling and prescribed hormone replacement therapy, which Conway resumed in 1967.[14]

While struggling with life in a male role, Conway had married a woman in 1963 and had two children. Under the legal constraints then in place, she was denied access to their children after transitioning.[14]

Although she had hoped to be allowed to transition on the job, IBM fired Conway in 1968 after she revealed her intention to transition.[15] In 2020, IBM publicly apologized to Conway for firing her at a public event with Diane Gherson, then IBM's senior vice president of human relations. At the event, Conway was awarded the IBM Lifetime Achievement Award for her work at IBM and later work.[16][17]

Post-transition career

Template:External image Upon completing her gender transition in 1968, Conway took a new name and identity and restarted her career in stealth-mode as a contract programmer at Computer Applications, Inc. She then worked as a digital system designer and computer architect at Memorex from 1969 to 1972.[14][18]

Conway joined Xerox PARC in 1973, where she led the "LSI Systems" group under Bert Sutherland.[19][20] When in PARC, Conway founded the multiproject wafers (MPW) technology.[21] Collaborating with Ivan Sutherland and Carver Mead on very-large-scale integration (VLSI) design methodology, she co-authored Introduction to VLSI Systems, a groundbreaking work that would soon become a standard textbook in chip design, used in nearly 120 universities by 1983.[22][23][24][25] With over 70,000 copies sold, and the new integration of her MPC79/MOSIS innovations, the Mead and Conway revolution became part of VLSI design.[23][26]

In 1978, Conway served as a visiting associate professor of electrical engineering and computer science at MIT, teaching a now-famous VLSI design course based on a Mead–Conway text draft.[14] The course validated the new design methods and textbook and established the syllabus and instructor's guidebook used in later courses worldwide.[27][28]

Among Conway's contributions was the invention of dimensionless, scalable design rules that greatly simplified chip design and design tools,[9][7][29] and invention of a new form of internet-based infrastructure for rapid prototyping and short-run fabrication of large numbers of chip designs.[9][30] They aimed to address the escalating complexity of chip design, as traditional methods struggled to keep pace with Moore's law.[31] The new infrastructure was institutionalized as the Metal Oxide Semiconductor Implementation Service (MOSIS) system in 1981. Mead and Conway received Electronics magazine's annual award of achievement in 1981.[32][33] VLSI researcher Charles Seitz commented that "MOSIS represented the first period since the pioneering work of Eckert and Mauchley on the ENIAC in the late 1940s that universities and small companies had access to state-of-the-art digital technology."[30]

The impact and research methods underlying the development of the Mead–Conway VLSI design methodology and the MOSIS prototype are detailed in a 1981 Xerox report,[34] the Euromicro Journal,[35] and several historical overviews of computing.[30][36][37][38][39][40][41][42] Mead-Conway's methods also came under ethnographic study in 1980 by PARC anthropologist Lucy Suchman, who published her interviews with Conway in 2021.[43][44]

In 1983, Conway left Xerox to join DARPA, where she was a key architect of the United States Department of Defense's Strategic Computing Initiative.[7][45] In a contemporary USA Today article about Conway's joining DARPA, Mark Stefik, a Xerox scientist who worked with her, said "Lynn would like to live five lives in the course of one life".[46] Douglas Fairbairn, a former Xerox associate, said "She figures out a way so that everybody wins."[46] In The Net Effect, sociologist Thomas Streeter wrote that Conway’s decision to join DARPA reflected her rejection of antiwar liberalism.[47]

Conway joined the University of Michigan in 1985 as professor of electrical engineering and computer science and associate dean of engineering. There, she specialized in visual communications and designing control systems for hybrid internet and broadband-cable user interfaces.[7] She retired from active teaching and research in 1998 as professor emerita at Michigan.[48][49]

Computer science legacy

The Mead–Conway VLSI chip design revolution quickly spread through research universities and the computing industry during the 1980s. It fostered the growth of the electronic design automation industry, established the foundry model for chip design and manufacturing, and spurred a wave of influential technology startups throughout the 1980s and 1990s.[8][9][10][13][50]

In the fall of 2012, the IEEE published a special issue of the IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine devoted to Conway's career,[51][52] including a career memoir by Conway[15] and peer commentaries by Chuck House,[53] former Director of Engineering at HP, Carlo Séquin,[54] and Kenneth L Shepard.[55][53] James F. Gibbons stated in his tribute that Conway, from his perspective, "was the singular force behind the entire 'foundry' development that emerged."[53][55][56] Subsequently the scope of Conway's contributions gained wider retrospective attention. "Since I didn't #LookLikeanEngineer, few people caught on to what I was really doing back in the 70s and 80s," Conway later said.[17]

In 2020, National Academy of Engineering President John L. Anderson stated that "Lynn Conway is not only a revolutionary pioneer in the design of VLSI systems ... But just as important, Lynn has been very brave in telling her own story, and her perseverance has been a reminder to society that it should not be blind to the innovations of women, people of color, or others who don't fit long outdated – but unfortunately, persistent – perceptions of what an engineer looks like."[17]

Conway coined the term Conway effect to describe the phenomenon where people "othered" by society, such as women and people of color, are overlooked in later historical accounts of innovations.[57] She described it in the IEEE Computer Society's Computer magazine: "This is seldom deliberate—rather, it's a result of the accumulation of advantage by those who are expected to innovate."[57] The effect drew inspiration from the Matilda effect and Matthew effect.

In 2023, Lynn Conway collaborated with Jim Boulton to create Lines in the Sand,[58] a short comic book that tells the story of the invention VLSI. The launch event[59] took place at the Centre for Computing History on November 23, 2023.

Transgender rights activism

When nearing retirement, Conway learned that the story of her early work at IBM might soon be revealed through the investigations of Mark Smotherman that were being prepared for a 2001 publication.[8] She began coming out in 1999 to friends and colleagues about her gender transition,[60][61][62] using her website to tell her story.[6] Her life story was then more widely reported in 2000 in profiles in Scientific American[11] and the Los Angeles Times.[14] In a later Forbes interview, Conway commented "From the 1970s to 1999 I was recognized as breaking the gender barrier in the computer science field as a woman, but in 2000 it became the transgender barrier I was breaking."[17]

After sharing her story publicly, Conway began working in transgender rights activism to raise awareness, protect and expand trans rights, and promote understanding of gender identity and the process of gender transition.[63] She provided assistance to numerous other transgender women and maintained a website providing medical resources and emotional advice.[64] She maintained a website titled "Transsexual Women's Successes" to, in her words, "provide role models for individuals who are facing gender transition."[65] Her website also provided news related to transgender issues and information on gender-affirming surgery and academic inquiries into the prevalence of transsexualism[66] and transgender and transsexual issues in general.[67][68]

She also advocated for equal opportunities and employment protections for transgender people in high-technology industry,[69][70][71][72][73][74] and for elimination of the pathologization of transgender people by the psychiatric community.[75][76]

Conway was a critic of Blanchard's transsexualism typology.[77] Along with Andrea James and Deirdre McCloskey, she was a key person in the campaign against J. Michael Bailey's book about the theory, The Man Who Would Be Queen.[78][79] Conway and McCloskey accused Bailey of conducting research on human subjects without their knowledge, sending letters to Northwestern University about this alleged misconduct.[77]

Alice Dreger, in her book Galileo's Middle Finger, criticized Conway for filing a lawsuit against Bailey. Conway alleged Bailey lacked a clinical psychologist license when he wrote letters in support of a young trans woman seeking to transition. Dreger countered that Bailey did not need a license as he provided his services without compensation. Dreger noted that Bailey was transparent in his letters, detailing his brief interactions with the women and his qualifications, which likely explained why Illinois authorities did not act on the complaint.[80] Conway responded, accusing Dreger of misrepresenting the controversy by portraying it as a personal attack on Bailey rather than addressing the broader protest from the trans community.[81]

Conway was a cast member in the first all-transgender performance of The Vagina Monologues in Los Angeles in 2004,[82] and appeared in a Logo documentary film about that event entitled Beautiful Daughters.[60][83]

In 2009, Conway was named one of the "Stonewall 40 trans heroes" on the 40th anniversary of the Stonewall riots by the International Court System and the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force.[84][85]

In 2013, with support from many tech industry leaders, Conway and Leandra Vicci of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill lobbied the directors of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers for transgender inclusion in their code of ethics.[86] The code became fully LGBT inclusive in January 2014.[87][88][89]

In 2014, Time Magazine named Conway as one of "21 Transgender People Who Influenced American Culture".[90]

In 2015, she was selected for inclusion in "The Trans100"[91] and was interviewed in 2020 for inclusion in the Trans Activism Oral History Project.[92]

Personal life and death

Conway married a woman in 1963, and they had two daughters together. Following their divorce in 1968, Conway was denied access to their children.[14]

In 1987, Conway met her husband Charles "Charlie" Rogers, a professional engineer who shared her interest in the outdoors, including whitewater canoeing and motocross racing.[14][93] They soon started living together and bought a house with 24 acres (9.7 ha) of meadow, marsh, and woodland in rural Jackson, Michigan in 1994.[14] They were married on August 13, 2002.[12][60][94] In 2014, the University of Michigan's The Michigan Engineer alumni magazine documented the connections between Conway's engineering explorations and her personal life.[95][96]

Conway died from a heart condition at her home on June 9, 2024, at the age of 86.[97][98]

Awards and honors

Conway received a number of awards and distinctions:

  • Electronics 1981 Award for Achievement, with Carver Mead[99]
  • Harold Pender Award of the Moore School, University of Pennsylvania, with Carver Mead, 1984[100]
  • IEEE EAB Major Educational Innovation Award, 1984[101]
  • Fellow of the IEEE, 1985, "for contributions to VLSI technology"[102]
  • John Price Wetherill Medal of the Franklin Institute, with Carver Mead, 1985[103]
  • Secretary of Defense Meritorious Civilian Service Award, May 1985[48][104]
  • Member of the National Academy of Engineering, 1989[105]
  • National Achievement Award, Society of Women Engineers, 1990[106]
  • Presidential Appointment to the United States Air Force Academy Board of Visitors, 1996[107]
  • Honorary Doctorate, Trinity College, 1998[108]
  • Electronic Design Hall of Fame, 2002[109]
  • Engineer of the Year, National Organization of Gay and Lesbian Scientists and Technical Professionals, 2005[110]
  • Named one of the "Stonewall 40 trans heroes" by the Imperial Court System and the National LGBTQ Task Force, 2009.[84][85]
  • Computer Pioneer Award, IEEE Computer Society, 2009[9]
  • Member of the Corporation, Emerita, The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, 1993–2010[111]
  • Fellow Award, Computer History Museum, 2014, "For her work in developing and disseminating new methods of integrated circuit design."[112]
  • Honorary Doctorate, Illinois Institute of Technology, 2014[113]
  • Steinmetz Memorial Lecture, (Invitational), IEEE/Union College, 2015.[114]
  • IEEE/RSE James Clerk Maxwell Medal, 2015[115]
  • Magill Lecture in Science, Technology and the Arts (Invited), Columbia University, 2016[116][117]
  • Honorary Doctorate, University of Victoria, 2016[118][119]
  • Fellow Award, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), 2016[120][121][122][123]
  • Honorary Doctorate and Commencement Address, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 2018[124]
  • Pioneer in Tech Award, National Center for Women in Technology (NCWIT), 2019[125]
  • Lifetime Achievement Award, IBM Corporation, 2020[16]
  • Induction into the National Inventors Hall of Fame (NIHF), 2023[126]
  • Honorary Doctorate, Princeton University, 2023.[127]
  • Honorary Doctor of Science, Syracuse University, 2024[128]
  • National LGBTQ Wall of Honor, 2025[129]

Selected works

Patents

  • Conway, Lynn; Richard Volz & Michael Walker, "Teleautonomous System and Method Employing Time/Position Synchrony/Desynchrony", US patent 5046022, issued September 3, 1991.
  • Conway, Lynn, "System and Method for Teleinteraction", US patent 5444476, issued August 22, 1995
  • Conway, Lynn & Charles Cohen, "Apparatus and Method for Remote Control Using a Visual Information Stream", US patent 5652849, issued July 20, 1997
  • Conway, Lynn, "Visual Control Selection of Remote Mechanisms", US patent 5719622, issued February 17, 1998
  • Conway, Lynn, "Method and System for Organizing and Presenting Audio/Visual Information", US patent 5745782, issued April 28, 1998

See also

  • List of pioneers in computer science

References

  1. ↑ "CHM 2014 Fellow 'For her work in developing and disseminating new methods of integrated circuit design'". https://computerhistory.org/profile/lynn-conway/. 
  2. ↑ Trip Gabriel (June 15, 2024). "Lynn Conway, Computing Pioneer and Transgender Advocate, Dies at 86". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/15/technology/lynn-conway-dead.html. 
  3. ↑ Saari, Peggy; Allison, Stephen; Ellavich, Marie C. (1996) (in en). Scientists: A-F. U-X-L. ISBN 978-0-7876-0960-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=8VVvtWrIxtAC. 
  4. ↑ Lee, John A. N. (1995). International Biographical Dictionary of Computer Pioneers. Fitzroy Dearborn. ISBN 1-884964-47-8. https://archive.org/details/internationalbio00john. 
  5. ↑ "Computer Pioneers - Lynn Conway". IEEE. http://computer.org/computer-pioneers/conway.html. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Conway, Lynn (March 15, 2004). "Lynn Conway's Retrospective PART I: CHILDHOOD AND EDUCATION". https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Retrospective1.html. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Kilbane, Doris (October 20, 2003). "Lynn Conway: A Trailblazer On Professional, Personal Levels". Electronic Design. https://www.electronicdesign.com/news/products/article/21795291/lynn-conway-a-trailblazer-on-professional-personal-levels. Retrieved February 17, 2023. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Smotherman, Mark. "IBM Advanced Computing Systems (ACS) – 1961–1969". http://www.cs.clemson.edu/~mark/acs.html. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 "Lynn Conway: 2009 Computer Pioneer Award Recipient". http://www.computer.org/portal/web/awards/conway. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Lynn Conway receives 2009 IEEE Computer Society Computer Pioneer Award. IEEE Computer Society. July 30, 2010. Archived from the original on May 8, 2021. Retrieved June 8, 2024 – via YouTube.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Wallich, Paul (December 2000). "Profile: Lynn Conway—Completing the Circuit". http://www.sciamdigital.com/index.cfm?fa=Products.ViewIssuePreview&ARTICLEID_CHAR=D1E5F66F-2A45-4BF9-BE9E-001B49F7F67. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Dianne Lynch, "The Secret Behind 'Project Y': One Woman's Success Story — 'What Works, Works' ", ABCNews.com, November 29, 2001.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "CHM Events: IBM ACS System: A Pioneering Supercomputer Project of the 1960's" (in en). February 18, 2010. https://computerhistory.org/events/ibm-acs-system-pioneering-supercomputer/. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 Hiltzik, Michael A. (November 19, 2000.) "Through the Gender Labyrinth." . Los Angeles Times, Los Angeles Times Magazine, page 1. (Free reprint . Retrieved on September 19, 2007.)
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Conway, Lynn (2012). "Reminiscences of the VLSI revolution: How a series of failures triggered a paradigm shift in digital design". IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine (IEEE) 4 (4): 8–31. doi:10.1109/MSSC.2012.2215752. ISSN 1943-0582. https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Memoirs/VLSI/Lynn_Conway_VLSI_Reminiscences.pdf. Retrieved February 17, 2023. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Alicandri, Jeremy (November 18, 2020). "IBM Apologizes For Firing Computer Pioneer For Being Transgender...52 Years Later". Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeremyalicandri/2020/11/18/ibm-apologizes-for-firing-computer-pioneer/?sh=25cf659667d5. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 Alicandri, Jeremy. "IBM Apologizes For Firing Computer Pioneer For Being Transgender...52 Years Later". https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeremyalicandri/2020/11/18/ibm-apologizes-for-firing-computer-pioneer/. 
  18. ↑ "Lynn Conway's Retrospective PART III: Starting Over". Ai.eecs.umich.edu. May 12, 1960. https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Retrospective3.html. 
  19. ↑ Goldberg, Adele J. (September 1980). "About This Issue...". ACM Computing Surveys 12 (3): 257–258. doi:10.1145/356819.356820. ISSN 0360-0300. https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=off&q=conway+lsi-systems-group&btnG=Search. Retrieved May 8, 2016. 
  20. ↑ Walker, Rob; Tersini, Nancy (1992). Silicon Destiny: The Story of Application Specific Integrated Circuits and LSI Logic Corporation. Walker Research Associates. ISBN 0-9632654-0-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=XA9Zx1bMH-oC&q=lynn-conway+parc+sutherland&pg=PT206. 
  21. ↑ "Sense of Wonder Motivates VLSI Chip Revolutionary, Lynn Conway" (in en). https://www.aaas.org/sense-wonder-motivates-vlsi-chip-revolutionary-lynn-conway. 
  22. ↑ Conway, Lynn (December 31, 2012). "The 'Sutherland Letter' of 1976". https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/VLSI/BackgroundContext/Sutherland_Letter.html. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 "Impact of the Mead-Conway VLSI Design Methodology and of the MOSIS Service". https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Impact/Impact.html. 
  24. ↑ Wallich, Paul (December 2000). "Profile: Lynn Conway—Completing the Circuit". http://www.sciamdigital.com/index.cfm?fa=Products.ViewIssuePreview&ARTICLEID_CHAR=D1E5F66F-2A45-4BF9-BE9E-001B49F7F67. 
  25. ↑ Smith, Gina (December 3, 2007). "Unsung innovators: Lynn Conway and Carver Mead: They literally wrote the book on chip design". http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9046420. 
  26. ↑ Miller, Chris (2022). Chip War: The Fight for the World's Most Critical Technology. Scribner. pp. 136–137, 140, 166, 378. 
  27. ↑ The MIT'78 VLSI System Design Course: A Guidebook for the Instructor of VLSI System Design , Lynn Conway, Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, August 12, 1979.
  28. ↑ Paul Penfield "The VLSI Revolution at MIT" by Paul Penfield 2014 MIT EECS Connector, Spring 2014, pp. 11–13.
  29. ↑ Carliss Y. Baldwin and Kim B. Clark (2000). Design Rules: The Power of Modularity. MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-02466-7. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 National Research Council (1999), Funding a Revolution: Government Support for Computing Research, National Academy Press (excerpt )
  31. ↑ "Lynn Conway". January 29, 2024. https://interfaces.che.wisc.edu/lynn-conway/. 
  32. ↑ "Impact of the Mead-Conway VLSI Design Methodology and of the MOSIS Service". https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Impact/Impact.html. 
  33. ↑ "The MOSIS Service – More than 50,000 designs in 25 years of operation", http://www.mosis.com/ , 2008
  34. ↑ THE MPC Adventures: Experiences with the Generation of VLSI Design and Implementation Methodologies , Lynn Conway, Xerox PARC Technical Report VLSI-81-2, January 19, 1981.
  35. ↑ THE MPC Adventures: Experiences with the Generation of VLSI Design and Implementation Methodologies , by Lynn Conway, Microprocessing and Microprogramming – The Euromicro Journal, Vol. 10, No. 4, November 1982, pp 209–228.
  36. ↑ Allocating Federal Funds for Science and Technology , by Committee on Criteria for Federal Support of Research and Development, National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine, National Research Council, National Academy Press, Washington DC, 1995, page 75.
  37. ↑ "Figure II.13: Technological Developments in Computing", in Allocating Federal Funds for Science and Technology, National Academy Press, Washington, DC 1995, page 75.". Ai.eecs.umich.edu. May 7, 1999. https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Impact/Impact.html#Figure.II.13. 
  38. ↑ Evolving the High Performance Computing and Communications Initiative to Support the Nation's Information Infrastructure , by Committee to Study High Performance Computing and Communications: Status of a Major Initiative, National Research Council, National Academy Press, Washington DC, 1995, page 20.
  39. ↑ "Figure 1.2: Government-sponsored computing research and development stimulates creation of innovative ideas and industries", in Evolving the High Performance Computing and Communications Initiative to Support the Nation's Information Infrastructure, National Academy Press, 1995, page 20.". Ai.eecs.umich.edu. May 7, 1999. https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Impact/Impact.html#Figure.1.2. 
  40. ↑ Feinstein, Jonathan S. (2023). Creativity in Large-Scale Contexts. Stanford University Press. pp. 196–199, 266–270, 299–304. 
  41. ↑ The VLSI Archive , by Lynn Conway, Electronic Design News, June 3, 2009.
  42. ↑ "VLSI Archive: An online archive of documents and artifacts from the Mead-Conway VLSI design revolution". Ai.eecs.umich.edu. https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/VLSI/VLSIarchive.html. 
  43. ↑ Suchman, Lucy (March 1, 2021). "A Sociotechnical Exchange, Redux". https://www.4sonline.org/a-sociotechnical-exchange-redux/. 
  44. ↑ Conway, Lynn; Suchman, Lucy (February 28, 2021). "Conway-Suchman conversation". Conway Suchman Conversation. https://conwaysuchman-conv.pubpub.org/pub/93808pq4/release/4. Retrieved April 25, 2021. 
  45. ↑ Dwight B. Davis "Assessing the Stragetic Computing Initiative," by Dwight B. Davis High Technology, Vol. 5, No. 4, April 1985.
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Osborn, Michelle (June 7, 1983). "Hi-tech researcher chips in to develop smart computer". USA Today. https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Memoirs/DARPA/USA_Today_6-07-83.pdf. 
  47. ↑ "The Net Effect, Romanticism, Capitalism, and the Internet" , Thomas Steeter, New York University Press, 2011, p, 101.
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 "Lynn Conway awarded Emerita status at the University of Michigan". University of Michigan. December 31, 1998. https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Awards/Emerita.html. 
  49. ↑ Moore, Nicole Casal (June 11, 2024). "The legacy of Lynn Conway, chip design pioneer and transgender-rights advocate" (in en-US). https://news.engin.umich.edu/2024/06/the-legacy-of-lynn-conway-chip-design-pioneer-and-transgender-rights-advocate/. 
  50. ↑ Smotherman, Mark; Spicer, Dag (December 2010). "IBM's single-processor supercomputer efforts". Communications of the ACM 53 (12): 28–30. doi:10.1145/1859204.1859216. https://cacm.acm.org/opinion/ibms-single-processor-supercomputer-efforts/. Retrieved June 7, 2024. 
  51. ↑ Lanzerotti, Mary, ed (2012). "Editor's Note". IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine (IEEE) 4: 1. doi:10.1109/MSSC.2012.2214274. http://www.eecs.umich.edu/eecs/about/articles/2013/VLSI_Reminiscences.pdf. Retrieved June 22, 2013. 
  52. ↑ "Solid-State Circuits Publishes Special Issue with Lynn Conway's Memoir of the VLSI Revolution" , Michigan EECS News, January 31, 2013.
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 53.2 House, Chuck (2012). "A Paradigm Shift Was Happening All Around Us". IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine (IEEE) 4 (4): 32–35. doi:10.1109/MSSC.2012.2215759. ISSN 1943-0582. https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Memoirs/VLSI/Commentaries/A_Paradigm_Shift_Was_Happening_by_Chuck_House.pdf. Retrieved February 17, 2023. 
  54. ↑ Sequin, Carlo (2012). "Witnessing the Birth of VLSI Design". IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine (IEEE) 4 (4): 36–39. doi:10.1109/MSSC.2012.2215758. ISSN 1943-0582. http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~sequin/PAPERS/2012_SSCM_VLSI.pdf. Retrieved June 24, 2013. 
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 Shepard, Ken (2012). ""Covering": How We Missed the Inside-Story of the VLSI Revolution". IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine (IEEE) 4 (4): 40–42. doi:10.1109/MSSC.2012.2215757. ISSN 1943-0582. https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Memoirs/VLSI/Commentaries/Covering_by_Ken_Shepard.pdf. Retrieved February 17, 2023. 
  56. ↑ ACM News (October 12, 2018). "Lynn Conway and the VLSI Revolution in Microchip Design". https://cacm.acm.org/news/231829-lynn-conway-and-the-vlsi-revolution-in-microchip-design/fulltext. 
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 "CSDL | IEEE Computer Society". https://www.computer.org/csdl/magazine/co/2018/10/mco2018100066/17D45WXIkDI. 
  58. ↑ Boulton, Jim (2024). Lines in the Sand, The Lynn Conway Story (Unsung Heroes of the Information Age). Unsung Heroes (published February 21, 2024). 
  59. ↑ The Centre for Computing History (April 26, 2024). Lynn Conway – If you want to change the future, start living as if you're already there. Archived from the original on June 6, 2024. Retrieved June 6, 2024 – via YouTube.
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 60.2 "Beautiful Daughters Cast: Lynn Conway" , LOGO Channel, 2006
  61. ↑ "Class Notes: 2002 Inductees: Here's how many of our 2002 Hall Of Famers enjoy their leisure time and how they still give back to society" , Doris Kilbane, Electronic Design, October 20, 2003.
  62. ↑ "Secrets Are Out: Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender engineers are no longer willing to hide their true selves" Jaimie Schock, Prism Magazine, American Society of Engineering Education, October 2011, pp. 44–47.
  63. ↑ "Lynn Conway's homepage". https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/conway.html. 
  64. ↑ "Status of translations of Lynn's webpages, 12-10-13". December 10, 2013. https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/conway-Translation%20status.htm. 
  65. ↑ "Transsexual Women's Successes". https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/TSsuccesses/TSsuccesses.html. 
  66. ↑ Olyslager F, Conway L (2008). Transseksualiteit komt vaker voor dan u denkt [Transsexualism is more common than you think]. Tijdschrift voor Genderstudies, Vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 39–51, 2008. (abstract in English )
  67. ↑ ""Profile: Lynn Conway," Human Rights Campaign (HRC) website". HRC. http://www.hrc.org/issues/3469.htm. 
  68. ↑ "Biographies of famous LGBT people: Science: Professor Lynn Conway, Lesbian Gay Bisexual Trans History Month website". Lgbthistorymonth.org.uk. http://www.lgbthistorymonth.org.uk/history/lynnconway.htm. 
  69. ↑ "Embracing Diversity – HP employees in Fort Collins, Colorado, welcome Dr. Lynn Conway" , hpNOW, February 8, 2001.
  70. ↑ "Computer pioneer speaks from the heart about diversity: Transsexual talks at HP, CSU" , by Kate Forgach, Fort Collins Coloradoan, January 26, 2001.
  71. ↑ "Chipping Away at Prejudice" , by Sarah Wildman, The Advocate, March 13, 2001.
  72. ↑ "What's pride got to do with it?" , by Teri Warner, Employee Communications, Circuit for Employees@Intel, July 1, 2003.
  73. ↑ "Why HR should wake up to the needs of transsexual employees" , by Christine Burns, Personnel Today, November 18, 2003.
  74. ↑ "Professor Lynn Conway, Guest at Out & Equal". https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/TS/O%26E/Raytheon/Raytheon%20Adds%20GI%26E.html. 
  75. ↑ "Dr. Kenneth Zucker's War on Transgenders". Queerty. February 6, 2009. http://www.queerty.com/dr-kenneth-zuckers-war-on-transgenders-20090206/. 
  76. ↑ Antoine, Chagmion (March 6, 2009). "Transgender Crusader – A professor at the University of Michigan is taking on the psychiatric community's ideas about transgendered people and mental illness". CBS News / YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JBRCo1KDX_o. 
  77. ↑ 77.0 77.1 Carey, Benedict (August 21, 2007). "Criticism of a Gender Theory, and a Scientist Under Siege". New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/21/health/psychology/21gender.html?ei=5124&en=0c11623b4c191f82&ex=1345348800&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink&pagewanted=all. 
  78. ↑ Dreger, A. D. (2008). "The controversy surrounding The man who would be queen: A case history of the politics of science, identity, and sex in the Internet age". Archives of Sexual Behavior 37 (3): 366–421. doi:10.1007/s10508-007-9301-1. PMID 18431641. 
  79. ↑ Conway, Lynn (July 16, 2003). "Shockingly defamatory official publicity by the US National Academies for Bailey's book". https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/TS/ShockingPublicity.html. 
  80. ↑ Dreger, Alice (March 10, 2015). "Galileo's Middle Finger: Heretics, Activists, and One Scholar's Search for Justice". https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/316214/galileos-middle-finger-by-alice-dreger/. 
  81. ↑ Conway, Lynn (June 18, 2008). "Dreger's Defense of J. Michael Bailey: The Peer Commentary Papers Tear It Apart". https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/TS/Dreger/ASB%20paper/PeerCommentaries/Peer_Papers_Critical_of_Dreger.html. 
  82. ↑ VDay LA 2004 Commemorative Page , DeepStealth Productions, Los Angeles California, 2004.
  83. ↑ "Beautiful Daughters" , a documentary by Josh Aronson and Ariel Orr Jordan, LOGO Channel, 2006.
  84. ↑ 84.0 84.1 "Trans Hero: Lynn Conway". Stonewall 40: Trans Heroes. International Court System. 2009. http://www.impcourt.org/Trans40/LynnConway.htm. 
  85. ↑ 85.0 85.1 "Recognizing Outstanding Transgender and Gender-Nonconforming Individuals in the Struggle for LGBT Equality". National Gay and Lesbian Task Force. June 10, 2009. http://www.commondreams.org/newswire/2009/06/10-17. 
  86. ↑ Beyer, Dana (January 8, 2014). "Leadership and the Value of Exceptional Allies". Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/dana-beyer/leadership-and-the-value-of-exceptional-allies_b_4543460.html. 
  87. ↑ "IEEE at a Glace". IEEE. https://www.ieee.org/about/at-a-glance.html. 
  88. ↑ "IEEE Code of Ethics". IEEE. https://www.ieee.org/about/corporate/governance/p7-8.html. 
  89. ↑ McCarty, Maureen (January 13, 2014). "The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers Adopts LGBT-Inclusive Code of Ethics". HRC. http://www.hrc.org/blog/entry/the-institute-of-electrical-and-electronic-engineers-adopts-lgbt-inclusive. 
  90. ↑ "21 Transgender People Who Influenced American Culture". Time. May 29, 2014. https://time.com/130734/transgender-celebrities-actors-athletes-in-america/. Retrieved June 4, 2014. 
  91. ↑ "The Trans 100". http://www.thetrans100.com/. 
  92. ↑ Taylor, Evan (February 4, 2020). "Trans Activism Oral History Project – Lynn Conway Full Interview". https://vimeo.com/501793564. 
  93. ↑ Forman, Ross (September 18, 2013) "Transgender pioneer reflects on sports past" . Windy City Times.
  94. ↑ "A Wedding Trip to Mackinac Island". 2002. https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/MackinacIsland/MackinacIsland.html. 
  95. ↑ Nicole Casal Moore,"Life, Engineered: How Lynn Conway reinvented her world and ours The Michigan Engineer, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Fall 2014, pp. 42–49.
  96. ↑ Marcin Szczepanski and Evan Dougherty,"A Place to Be Wild ," Michigan Engineering, October 8, 2014.
  97. ↑ Hiltzik, Michael (June 11, 2024). "Lynn Conway, leading computer scientist and transgender pioneer, dies at 85". https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2024-06-11/lynn-conway-leading-computer-scientist-and-transgender-pioneer-dies-at-85. 
  98. ↑ Moore, Nicole Casal (June 11, 2024). "The legacy of Lynn Conway, chip design pioneer and transgender-rights advocate". https://news.engin.umich.edu/2024/06/the-legacy-of-lynn-conway-chip-design-pioneer-and-transgender-rights-advocate/. 
  99. ↑ "The 1981 Achievement Award – Lynn Conway, Carver Mead" by Martin Marshall, Larry Waller, and Howard Wolff, Electronics, October 20, 1981
  100. ↑ "Penn Engineering: The Harold Pender Award". http://www.seas.upenn.edu/pubs/pender-award.html. 
  101. ↑ "IEEE EAB Major Educational Innovation Award, 1984". Ieee.org. http://www.ieee.org/web/education/awards/past_recipients.html. 
  102. ↑ "Services Update". http://www.ieee.org/web/membership/fellows/Alphabetical/cfellows.html. 
  103. ↑ "Franklin Institute honors eight physicists" , Physics Today, July 1985.
  104. ↑ "Secretary of Defense Meritorious Achievement Award, May 1985" , Meritorious Service Award, May 1985.
  105. ↑ NAE Member Directory, Section 05. (year from The White House Office of the Press Secretary )
  106. ↑ "Society of Women Engineers: Achievement Award Winners.". http://societyofwomenengineers.swe.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=657&Itemid=42. 
  107. ↑ President Clinton Names Lynn Conway to the Air Force Academy Board of Visitors" , The White House Office of the Press Secretary, January 31, 1996.
  108. ↑ "100 years of engineering excellence". http://lor.trincoll.edu/info/pub_college/reporter/winter98/engineer.htm. , Trinity Reporter, Trinity College, Hartford, CN, Winter 98.
  109. ↑ "Electronic Design Hall of Fame – 2002 Inductees" , Electronic Design, October 21, 2002.
  110. ↑ "NOGLSTP to Honor Aberson, Conway, and Raytheon at Awards Ceremony in February" , Press Release, National Organization of Gay and Lesbian Scientists and Technical Professionals, January 25, 2005.
  111. ↑ "The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Members of the Corporation". Draper.com. http://www.draper.com/members.html. 
  112. ↑ ""Lynn Conway: 2014 Fellow", Computer History Museum, 2014 Fellow Awards". http://www.computerhistory.org/fellowawards/hall/bios/Lynn,Conway/. 
  113. ↑ "Illinois Institute of Technology, ITT Commencement" , May 17, 2014.
  114. ↑ "Technology innovator to headline Steinmetz Memorial Lecture". http://www.union.edu/news/stories/2015/04/prominent-woman-engineer-to-headline-steinmetz-memorial-lecture.php. 
  115. ↑ "Lynn Conway Receives 2015 IEEE/RSE James Clerk Maxwell Medal". December 5, 2014. https://ece.engin.umich.edu/stories/lynn-conway-receives-2015-ieee-rse-james-clerk-maxwell-medal. 
  116. ↑ Conway, Lynn (March 23, 2016), "Our Travels Through Techno-Social Space-Time: Envisioning Incoming Waves of Technological Innovation", 2016 Magill Lecture in Science, Technology and the Arts, Columbia University, https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Memoirs/Talks/Columbia/2016_Magill_Lecture.pptx, retrieved February 17, 2023 
  117. ↑ Adams, Jesse (April 7, 2016). "Magill Lecture: Visionary Engineer Lynn Conway BS'62, MS'63 Heralds Dawn of the Techno-Social Age". Columbia University. http://engineering.columbia.edu/visionary-engineer-lynn-conway-bs%E2%80%9962-ms%E2%80%9963-heralds-dawn-techno-social-age. 
  118. ↑ "University of Victoria News, Leaders in computing, athletics, telecommunications and public service receive honorary degrees" , September 14, 2016.
  119. ↑ "Lynn Conway: Honorary Doctor of Engineering". November 9, 2016. https://www.uvic.ca/research/transchair/assets/images/misc/conway_event_poster.jpg. 
  120. ↑ "Lynn Conway. AAAS". https://www.aaas.org/fellow/conway-lynn. 
  121. ↑ "2016 Fellow". AAAS". https://www.aaas.org/2016-fellows. 
  122. ↑ "O'Hara, Delia (28 August 2017). "Sense of Wonder Motivates VLSI Chip Revolutionary, Lynn Conway". AAAS". https://www.aaas.org/blog/member-spotlight/sense-wonder-motivates-vlsi-chip-revolutionary-lynn-conway. 
  123. ↑ "Member Spotlight. "Lynn Conway". AAAS". https://www.aaas.org/taxonomy/term/3979/all/feed?page=3&AMCV_242B6472541199F70A4C98A6%2540AdobeOrg_=793872103%257CMCIDTS%257C16834%257CMCMID%257C14052391524514714681898153359099533420%257CMCAID%257CNONE. 
  124. ↑ Robertson, Zach (October 18, 2018). "Computing pioneer to receive honorary U-M doctorate". Michigan Engineering News. https://news.engin.umich.edu/2018/10/computing-pioneer-to-receive-honorary-um-doctor-of-science-degree/. 
  125. ↑ "2019 NCWIT Summit: Lynn Conway – Pioneer Award Ceremony". May 16, 2019. https://www.ncwit.org/video/2019-ncwit-summit-lynn-conway-pioneer-award-ceremony. 
  126. ↑ "Lynn Conway, Very Large-Scale Integration (VLSI)". January 6, 2023. https://www.invent.org/inductees/lynn-conway. 
  127. ↑ Princeton awards five honorary degrees. (May 30, 2023). Princeton University. https://www.princeton.edu/news/2023/05/30/princeton-awards-five-honorary-degrees
  128. ↑ "5 Honorary Degrees to Be Presented at 2024 Commencement". April 19, 2024. https://news.syr.edu/blog/2024/04/19/5-honorary-degrees-to-be-presented-at-2024-commencement/. 
  129. ↑ "Seven Trans Icons Join Stonewall’s LGBTQ Wall of Honor in Powerful Pride Tribute" (in en-US). 2025-06-27. https://gayety.com/stonewall-wall-of-honor-2025-trans-inductees. 

Further reading



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