Biography:Steven Novella

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Short description: American neurologist, skeptic (b. 1964)
Steven Novella
Steve Novella 715 (cropped).jpg
Novella in 2013
Born
Steven Paul Novella

(1964-07-29) July 29, 1964 (age 59)
Danbury, Connecticut, U.S.
Alma materGeorgetown University
Known for
  • Editor of Science-Based Medicine
  • Host of The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe podcast
Scientific career
FieldsClinical neurology
InstitutionsYale School of Medicine
Medical career
ProfessionNeurology
Sub-specialtiesBotulinum therapy, ALS/myasthenia gravis and neuromuscular disorders, general neurology, neurophysiology
ResearchALS, myasthenia gravis, neuropathy, and erythromelalgia
AwardsRobert P. Balles Prize for Critical Thinking
Websitetheness.com/neurologicablog

Steven Paul Novella (born July 29, 1964) is an American clinical neurologist and associate professor at Yale University School of Medicine.[1] Novella is best known for his involvement in the skeptical movement as a host of The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe podcast and as the president of the New England Skeptical Society. He is a fellow of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI).

Early life and education

Novella was born July 29, 1964[citation needed] to Joseph Novella and Patricia Novella née Danbury.[2] He was raised in New Fairfield, Connecticut, and has four siblings.[3] Novella considered becoming a lawyer prior to attending college but decided to go into medicine as a teenager.[4] As an undergraduate, he pursued premed and science.[4]

In 1991, Novella earned a medical degree from Georgetown University School of Medicine. He spent the first year of residency at Georgetown University Hospital/Washington Hospital Center in internal medicine. He completed his residency in neurology at Yale–New Haven Hospital in 1995.[5] Novella was board certified in neurology in 1998.[6]

Novella's academic specialization is in neurology, including more specifically, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), myasthenia gravis and neuromuscular disorders, neurophysiology, and the treatment of hyperactive neurological disorders.[1][7]

Career

Skepticism and critical thinking

There is no skepticism without science and the scientific method. It's about how we know what we know.

—Steven Novella[8]

Novella is a proponent of scientific skepticism. In 1996 Novella, his brother Bob, and Perry DeAngelis founded The Connecticut Skeptical Society.[3] The group began to organize in late 1995, when DeAngelis and Novella noticed a lack of listings for their area in Skeptical Inquirer magazine.[9][3]

The group later joined with the Skeptical Inquirers of New England (SINE) and the New Hampshire Skeptical Resource to form the New England Skeptical Society (NESS). Novella has served as the president of the NESS since inception.[10]

Novella defines a skeptic as:

... one who prefers beliefs and conclusions that are reliable and valid to ones that are comforting or convenient, and therefore rigorously and openly applies the methods of science and reason to all empirical claims, especially their own. A skeptic provisionally proportions acceptance of any claim to valid logic and a fair and thorough assessment of available evidence, and studies the pitfalls of human reason and the mechanisms of deception so as to avoid being deceived by others or themselves. Skepticism values method over any particular conclusion.[11]

In response to a 2007 editorial in The New York Times in which Paul Davies concluded "until science comes up with a testable theory of the laws of the universe, its claim to be free of faith is manifestly bogus,"[12] Novella said,

It's not actually true because science is not dependent upon faith in a naturalistic world. It just follows the methods as if it is naturalistic... it is not a system of beliefs. People often ask me and they will ask you as skeptics what do you believe? Well, it's not about belief. Do you believe in ESP? It doesn't matter if I believe in ESP. The only thing that matters is what is the evidence for ESP? ...It's very important I think to present skepticism as a method of inquiry not a set of conclusions, not a set of beliefs.[13]

Novella is a fellow of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry[14] and has also been active in the organized skeptical community as a member of the executive committee of Northeast Conference on Science and Skepticism (NECSS).[15]

In April 2023, Novella described the carnivore diet as the latest fad diet to have achieved popularity.[16] On account of its cost he described the diet as one for "select elites", adding what he said was a further unsavory aspect to its harmful and pseudoscientific basis.[16]

Paranormal investigations

In the early days of the New England Skeptical Society, Novella participated in investigations of paranormal claims, some of which were part of the screening process for the One Million Dollar Paranormal Challenge offered by the James Randi Educational Foundation. Novella investigated such claims as Ouija boards (when the couple claiming they could operate one were properly blindfolded, their powers vanished), the ability to control the flipping of a coin (the claimant turned out to be making some common logical errors in thinking), a mind reader who got zero out of 20 correct, and many dowsers (typically found to be experiencing the Ideomotor phenomenon). Novella and the NESS also examined some phenomena described by people who were not competing for the One Million Dollar prize, such as haunted houses, the ability to communicate with the dead, and recording the voices of ghosts, known as electronic voice phenomenon, or EVP.[17]

The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe podcast

Bill Nye the Science Guy, Skeptics Guide to the Universe cast, and George Hrab, April 10, 2015, at F.I.T Haft Auditorium New York City.

In May 2005, Novella started The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe (SGU) podcast with Perry DeAngelis, Evan Bernstein, and his brothers Bob and Jay Novella. DeAngelis remained with the show until his death in August 2007. In July 2006, Rebecca Watson joined the podcast as a regular, staying through December 2014. Cara Santa Maria joined the cast in July 2015.

Novella hosts the show and handles editing and post-production. In an interview for the Books and Ideas podcast he described his work for the podcast as being a labor of love, and similar to a second job.[4] Novella said the SGU show primarily addresses controversial topics and topics on fringe science, with common content on paranormal or conspiracy theories, health fraud, and issues of consumer protection.[4]

Blogs

In 2007, Novella started a blog, Neurologica, "your daily fix of neuroscience, skepticism and critical thinking",[18] for which he writes on a weekly basis covering subjects generally related to science or skepticism. He is the executive editor of the blog Science-Based Medicine[19] for which he is also a regular contributor, and he is a medical advisor to Quackwatch, an alternative medicine watchdog website.[20]

In 2008, Novella signed the Project Steve petition,[21][non-primary source needed] a tongue-in-cheek parody of the list of "scientists that doubt evolution" produced by creationists.

Steven Novella and Richard Saunders at TAM 13.

Print

Novella is an associate editor of the Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine,[22] and writes the monthly Weird Science column for the New Haven Advocate newspaper.[citation needed] He created several Dungeons & Dragons campaign and expansion packs.[23][24][25] Writing for Skeptical Inquirer, Rob Palmer stated in a review of Novella's book, The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe, that it could serve as a kind of "operations manual" for critical thinking and skepticism.[26]

Television

Novella has appeared on several television programs, including Penn & Teller: Bullshit!, The Dr. Oz Show,[27] and Inside Edition.[28]

In 2008, he filmed a pilot for a television series called The Skeptologists[29] along with Brian Dunning, Yau-Man Chan, Mark Edward, Michael Shermer, Phil Plait, and Kirsten Sanford. The series has not been picked up by any network.[citation needed]

The Dr. Oz Show appearance

Novella appeared on The Dr. Oz Show segment, "Controversial Medicine: Why your doctor is afraid of alternative health", where he was introduced as "an outspoken critic of alternative medicine." Novella noted that the term "alternative" creates a double standard. "There should be one science-based common-sense standard to figure out what therapies work and are safe." Novella made the point that herbs are medicinals and have been used that way for thousands of years, but the problem is in re-branding them as alternative, marketing them as natural, and therefore arguing that they don't need evidence that they are safe and effective. "At the end of the day, the public was sold products that the evidence shows doesn't work."[third-party source needed]

On the subject of acupuncture, Novella stated, "I've spent a lot of time reviewing the acupuncture literature ... and the evidence overwhelmingly shows that acupuncture, in fact, doesn't work." In response to Dr. Oz's complaint that Novella is dismissive of an idea that the "way we think [about acupuncture] in the west is that it can't be possible effective." Novella replied, "I didn't say it couldn't possibly work, I said when you look at it, it doesn't work."[27][third-party source needed]

Tim Farley, Karen Stollznow, Novella and Ray Hall, TAM 9
On Kylie Sturgess's podcast panel during Skeptrack at Dragon Con

Other work

Novella led two courses for The Great Courses, "Medical Myths, Lies, and Half-Truths: What We Think We Know May Be Hurting Us"[30] and "Your Deceptive Mind: A Scientific Guide to Critical Thinking Skills".[31]

In 2009, Novella was the board chairman when the Institute for Science in Medicine was founded.[32]

In January 2010, Novella was elected as a Fellow of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry.[33]

In 2011, Novella was appointed Senior Fellow of the James Randi Educational Foundation, and Director of their Science-Based medicine project.[34]

Adventure and role-playing games

Novella co-owned a local live action role-playing (LARP) game for about 5 years, during which time the owners wrote seven D20 System books.[35]

Novella coauthored the adventure gaming book Twin Crowns,[24] a naval and travel expansion for Dungeons & Dragons and Broadsides!, a role-playing game (RPG) based on the D20 System,[23] and Spellbound: A Codex of Ritual Magic, which features "a complete system of magic suitable for any campaign setting" using that system.[25]

Autonomous sensory meridian response

Novella published a reflective evaluation of the autonomous sensory meridian response,[36][37] a low grade euphoria characterized by 'a combination of positive feelings, relaxation, and a distinct static-like tingling sensation on the skin', which begins on the scalp before moving down the spine to the base of the neck, sometimes spreading to the back, arms and legs, often prompted by specific acoustic and visual stimuli including the content of some digital videos, and less commonly by intentional attentional control.[38][39]

In a post on Neurologica, Novella said that he investigates such phenomena by asking 'Is it real'? Regarding ASMR, he said: 'I don't think there is a definitive answer, but I am inclined to believe that it is. There are a number of people who seem to have independently [...] experienced and described' it with 'fairly specific details. In this way' ASMR is 'similar to migraine headaches – we know they exist as a syndrome primarily because many different people report the same constellation of symptoms and natural history.' He suggested that ASMR might be a type of pleasurable seizure or another way to activate the 'pleasure response' and advised that functional magnetic resonance imaging and transcranial magnetic stimulation technologies should be used to study the brains of people who experience ASMR in comparison to people who do not, as a way of seeking better scientific understanding of the phenomenon.[37][40]

Tobinick lawsuit

On June 9, 2014, Edward Tobinick filed a civil action in Florida Southern District Court naming Steven Novella, Yale University, the Society for Science-Based Medicine, Inc. and SGU Productions, LLC as defendants.[41] The action alleged that in violation of the Lanham Act, Novella “has and continues to publish a false advertisement disparaging Plaintiffs entitled 'Enbrel for Stroke and Alzheimer's', ('the 'Advertisement') and implying that the INR plaintiffs' use of Etanercept is ineffective and useless;" and "The Advertisement is extremely inflammatory and defamatory in nature as it contains multiple false and misleading statements of fact regarding Plaintiffs." "The Advertisement" referred to in the action is an entry for the Science-Based Medicine blog that Novella wrote and posted on May 8, 2013.[42][third-party source needed]

On July 14, 2014, Novella's attorney, Marc Randazza, filed an "Opposition to Plaintiff's Motion for Temporary and Preliminary Injunctive Relief".[43] The filing stated that Tobinick was "highly unlikely to prevail in this matter ... as Defendant's statements range from provably true to opinion," that a preliminary injunction "would impose an unlawful prior restraint of speech," and that "an injunction would result in far more harm to Defendants and the public than Plaintiffs' claimed injury." Novella posted a response to the lawsuit on Science-Based Medicine in which he said, "In my opinion he [Tobinick] is using legal thuggery in an attempt to intimidate me and silence my free speech because he finds its content inconvenient".[44][third-party source needed]

United States District Judge Robin Rosenberg ordered the case closed on September 30, 2015, and found in judgement for the defendants. Tobinick was unable to show that Novella had profited from his blog post or that it was an advertisement.[45] In 2017, a final appeal affirmed the district court's opinion.[46]

Bob Novella, Steve Novella, Jay Novella and Evan Bernstein at DragonCon 2018, sporting Star Trek costumes.

Awards

  • In 2010 the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSICOP) awarded Novella the Robert P. Balles Prize for Critical Thinking for his body of work including The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe podcast, Science-Based Medicine, Neurologica, Skepticial Inquirer column The Science of Medicine and the "tireless travel and lecture schedule on behalf of skepticism". "The truly most amazing thing is he does this all on a volunteer basis."[47] According to Barry Karr "You may be the hardest worker in all of skepticism."[48]
  • In 2019 Novella became a Fellow for the German Skeptic group Gesellschaft zur wissenschaftlichen Untersuchung von Parawissenschaften GWUP[49]

Topics of interest

Novella leading a panel about bad science in science fiction at New York Comic Con in 2018

Novella often writes and speaks about a variety of topics in areas of alternative medicine, the new age movement, parapsychology, and pseudoscience. As a proponent of scientific skepticism, his writings generally address supporting evidence and scientific consensus. Topics addressed in his writings include:

  • Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)[50] – Alternative medicine is any practice that is put forward as having the healing effects of medicine but is not based on evidence gathered using the scientific method. It consists of a wide range of health care practices, products and therapies.[51] Novella has often said, "CAM is CAM because it is not science-based. If it were, it would not be 'alternative' medicine, it would be medicine."[52]
  • Vaccines and autism[53] – There is no evidence of a causal relationship between vaccinations and autism.[54][55] Despite this, many parents believe that vaccinations cause autism and therefore delay or avoid immunizing their children under the "vaccine overload" hypothesis[56] even though this hypothesis has no scientific evidence and is biologically implausible.[57] Novella sums it up, "With regard to vaccines, the data is there, published in the peer-reviewed literature. Many professional groups have thoroughly analyzed the literature and independently concluded that vaccines are safe and effective."[58]
  • Homeopathy[59] – Homeopathy is a system of alternative medicine created in 1796 by Samuel Hahnemann, based on the doctrine that like cures like, according to which a substance that causes the symptoms of a disease in healthy people will cure similar symptoms in sick people.[60] The remedies are prepared by repeatedly diluting a chosen substance in alcohol or distilled water, followed by forceful striking on an elastic body. Dilution usually continues well past the point where no molecules of the original substance remain.[61] Novella wrote, "I would like people to be aware of the fact that homeopathy is a pre-scientific philosophy, that it is based entirely on magical thinking and is out of step with the last 200 years of science. People should know that typical homeopathic remedies are diluted to the point that no active ingredient remains, and that homeopaths invoke mysterious vibrations or implausible and highly fanciful water chemistry. I would further like people to know that clinical research with homeopathic remedies, when taken as a whole, show no effect for any such remedy."[62]
  • AIDS denialism[63] – HIV/AIDS denialism is the belief, contradicted by conclusive medical and scientific evidence,[64][65] that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) does not cause acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Novella wrote, "Denialists are pseudoskeptics – they pretend to apply the principles of skepticism (doubt) but they are dedicated to a final conclusion, and so they twist the process to their desired outcome."[66]
  • Near-death experience – A near-death experience (NDE) refers to personal experiences associated with impending death, encompassing multiple possible sensations including detachment from the body, feelings of levitation, total serenity, security, warmth, the experience of absolute dissolution, and the presence of a light. In an article for ABC News, Novella is quoted as saying, "That NDEs occur is not controversial – many people report remembering experiences around the time of cardiac arrest from which they were revived. . . the question is how to interpret them. ...The burden of proof for anyone claiming that NDEs are evidence for the survival of the self beyond the physical function of the brain is to rule out other more prosaic explanations. This burden has not been met."[67]
  • Hologram bracelets – A hologram bracelet or power bracelet is a small rubber wristband fitted with a hologram. Manufacturers have said that the holograms "optimise the natural flow of energy around the body, and so improve an athlete's strength, balance and flexibility".[68] Appearing on an episode of the television show Inside Edition Novella was asked if he believed the claims of makers of power bracelets. He replied, "Not for a second. That is based upon nothing. That is literally made up marketing hype."[28]
  • Intelligent design[69] – Of creationists' world-view, Novella writes, "it is not about evidence or logic, it is about authority. The debate is framed as God's authority vs man's authority, not in terms of logic or evidence."[70]
  • Conspiracy theories[71] – In June 2014, Novella conducted a written debate with Michael Fullerton, "who believes that the collapse of the Twin Towers on 9/11 was not due to the official story of damage from the impact of commercial jets, but rather the result of a controlled demolition."[72] In Novella's first response he concluded, "Michael's core logical error in making his case is depending on the claim that the towers fell in a manner that looks like controlled demolition, in that they fell fast and mostly straight down. These are not, however, features specific to controlled demolition. They would be true regardless of what initiated the collapse of such structures."[73]
  • Post-truth – Speaking at CSIcon Las Vegas 2017, Novella described the arc of skepticism beginning with a focus on classic pseudoscience such as UFOs and psychics which evolved over time to science denialism and a rise in "alternative medicine". Novella stated that we now live in a post-truth world "where you don't have to defend your facts." He believes this can be countered by active skeptics, "You have to understand where people are coming from. You have to give them an alternative narrative."[74]

Bibliography

A book written by Steve Novella and his Skeptics' Guide co-hosts about scientific skepticism was published in October 2018. The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe: How to Know What's Really Real in a World Increasingly Full of Fake was reviewed by Publishers Weekly, which said: "In plain English and cogent prose, Novella makes skepticism seem mighty, necessary, and accessible all at once... Empowering and illuminating, this thinker's paradise is an antidote to spreading anti-scientific sentiments. Readers will return to its ideas again and again."[75] The subsections of the book, Neuropsycholological Humility, Metacognition, Science and Pseudoscience and Iconic Cautionary Tales from History, break the topic into conceptional chunks that are easy for readers with a wide range of backgrounds to digest.[76]

Neil deGrasse Tyson's review says: "Thorough, informative, and enlightening, The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe inoculates you against the frailties and shortcomings of human cognition. If this book does not become required reading for us all, we may well see modern civilization unravel before our eyes."[77][78]

Steven, Bob, and Jay Novella published The Skeptics' Guide to the Future in 2022.[79]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Yale Medical Group". Yale School of Medicine. http://yalemedicalgroup.org/services/steven_novella.profile?source=news. 
  2. ↑ "Joseph Novella" (in en-US). July 24, 2017. https://www.newtownbee.com/07242017/joseph-novella/. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Pollak, Michael (August 24, 1997). "Taking the Wind from Silly Sails". New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/24/nyregion/taking-the-wind-from-silly-sails.html. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Campbell, Ginger. "Interview with Dr. Steven Novella from The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe". Books and Ideas. Pods in Print. http://hwcdn.libsyn.com/p/5/1/8/5185c0e4243531e7/16-booksandideas-Novella.pdf?c_id=1520737&expiration=1400793346&hwt=413f396a04c52befb47da9afa6a78b57. 
  5. ↑ "Dr. Steven P Novella MD". U.S. News & World Report LP. http://health.usnews.com/doctors/steven-novella-215704. 
  6. ↑ "Yale Neurology". Yale School of Medicine. http://medicine.yale.edu/neurology/people/steven_novella.profile. 
  7. ↑ Novella, SP; Hisama, FM; Dib-Hajj, SD; Waxman, SG (April 2007). "About the authors: A case of inherited erythromelalgia". Nature Clinical Practice Neurology 3 (4): 229–234. doi:10.1038/ncpneuro0425. PMID 17410110. http://www.nature.com/ncpneuro/journal/v3/n4/authors/ncpneuro0425.html. Retrieved May 22, 2014. 
  8. ↑ Sturgess, Kylie (30 August 2012). "Dr Steven Novella On Scientific Skepticism And Activism – NYC Skeptics". http://www.patheos.com/blogs/tokenskeptic/2012/08/dr-steven-novella-on-scientific-skepticism-and-activism-nyc-skeptics/. 
  9. ↑ Bernstein, Evan. "Remembering Perry DeAngelis Today". The Rogues Gallery. http://theness.com/roguesgallery/index.php/skepticism/remembering-perry-deangelis-today/. 
  10. ↑ "The Ness About Us". The Ness. June 15, 2009. http://www.theness.com/index.php/about/. 
  11. ↑ "Skepticblog » Skeptic – the Name Thing Again". http://www.skepticblog.org/2008/11/17/skeptic-the-name-thing-again/. 
  12. ↑ Davies, Paul (November 24, 2007). "Taking Science on Faith". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/24/opinion/24davies.html. 
  13. ↑ Sturgess, Kylie (30 August 2012). "Token Skeptic". Patheos. http://www.patheos.com/blogs/tokenskeptic/2012/08/dr-steven-novella-on-scientific-skepticism-and-activism-nyc-skeptics. 
  14. ↑ "Fellows and Staff | Skeptical Inquirer". April 3, 2019. https://www.csicop.org/about/csi_fellows_and_staff. 
  15. ↑ "NECSS and Richard Dawkins". January 30, 2016. https://theness.com/neurologicablog/index.php/necss-and-richard-dawkins/. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "Skeptical of the Carnivore Diet". Science-Based Medicine. 19 April 2023. https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/skeptical-of-the-carnivore-diet/. 
  17. ↑ Weaver, Jacqueline. "'Skeptical' neurologist works to separate science from sham". http://archives.news.yale.edu/v34.n6/story10.html. 
  18. ↑ Neurologica Blog http://theness.com/neurologicablog/
  19. ↑ "Science-Based Medicine – Editors". Science-Based Medicine. August 18, 2009. http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/?page_id=222. 
  20. ↑ "Quackwatch – Scientific and Technical Advisors – Medical Advisors". Quackwatch. http://www.quackwatch.org/09Advisors/medadvbd.html. 
  21. ↑ "The List of Steves". The National Center for Science Education. http://ncse.com/taking-action/list-steves. 
  22. ↑ "Quackwatch – Publications for Sale – The Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine". Quackwatch. August 15, 2002. http://www.quackwatch.org/04ConsumerEducation/sram.html. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Faugno, John; Harald Henning; Inger Henning; Steven Novella; Evan Bernstein; Joseph Unfried; Celeste DeAngelis (February 26, 2002). Broadsides (d20, LII1500). Living Imagination. ISBN 978-0-9712145-2-1. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Novella, Steven; John Faugno (November 20, 2001). Twin Crowns Age of Exploration. Living Imagination. ISBN 978-0-9712145-0-7. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Novella, Steven; John Faugno (2003). Spellbound: a codex of ritual magic. Living Imagination. ISBN 978-0-9712145-4-5. 
  26. ↑ Rob, Palmer (November 2, 2018). "The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe: A Book Review". Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. https://www.csicop.org/specialarticles/show/the_skeptics_guide_to_the_universe_a_book_review. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 "Controversial Medicine: Alternative Health, Pt 1.". The Dr. Oz Show. Harpo, Inc.. April 26, 2011. http://www.doctoroz.com/videos/alternative-medicine-controversy-pt-1. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 "INSIDE EDITION Investigates Power Bracelets". INSIDE edition. Inside Edition Inc.. February 24, 2011. http://www.insideedition.com/investigative/2024-inside-edition-investigates-power-bracelets. 
  29. ↑ "TV Series The Skeptologists". Skeptologist Partners with New Rule Productions. http://www.skeptologists.com/. 
  30. ↑ Medical Myths, Lies, and Half-Truths "Medical Myths, Lies, and Half-Truths: What We Think We Know May Be Hurting Us". http://www.thegreatcourses.com/tgc/Courses/course_detail.aspx?cid%3D1924. 
  31. ↑ Your Deceptive Mind http://www.thegreatcourses.com/tgc/courses/course_detail.aspx?cid=9344
  32. ↑ "Our Fellows". Institute for Science in Medicine. http://www.scienceinmedicine.org/fellows/. 
  33. ↑ "Sixteen Notable Figures in Science and Skepticism Elected CSI Fellows". January 12, 2010. http://www.csicop.org/news/show/sixteen_notable_figures_in_science_and_skepticism_elected_csi_fellows/. 
  34. ↑ "JREF Appoints Dr. Steven Novella as Senior Fellow". James Randi Educational Foundation. http://www.randi.org/site/index.php/jref-news/1284-jref-appoints-dr-steven-novella-as-senior-fellow.html. 
  35. ↑ Derek Colanduno (April 21, 2015). "A Skepticality Guide To The Universe". Skepticality (Podcast). Retrieved April 24, 2015.
  36. ↑ Novella, Steven (March 12, 2012). 'ASMR' . Neurologica Blog. New England Skeptical Society. Retrieved December 31, 2015.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Novella, Steven (March 12, 2012). 'ASMR' . Skeptic Blog . Retrieved December 31, 2015.
  38. ↑ "Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response (ASMR): a flow-like mental state". PeerJ 3: e851. 2015. doi:10.7717/peerj.851. PMID 25834771. 
  39. ↑ ""It feels good to be measured": clinical role-play, Walker Percy, and the tingles". Perspect. Biol. Med. 56 (3): 442–451. 2013. doi:10.1353/pbm.2013.0022. PMID 24375123. 
  40. ↑ Novella, Steven (March 12, 2012). 'ASMR' . Neurologica Blog.New England Skeptical Society. Retrieved December 31, 2015.
  41. ↑ "Edward Lewis Tobinick, MD et al v. Novella et al". Justia. June 9, 2014. http://dockets.justia.com/docket/florida/flsdce/9:2014cv80781/443251. 
  42. ↑ Novella, Steven (May 8, 2013). "Enbrel for Stroke and Alzheimer's". Science-Based Medicine. http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/enbrel-for-stroke-and-alzheimers/. 
  43. ↑ "Novella Response". https://www.scribd.com/doc/234904906/Novella-Reponse. 
  44. ↑ Novella, Steven (July 23, 2014). "Another Lawsuit To Suppress Legitimate Criticism – This Time SBM". Science-Based Medicine. http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/another-lawsuit-to-suppress-legitimate-criticism-this-time-sbm. 
  45. ↑ Cushing, Tim (October 5, 2015). "Court Hands Loss To Doctor Who Sued Over Blog Posts Criticizing His Questionable Alzheimer's Treatments". https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20151002/09381332425/court-hands-loss-to-doctor-who-sued-over-blog-posts-criticizing-his-questionable-alzheimers-treatments.shtml. 
  46. ↑ Cushing, Tim (February 22, 2018). "Another Free Speech Win In Libel Lawsuit Disguised As A Trademark Complaint". https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20170218/13480736744/another-free-speech-win-libel-lawsuit-disguised-as-trademark-complaint.shtml. 
  47. ↑ "CSI Awards Balles Prize". CSICOP. June 13, 2011. http://www.csicop.org/news/press_releases/show/csi_awards_balles_prize. 
  48. ↑ Lavarnway, Julia. "CSICon New Orleans 2011 – Where Meeting Awesome Skeptics Is As Easy As Saying 'Hello'". CSICOP. http://www.csicop.org/si/show/csicon_new_orleans_2011_-_where_meeting_awesome_skeptics_is_as_easy_as_sayi. 
  49. ↑ "Honors to Fraknoi, Vyse, Other CSI Fellows". Skeptical Inquirer (Committee for Skeptical Inquiry) 43 (6): 8. 2019. 
  50. ↑ "Misinformation from Mayo Clinic". Neurologica Blog. September 24, 2013. http://theness.com/neurologicablog/index.php/misinformation-from-mayo-clinic. 
  51. ↑ "Complementary and Alternative Medicine Products and their Regulation by the Food and Drug Administration". Office of Policy and Planning, Office of the Commissioner, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Dept. of Health and Human Services, US Government. 2007. https://www.fda.gov/RegulatoryInformation/Guidances/ucm144657.htm.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  52. ↑ "CAM Research – Be Careful What You Wish For". Neurologica Blog. October 4, 2013. http://theness.com/neurologicablog/index.php/cam-research-be-careful-what-you-wish-for. 
  53. ↑ Vaccines and Autism
  54. ↑ "Pervasive developmental disorders in Montreal, Quebec, Canada: prevalence and links with immunizations". Pediatrics 118 (1): e139–e150. July 2006. doi:10.1542/peds.2005-2993. PMID 16818529. http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/118/1/e139.long. Retrieved July 2, 2014. 
  55. ↑ "A broken trust: lessons from the vaccine–autism wars". PLOS Biol 7 (5): e1000114. 2009. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000114. PMID 19478850. 
  56. ↑ "'Combined vaccines are like a sudden onslaught to the body's immune system': parental concerns about vaccine 'overload' and 'immune-vulnerability'". Vaccine 24 (20): 4321–4327. 2006. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.03.003. PMID 16581162. 
  57. ↑ "Vaccines and autism: a tale of shifting hypotheses". Clin Infect Dis 48 (4): 456–561. 2009. doi:10.1086/596476. PMID 19128068. 
  58. ↑ "What Is an Antivaxer?". Science-Based Medicine. December 28, 2011. http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/what-is-an-antivaxer. 
  59. ↑ Homeopathy
  60. ↑ Hahnemann, Samuel (1833). The Homœopathic Medical Doctrine, or "Organon of the Healing Art". Dublin: W.F. Wakeman. pp. iii, 48–49. 
  61. ↑ "Dynamization and Dilution", Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Creighton University Department of Pharmacology, http://altmed.creighton.edu/Homeopathy/philosophy/dilution.htm, retrieved March 24, 2009 
  62. ↑ "Homeopathy Awareness Week". Neurologica Blog. June 15, 2009. http://theness.com/neurologicablog/index.php/homeopathy-awareness-week. 
  63. ↑ "HIV Denial in the Internet Era". PLOS Med 4 (8): e256. 2007. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040256. PMID 17713982. 
  64. ↑ Institute of Medicine (US) Committee for the Oversight of AIDS Activities (1988). Confronting AIDS: Update 1988. Institute of Medicine of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences. doi:10.17226/771. ISBN 978-0-309-03879-9. http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=771&page=2. Retrieved July 2, 2014. "…the evidence that HIV causes AIDS is scientifically conclusive." 
  65. ↑ "The Evidence that HIV Causes AIDS". National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease. September 4, 2009. http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/HIVAIDS/Understanding/howHIVCausesAIDS/Pages/HIVcausesAIDS.aspx. 
  66. ↑ "HIV Denier, Christine Maggiore, Dies.". Neurologica Blog. January 2009. http://theness.com/neurologicablog/index.php/hiv-denier-christine-maggiore-dies. 
  67. ↑ Heussner, Ki Mae. "Scientists Study Out-of-Body Experiences". abc News. ABC News Internet Ventures. https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/Story?id=5921098&page=1. 
  68. ↑ "Power Balance bracelets: source of energy or just a gimmick?". Daily Telegraph. October 15, 2010. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/8065032/Power-Balance-bracelets-source-of-energy-or-just-a-gimmick.html. 
  69. ↑ Intelligent design
  70. ↑ "Creationism is Not Science". Neurologica Blog. August 20, 2013. http://theness.com/neurologicablog/index.php/creationism-is-not-science. 
  71. ↑ Conspiracy theories
  72. ↑ "9/11 Conspiracy Debate – Part I". Neurologica Blog. June 16, 2014. http://theness.com/neurologicablog/index.php/911-conspiracy-debate-part-i. 
  73. ↑ "9/11 Conspiracy Debate – Part II". Neurologica Blog. June 23, 2014. http://theness.com/neurologicablog/index.php/911-conspiracy-debate-part-ii. 
  74. ↑ Frazier, Kendrick (March 2018). "CSIcon Las Vegas 2017 Conference Report". https://www.csicop.org/si/show/csicon_las_vegas_2017. 
  75. ↑ "Review: The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe: How to Know What's Really Real in a World Increasingly Full of Fake". Publishers Weekly. September 10, 2018. https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-1-5387-6051-2. 
  76. ↑ Palmer, Rob (November 2, 2018). "The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe: How to Know What's Really Real in a World Increasingly Full of Fake, A Book Review". Center for Inquiry. https://www.csicop.org/specialarticles/show/the_skeptics_guide_to_the_universe_a_book_review. 
  77. ↑ "The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe: How To Know What's Really Real in a World Increasingly Full of Fake". Hachette. https://www.hachette.com.au/steven-novella/the-skeptics-guide-to-the-universe. 
  78. ↑ Steven Novella, Dr (October 2, 2018). The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe: How to Know What's Really Real in a World Increasingly Full of Fake. Grand Central. ISBN 978-1-5387-6053-6. 
  79. ↑ Novella, Steven (June 15, 2022). "THE SKEPTICS' GUIDE TO THE FUTURE". https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/steven-novella/the-skeptics-guide-to-the-future/. 

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