Organization:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry

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Short description: Organization examining paranormal claims
Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal
AbbreviationCSI
Formation1976; 48 years ago (1976)
TypeNonprofit organization (1976–2015)
Program of the Center for Inquiry (2015–present)
PurposeSkeptical inquiry of paranormal claims
HeadquartersAmherst, New York, United States
Region served
Worldwide
Executive director
Barry Karr
Websitewww.skepticalinquirer.org

The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI), formerly known as the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal (CSICOP), is a program within the U.S. non-profit organization Center for Inquiry (CFI), which seeks to "promote scientific inquiry, critical investigation, and the use of reason in examining controversial and extraordinary claims."[1] Paul Kurtz proposed the establishment of CSICOP in 1976 as an independent non-profit organization (before merging with CFI as one of its programs in 2015[2]), to counter what he regarded as an uncritical acceptance of, and support for, paranormal claims by both the media and society in general.[3] Its philosophical position is one of scientific skepticism. CSI's fellows have included notable scientists, Nobel laureates, philosophers, psychologists, educators, and authors.[4] It is headquartered in Amherst, New York.

History

The Banquet at the 1983 CSICOP Conference in Buffalo, New York

The committee was officially launched on April 30, 1976, and was co-chaired by Paul Kurtz and Marcello Truzzi.[5] In the early 1970s, scientific skeptics were concerned that interest in the paranormal was on the rise in the United States, part of a growing tide of irrationalism.[6][full citation needed] In 1975, Kurtz, a secular humanist, initiated a statement, "Objections to Astrology", which was co-written with Bart Bok and Lawrence E. Jerome, and endorsed by 186 scientists including 19 Nobel laureates. The statement was published in the American Humanist Association (AHA)'s newsletter The Humanist,[6] of which Kurtz was then editor. According to Kurtz, the statement was sent to every newspaper in the United States and Canada. The statement received a positive reaction which encouraged Kurtz to invite skeptical researchers to a 1976 conference with the aim of establishing a new organization to critically examine a wide range of paranormal claims.[7] Attendees included Martin Gardner, Ray Hyman, James Randi, and Marcello Truzzi, all members of the Resources for the Scientific Evaluation of the Paranormal (RSEP), a fledgling group with objectives similar to those CSI would subsequently adopt.[6]

RSEP disbanded and its members, along with Carl Sagan, Isaac Asimov, B.F. Skinner, and Philip J. Klass, then joined Kurtz, Randi, Gardner, and Hyman to formally found the Committee for Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal (CSICOP).[3] Kurtz, Randi, Gardner, and Hyman took seats on the executive board.[8] CSICOP was officially launched at a specially convened conference of the AHA on April 30 and May 1, 1976.[7]

According to the published correspondence between Gardner and Truzzi, disagreements over what CSICOP should be shown how volatile the beginnings of the organization were. Truzzi accused CSICOP of "act[ing] more like lawyers" taking on a position of dismissal before evaluating the claims, saying that CSICOP took a "debunking stance". Gardner on the other hand "opposed 'believers' in the paranormal becoming CSICOP members" which Truzzi supported. Gardner felt that Truzzi "conferred too much respectability to nonsense".[9]

CSICOP was funded in part with donations and sales of their magazine, Skeptical Inquirer.[8]

Mission statement

The formal mission statement, approved in 2006 and still current, states:[10]

The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry promotes science and scientific inquiry, critical thinking, science education, and the use of reason in examining important issues. It encourages the critical investigation of controversial or extraordinary claims from a responsible, scientific point of view and disseminates factual information about the results of such inquiries to the scientific community, the media, and the public.

A shorter version of the mission statement appears in every issue: "... promotes scientific inquiry, critical investigation, and the use of reason in examining controversial and extraordinary claims."[11] A previous mission statement referred to "investigation of paranormal and fringe-science claims", but the 2006 change recognized and ratified a wider purview for CSI and its magazine, Skeptical Inquirer, that includes "new science related issues at the intersection of science and public concerns, while not ignoring [their] core topics".[11] A history of the first two decades is available in The Encyclopedia of the Paranormal published in 1998 by S.I. editor Kendrick Frazier.[12][13] In 2018, Frazier reemphasized the importance of the committee's work by saying that "[w]e need independent, evidence-based, science-based critical investigation and inquiry now more than perhaps at any other time in our history."[14]

Name

Paul Kurtz was inspired by the 1949 Belgian organization Comité Para, whose full name was Comité Belge pour l'Investigation Scientifique des Phénomènes Réputés Paranormaux ("Belgian Committee for Scientific Investigation of Purported Paranormal Phenomena").[15] In 1976, the proposed name was "Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal and Other Phenomena" which was shortened to "Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal". The initial acronym, "CSICP" was difficult to pronounce and so was changed to "CSICOP". According to James Alcock, it was never intended to be "Psi Cop", a nickname that some of the group's detractors adopted.[16]

In November 2006, CSICOP further shortened its name to "Committee for Skeptical Inquiry" (CSI), pronounced C-S-I.[17] The reasons for the change were to create a name that was shorter, more "media-friendly", to remove "paranormal" from the name, and to reflect more accurately the actual scope of the organization with its broader focus on critical thinking, science, and rationality in general, and because "it includes the root words of our magazine's title, the Skeptical Inquirer".[18]

Activities

In order to carry out its mission, the committee "maintains a network of people interested in critically examining paranormal, fringe science, and other claims, and in contributing to consumer education; prepares bibliographies of published materials that carefully examine such claims;encourages research by objective and impartial inquiry in areas where it is needed; convenes conferences and meetings; publishes articles that examine claims of the paranormal; does not reject claims on a priori grounds, antecedent to inquiry, but examines them objectively and carefully".[19]

Standard

An axiom often repeated among CSI members is the quote "extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence",[20] which Carl Sagan made famous and adapted from an earlier quote by Marcello Truzzi: "An extraordinary claim requires extraordinary proof".[21] (Truzzi in turn traced the idea back through the Principle of Laplace to the philosopher David Hume.)[22]

According to CSI member Martin Gardner, CSI regularly puts into practice H. L. Mencken's maxim "one horse-laugh is worth a thousand syllogisms."[23]

Publications

Logo of the Skeptical Inquirer

CSI publishes the magazine Skeptical Inquirer, which was founded by Truzzi, under the name The Zetetic.[24] The journal was under Tuzzi's editorship for the first year, until August 1977.[24] The magazine was retitled to Skeptical Inquirer with Kendrick Frazier, former editor of Science News, serving as its editor. In June 2023, Stephen Hupp was named as the magazine’s editor. Hupp replaced Stuart Vyse, who was the interim editor in November 2022 following the passing of Kendrick Frazier.[25] In 1987, Cecil Adams of The Straight Dope called Skeptical Inquirer "one of the nation's leading antifruitcake journals".[26] In addition, CSI publishes Skeptical Briefs, a quarterly newsletter for associate members.[27]

CSI conducts and publishes investigations into Bigfoot and UFO sightings, psychics, astrologers, alternative medicine, religious cults, and paranormal or pseudoscientific claims.[citation needed]

Conferences

Barbara Forrest participating in the "Creation and Evolution" panel at CSICon 2011 in New Orleans
Bill Nye speaking about science education at CSICon 2013 in Tacoma, Washington
CSI Staff at CSICon Halloween Party 2016

CSICOP has held dozens of conferences between 1983 and 2005, two of them in Europe, and all six World Skeptics Congresses so far were sponsored by it. Since 2011, the conference is known as CSICon. Two conventions have been held in conjunction with its sister and parent organizations, CSH and CFI, in 2013 and 2015. The conferences bring together some of the most prominent figures in scientific research, science communication, and skeptical activism, to exchange information on all topics of common concern and to strengthen the movement and community of skeptics.

CSI has also supported local grassroot efforts, such as SkeptiCamp community-organized conferences.[28]

Response to mass media

Many CSI activities are oriented toward the media. As CSI's former executive director Lee Nisbet wrote in the 25th-anniversary issue of the group's journal, Skeptical Inquirer:

CSICOP originated in the spring of 1976 to fight mass-media exploitation of supposedly "occult" and "paranormal" phenomena. The strategy was twofold: First, to strengthen the hand of skeptics in the media by providing information that "debunked" paranormal wonders. Second, to serve as a "media watchdog" group that would direct public and media attention to egregious media exploitation of the supposed paranormal wonders. An underlying principle of action was to use the mainline media's thirst for public-attracting controversies to keep our activities in the media, hence the public eye.[29]

As a media watchdog, CSI has "mobilized thousands of scientists, academics and responsible communicators" to criticize what it regards as "media's most blatant excesses".[30] Criticism has focused on factual TV programming or newspaper articles offering support for paranormal claims, and programs such as The X-Files and Buffy the Vampire Slayer, which its members believe portray skeptics and science in a bad light and help to promote belief in the paranormal.[citation needed] CSI's website currently[when?] lists the email addresses of over ninety U.S. media organizations and encourages visitors to "directly influence" the media by contacting "the networks, the TV shows, and the editors responsible for the way [they portray] the world."[citation needed]

Following pseudoscientific and paranormal belief trends

CSI was quoted to consider pseudoscience topics to include yogic flying, therapeutic touch, astrology, fire walking, voodoo, magical thinking, Uri Geller, alternative medicine, channeling, psychic hotlines and detectives, near-death experiences, unidentified flying objects (UFOs), the Bermuda Triangle, homeopathy, faith healing, and reincarnation.[31] CSI changes its focus with the changing popularity and prominence of what it considers to be pseudoscientific and paranormal beliefs. For example, as promoters of intelligent design increased their efforts to include it in school curricula in recent years, CSI stepped up its attention to the subject, creating an "Intelligent Design Watch" website[32] publishing numerous articles on evolution and intelligent design in Skeptical Inquirer and on the Internet.[citation needed]

CSI Chief Investigator

In September 2022, Kenny Biddle was announced as CSI's Chief Investigator. Biddle is a CSI Fellow [33] and writes a column for Skeptical Inquirer called A Closer Look (2018–present), which focuses on his use of scientific skepticism to investigate paranormal claims, including ghost photography and video, ghost hunting equipment, UFOs and psychic ability. Biddle credits his previous careers as an auto mechanic, helicopter mechanic, and X-ray technician for building his skills in attention to detail, problem-solving, testing, and critical thinking. Biddle also has co-written articles with Joe Nickell about ghost and miraculous photography.[34] Biddle was a speaker at CSICon in 2019 and 2022.

Health and safety

CSI is concerned with paranormal or pseudoscientific claims that may endanger people's health or safety, such as the use of alternative medicine in place of science-based healthcare. Investigations by CSI and others, including consumer watchdog groups, law enforcement, and government regulatory agencies,[35] have shown that the sale of alternative medicines, paranormal paraphernalia, or pseudoscience-based products can be enormously profitable. CSI says this profitability has provided various pro-paranormal groups large resources for advertising, lobbying efforts, and other forms of advocacy, to the detriment of public health and safety.[citation needed]

Organization

Umbrella organization

The Center for Inquiry is the transnational non-profit umbrella organization comprising CSI, the Council for Secular Humanism, the Center for Inquiry – On Campus (national youth group) and the Commission for Scientific Medicine and Mental Health.[citation needed] These organizations share headquarters and some staff, and each has their own list of fellows and their distinct mandates. CSI generally addresses questions of religion only in cases in which testable scientific assertions have been made (such as weeping statues or faith healing). [citation needed]

Independent Investigation Group

The Center for Inquiry West, located in Hollywood, California Executive Director Jim Underdown founded the Independent Investigations Group (IIG), a volunteer-based organization in January 2000. The IIG investigates fringe science, paranormal, and extraordinary claims from a rational, scientific viewpoint and disseminates factual information about such inquiries to the public. IIG has offered a $50,000 prize "to anyone who can show, under proper observing conditions, evidence of any paranormal, supernatural, or occult power or event", to which 7 people applied from 2009 to 2012.[36]

  • IIG testing Power Balance bracelet in progress, October 28, 2010

  • Dominique Dawes & IIG's James Underdown discuss test protocols Oct 28, 2010

Awards

In Praise of Reason Award

"The In Praise of Reason Award is given in recognition of distinguished contributions in the use of critical inquiry, scientific evidence, and reason in evaluating claims to knowledge." This is the highest award presented by CSI and is often presented at the CSIcon conferences.[37]

Year Person Notes
1982 Martin Gardner Awarded in Atlanta, Georgia, "In honor of his heroic efforts in defense of reason and the dignity of the skeptical attitude."[38]
1984 Sidney Hook Presented at Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, by CSICOP Chairman Paul Kurtz.[39]
1985 Antony Flew Awarded in London by Paul Kurtz, "[I]n recognition of his long-standing contributions to the use of methods of critical inquiry, scientific evidence, and reason in evaluating claims to knowledge and solving social problems."[40]
1986 Stephen Jay Gould Presented at the University of Colorado, Boulder "In recognition of his long-standing contributions to the use of the methods of critical inquiry, scientific evidence, and reason in evaluating claims to knowledge and solving social problems".[41]
1987 Carl Sagan Pasadena, California CSICOP awards banquet[42]
1988 Douglas Hofstadter Presented at the Chicago CSICOP conference[43]
1990 Cornelis de Jager Presented at the Brussels 1990 CSICOP conference[44]
1990 Gerard Piel Awarded at the Washington D. C. conference March 30-April 1.[45]
1991 Donald Johanson Awarded at the 15th Anniversary of CSICOP in Berkeley, California.[46]
1992 Richard Dawkins Presented at the CSICOP Dallas, Texas Convention[47]
1994 Elizabeth Loftus
1996 Leon Lederman
2000 Lin Zixin Lin Zixin was awarded in absentia.[48]
2001 Kendrick Frazier
2002 Marvin Minsky Awarded at the Fourth World Skeptics Conference (June 2002) in Burbank, California.[49]
2003 Ray Hyman Presented at the Albuquerque conference by friend James Alcock. "Ray Hyman, from whom I-and I am sure all of us-continue to learn so much."[50]
2004 James Alcock Presented at the Center for Inquiry – Transnational Conference in Toronto, Canada. Vern Bullough presented Alcock with the award. Alcock stated that many scientists do not care about pseudoscience as they don't see it as a threat on science, but he reminds the audience that "fundamentalist religious viewpoints" and "alternative medicine" are "very real threats".[51]
2009 James Randi Presented at the 12th World Congress in Maryland. Paul Kurtz presented the award saying "Your greatest quality is that you are an educator, a teacher. You have shown that the easiest people to deceive are PhDs, a great insight to all of us. You expose myths and hoaxes.... You stand out in history."[52]
2011 Bill Nye Presented at CSIcon New Orleans conference. Eugenie Scott stated "If you think Bill is popular among skeptics, you should attend a science teacher conference where he is speaking" it is standing room only. She continues by saying that no one has more fun as Nye when he is "demonstrating, principles of science."[37]

Candle Awards

Founded at the 1996 World Skeptics Congress in Buffalo, New York, the Council for Media Integrity gives these awards that were named in inspiration by Carl Sagan's book, The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark. The council is made up of scientists, media and academics, all concerned with the "balanced portrayal of science".[53] The Candle in the Dark Award is presented to those who show "outstanding contributions to the public's understanding of science and scientific principles"[54] and to "reward sound science television programming".[53] The Snuffed Candle Award is awarded to those "for encouraging credulity, presenting pseudoscience as genuine, and contributing to the public's lack of understanding of the methods of scientific inquiry."[54] The council urges TV "producers to label documentary-type shows depicting the paranormal as either entertainment or fiction". The council also provides the media with contact information of experts who would be willing and able to answer questions and be interviewed for paranormal topics.[55]

Year Person Media
1997 Bill Nye and Dan Aykroyd Nye received the Candle in the Dark Award for his "lively, creative... endeavor". Aykroyd "was presented in absentia the Snuffed Candle Award for hosting Psi Factor and being a "long-time promoter ... of paranormal claims" Following the awards, Joe Nickell wrote to Aykroyd asking for the research behind the "cases" presented on Psi Factor. Particularly a claim that NASA scientists were "killed while investigating a meteor crash and giant eggs were found and incubated, yielding a flea the size of a hog".[54]
1998 Scientific American Frontiers and Art Bell Hosted by Alan Alda, SAF's episode "Beyond Science"[56] was singled out by the Council for Media Integrity for its examination of the paranormal. Art Bell was recognized by the council for "perpetuating conspiracy myths... and mystery mongering". When Bell learned of the award he replied "A mind should not be so open that the brains fall out, however it should not be so closed that whatever gray matter which does reside may not be reached. On behalf of those with the smallest remaining open aperture, I accept with honor."[53]
2003 Edgar Sanchez reporter for the Sacramento Bee and Larry King Awarded at the Albuquerque, New Mexico Conference. Sanchez received the Candle in the Dark award for his column "Scam Alert" where he has written about Nigerian scams, car-mileage fraud and phony police detectives. King received the Snuffed Candle award for "encouraging credulity, presenting pseudoscience as genuine".[57]

Robert P. Balles Prize

  • Frazier awards author Joe Nickell the Balles Prize for his book The Science of Ghosts – 2013.

  • Julia Belluz receives 2016 Balles Award from Paul Fidalgo.

  • Tim Callahan receives 2018 Balles Award.

  • Paul Fidalgo from Center For Inquiry introduces 2019 Balles Award Winner A Deal with the Devil.

CSI awards the Robert P. Balles Annual Prize in Critical Thinking annually. The $2,500 award is given to the "creator of the published work that best exemplifies healthy skepticism, logical analysis, or empirical science".[58] Robert P. Balles, "a practicing Christian", established this permanent endowment fund through a Memorial Fund. Center for Inquiry's "established criteria for the prize include use of the most parsimonious theory to fit data or to explain apparently preternatural phenomena."[59][60]

Year Person Media Notes
2005 Andrew Skolnick, Ray Hyman and Joe Nickell The Girl with X-ray Eyes Shared the first award for their 2005 reports on CSICOP's testing of Natasha Demkina, a girl who claimed to have X-ray eyes.[61]
2006 Ben Goldacre For his column in The Guardian U.K. newspaper, Bad Science[62] Columns include "Dyslexia 'cure' fails to pass the tests", "Bring me a God helmet, and bring it now", "Kick the habit with wacky wave energy", "Brain Gym exercises do pupils no favors" and "Magnetic attraction? Shhhh. It's a secret"[63]
2007 Natalie Angier The Canon: A Whirligig Tour of the Beautiful Basics of Science "[S}he thoughtfully explores what it means to think scientifically and the benefits of extending the scientific ethos to all areas of human life."[64]
2008 Leonard Mlodinow
2009 Michael Specter Denialism: How Irrational Thinking Hinders Scientific Progress, Harms the Planet, and Threatens Our Lives[62]
2010 Steven Novella Body of work including The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe podcast, Science-Based Medicine, Neurologica, Skepticial Inquirer column The Science of Medicine and the "tireless travel and lecture schedule on behalf of skepticism" "The truly most amazing thing is he does this all on a volunteer basis."[59] According to Barry Karr "You may be the hardest worker in all of skepticism".[65]
2011 Richard Wiseman Paranormality: Why We See What Isn’t There
2012 Steven Salzberg and Joe Nickell Salzberg's column for Forbes magazine, Fighting Pseudoscience and Nickell's book The Science of Ghosts – Searching for Spirits of the Dead "Salzberg regularly shines the light of reason on the false or dubious claims ... with a clear and accessible voice, and with a healthy dose of humor." And "Accessibility and humor, along with unmatched rigor and curiosity, are what famed Joe Nickell, ... has been bringing to his work for decades."[66]
2013 Paul Offit Do You Believe in Magic? The Sense and Nonsense of Alternative Medicine "Offit is a literal lifesaver... educates the public about the dangers of alternative medicine, may save many, many more."[62]
2014 Joseph Schwarcz and to the creators, producers, and writers of Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey Is That a Fact? and Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey "Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey opened the eyes of a new generation to humanity’s triumphs, its mistakes, and its astounding potential to reach unimagined heights.... Is That a Fact? unflinchingly takes on all manner of popular misinformation."[67]
2015 Julia Belluz Vox.com "We need more people in the media doing what Julia Belluz does... "[58]
2016 Maria Konnikova The Confidence Game "The Confidence Game could not have come at a more crucial time, as the general public is overwhelmed day in and day out by attempts to play on their biases and prejudices[.]"[68]
2017 Donald Prothero, Tim Callahan UFOs, Chemtrails, and Aliens This book "not only refute(s) false claims and misguided beliefs ... but more importantly they also arm readers with the tools they will need to fairly evaluate any extraordinary claim they come across"[60]
2018 Blake Ellis, Melanie Hicken A Deal With The Devil "Investigative reporters Blake Ellis and Melanie Hicken exposed the complex inner workings of a case of psychic fraud that spanned several decades and bilked over $200,000,000 from the mostly elderly victims."[69][70]
2019 Susan Gerbic The Psychic Stinger "Over the course of dozens of meticulously executed stings, tests, and exposés, Gerbic has uncovered the fraud underlying the claims of several celebrity psychics. She has assembled a team of dedicated volunteers who assist her in planning and research for elaborate and rigorous undercover operations that reveal the tricks employed by psychics and mediums."[71]
2020 Timothy Caulfield A Booster Shot for Science "Caulfield’s clear, accessible, and hopeful advocacy of science and evidence were invaluable for a public desperate to navigate their way through the infodemic during the pandemic."[71]

Responsibility in Journalism Award

CSICOP seeking to acknowledge and encourage "fair and balanced reporting of paranormal claims" established the Responsibility in Journalism Award in 1984. Frazier stated that "There are many responsible reporters who want to do a good job in covering these kinds of controversial, exotic topics."[39] Beginning in 1991, CSI began awarding in two categories, "print" and "broadcast".[46]

Year Person Media Notes
1984 Leon Jaroff and Davyd Yost Jaroff as managing editor of Discover magazine established the "Skeptical Eye" column. Yost of the Columbus, Ohio Citizen Journal specifically for a story about a poltergeist. Frazier said of Yost "In the mold of careful, responsible journalism... [he made] a special effort to get outside expert opinion". Philip Klass stated that Jaroff has "political courage" for his column that offers "useful perspectives... of claims of the paranormal".[39]
1986 Boyce Rensberger and Ward Lucas Rensberger, science reporter for The Washington Post and Ward "anchor and investigative reporter KUSA-TV Channel 9 Denver" Presented at the University of Colorado, Boulder, "In recognition of contributions to fair and balanced reporting of paranormal claims".[41]
1987 Lee Dembart, Ed Busch, and Michael Willesee Dembart from Los Angeles Times , Willesee, Australian journalist and Busch, Texas radio talk-show host Presented at Pasadena CSICOP award banquet.[42]
1988 C. Eugene Emery Jr. and Milton Rosenberg Emery is a science and medical reporter for the Providence Journal and a contributor to SI. Rosenberg is the host of Extension 720 a program on WGN-Radio in Chicago Presented at the Chicago CSICOP conference[43] Emery researched claims of faith-healer Ralph A. DiOrio and wrote about the results in his journal.[72]
1990 Stephen Doig Science Editor for the Miami Herald Awarded at the Washington, D.C., conference, March 30-April 1st.[45]
1991 Keay Davidson Science editor for the San Francisco Examiner with co-writer Janet L. Hopson, who were both recognized for their work into the investigation of the claims of Koko the talking ape. Print Category – Awarded at the 15th Anniversary of CSICOP in Berkeley, California[46]
1991 Mark Curtis Reporter for WEAR-TV Channel 3, Pensacola, Florida Investigation into the Gulf Breeze UFO incident exposing trick photography. Awarded at the 15th Anniversary of CSICOP in Berkeley, California[46]
1992 Andrew Skolnick Associate editor of Medical News & Perspectives for the Journal of the American Medical Association Presented at the CSICOP Dallas, Texas Convention[47]
1992 Henry Gordon Columnist, magician and author Presented at the CSICOP Dallas, Texas Convention[47]
1994 Jack Smith Columnist with the Los Angeles Times Awarded at the CSI Seattle Conference June 23–26[73]
1996 Phillip Adams, Piero Angela and Pierre Berton Presented at the First World Congress in Buffalo, New York, the 20th Anniversary of CSICOP.[74]

Frontiers of Science and Technology Award

Year Person Media Notes
1986 Paul MacCready AeroVironment Presented at the University of Colorado, Boulder "In recognition of his innovative and creative contributions to technology and his outstanding defense of critical thinking".[41]
1987 Murray Gell-Mann Presented at Pasadena CSICOP award banquet.[42]

Public Education in Science Award

In recognition of distinguished contributions to the testing of scientific principles and to the public understanding of science.[42]

Year Person Notes
1990 Richard Berendzen Presented at Pasadena CSICOP award banquet.[42]
1991 Eugenie Scott Awarded at the 15th Anniversary of CSICOP in Berkeley, California[46]
1992 Sergei Kapitza Presented at the CSICOP Dallas, Texas Convention[47]
1994 John Maddox Awarded at the CSI Seattle Conference June 23–26[73]
1996 Dean Edell Presented at the First World Congress in Buffalo, New York, the 20th Anniversary of CSICOP.[74]
2000 Richard Wiseman Presented at the Third World Congress held in Sydney, Australia.[48]

Distinguished Skeptic Award

Year Person Notes
1990 Henri Broch Awarded for "his pioneer work with Minitel and making scientific critiques of the paranormal available to a wider audience in France. Presented at the Brussels 1990 CSICOP conference.[44]
1991 Susan Blackmore Awarded at the 15th Anniversary of CSICOP in Berkeley, California[46]
1992 Évry Schatzman Presented at the CSICOP Dallas, Texas Convention[47]
1994 Philip Klass Awarded at the CSI Seattle Conference June 23–26[73]
1996 James Randi Presented at the First World Congress in Buffalo, New York, the 20th Anniversary of CSICOP.[74]
1998 Amardeo Sarma Presented at the Second World Congress[75]
2000 Barry Williams, Joe Nickell Presented at the Third World Congress held in Sydney, Australia. Williams was recognized for his "yeoman service to organized skepticism".[48]
2001 Harlan Ellison Presented at the Fourth World Skeptics Conference in Burbank, California.[76]
2002 Marcia Angell
2003 Jan Harold Brunvand

Founder Award

Presented to founder and chairman of CSICOP, Paul Kurtz "In recognition of your wisdom, courage, and foresight in establishing and leading the world's first public education organization devoted to distinguishing science from pseudoscience". Award was given April 26, 1986 at the University of Colorado, Boulder.[41]

The Martin Gardner Lifetime Achievement Award

Awarded to author and entertainer Steve Allen at the First World Skeptic Congress held in Buffalo, New York, in 1996. Allen was recognized for his lifetime achievement "in cultivating the public appreciation of critical thinking and science".[74]

Lifetime Achievement Award

Presented to Eugenie Scott by Ronald Lindsay at the CFI Summit in Tacoma, Washington, in 2013 calling her an "Champion of Evolution Education".[66]

The Isaac Asimov Award

Established to acknowledge the contributions to humanity and science by Isaac Asimov. This award is given to those who has "shown outstanding commitment and ability in communicating the achievements, methods, and issues of science to the public".[73]

Year Person Notes
1994 Carl Sagan Janet Asimov, when informed that Carl Sagan would be the first recipient of the Isaac Asimov Award, said "There is no one better qualified... than his good friend and colleague Carl Sagan. Isaac was particularly fond of Carl. He was also in awe of Carl's genius, and proud that he was so adept at communicating science to the public... thank you for remembering my beloved husband in this way."[73]
1995 Stephen Jay Gould Presented at the First World Congress in Buffalo, New York, the 20th Anniversary of CSICOP[74]

The Pantheon of Skeptics

In April 2011, the executive council of CSI created The Pantheon of Skeptics, a special roster honoring deceased fellows of the Committee who have made the most outstanding contributions to the causes of science and skepticism. This roster is part of an ongoing effort to provide a sense of history about the modern skeptical movement.[77]

The Pantheon of Skeptics
Person Notes
George O. Abell astronomer and popularizer of science
Steve Allen entertainer, author, critic
Jerry Andrus magician and writer
Isaac Asimov biochemist and author of science and science fiction
Robert A. Baker psychologist
T. X. Barber psychologist
Barry Beyerstein biopsychologist
Bart J. Bok astronomer
Milbourne Christopher magician and writer
Francis H. Crick Nobel laureate molecular biologist
L. Sprague de Camp science fiction author and skeptic
Martin Gardner columnist and popularizer of mathematics and science
Stephen Jay Gould evolutionary biologist, and historian of science
D. O. Hebb neuropsychologist
Sidney Hook philosopher
Leon Jaroff science writer and editor
Philip J. Klass engineer, journalist, and UFO skeptic
Paul Kurtz philosopher, skeptic and prominent secular humanist
Paul MacCready scientist, engineer, inventor
John Maddox biologist and science writer
William V. Mayer biologist
Walter McCrone microscopist and expert in forensic science
Ernest Nagel philosopher of science
H. Narasimhaiah physicist
W. V. Quine philosopher and logician
Carl Sagan astronomer and science popularizer
Wallace Sampson professor of clinical medicine, alternative medicine skeptic
Glenn T. Seaborg Nobel laureate in chemistry
B. F. Skinner psychologist
Victor Stenger particle physicist and philosopher
Stephen Toulmin philosopher, author, and ethicist

CSI fellows

According to the Jan/Feb 2021 Skeptical Inquirer the role of a CSI fellow is to "promote scientific inquiry, critical investigation, and the use of reason in examining controversial and extraordinary claims. Fellows are elected for their distinguished contributions to science and skepticsim as well as their ability to provide practical advice and expertise on various issues and projects deemed important to the work of the Committee. Election as a fellow is based upon the following criteria, approved by the CSI Executive Council:

  • 1. Outstanding contribution to a scientific discipline, preferably, thought not restricted to, a field related to the skeptical movement
  • 2. Outstanding contribution to the communication of science and/or critical thinking or
  • 3. Outstanding contribution to the skeptical movement.

Fellows of CSI serve as ambassadors of science and skepticism and may be consulted on issues related to their area of expertise by the media or by the Committee. They may be asked to support statements issued by CSI and contribute commentary or articles to CSI outlets. ... Election to the position of fellow is a lifetime appointment. However, if in the opinion of the CSI Executive Council an individual's behavior or scholarship renders that person unable to continue to qualify for the position of fellow under the criteria listed or to effectively fulfill the role of ambassador or science and skepticism, CSI may choose to remove them from the list of fellows."[78]

Current CSI fellows

This is a list of current CSI fellows; an asterisk denotes the person is also a member of the CSI Executive Council.[79][80]


Former CSI fellows

This is a list of former CSI fellows not included in the Pantheon of Skeptics.


Controversy and criticism

Uri Geller filed a number of unsuccessful lawsuits against CSICOP.

CSI's activities have garnered criticism from individuals or groups which have been the focus of the organization's attention.[85] Television celebrity and claimed psychic Uri Geller, for example, was formerly in open dispute with the organization, filing a number of unsuccessful lawsuits against them.[86] Some criticism has also come from within the scientific community and at times from within CSI itself. Marcello Truzzi, one of CSICOP's co-founders, left the organization after only a short time, arguing that many of those involved "tend to block honest inquiry, in my opinion. Most of them are not agnostic toward claims of the paranormal; they are out to knock them. [...] When an experiment of the paranormal meets their requirements, then they move the goal posts."[87] Truzzi coined the term pseudoskeptic to describe critics in whom he detected such an attitude.[88]

Mars effect, 1975

An early controversy concerned the so-called Mars effect: French statistician Michel Gauquelin's claim that champion athletes are more likely to be born when the planet Mars is in certain positions in the sky. In late 1975, prior to the formal launch of CSICOP, astronomer Dennis Rawlins, along with Paul Kurtz, George Abell and Marvin Zelen (all subsequent members of CSICOP) began investigating the claim. Rawlins, a founding member of CSICOP at its launch in May 1976, resigned in early 1980 claiming that other CSICOP researchers had used incorrect statistics, faulty science, and outright falsification in an attempt to debunk Gauquelin's claims. In an article for the pro-paranormal magazine Fate, he wrote: "I am still skeptical of the occult beliefs CSICOP was created to debunk. But I have changed my mind about the integrity of some of those who make a career of opposing occultism."[89] CSICOP's Philip J. Klass responded by circulating an article to CSICOP members critical of Rawlins' arguments and motives;[90] Klass's unpublished response, refused publication by Fate, itself became the target for further criticism.[citation needed]

Church of Scientology, 1977

In 1977, an FBI raid on the offices of the Church of Scientology uncovered a project to discredit CSICOP so that it and its publications would cease criticism of Dianetics and Scientology. This included forging a CIA memo and sending it to media sources, including The New York Times , to spread rumors that CSICOP was a front group for the CIA. A letter from CSICOP founder Paul Kurtz was forged to discredit him in the eyes of parapsychology researchers.[91]

Natasha Demkina, 2004

In 2004, CSICOP was accused of scientific misconduct over its involvement in the Discovery Channel's test of the "girl with X-ray eyes", Natasha Demkina. In a self-published commentary, Nobel Prize-winning physicist Brian Josephson criticized the test and evaluation methods and argued that the results should have been deemed "inconclusive" rather than judged in the negative. Josephson, the director of the University of Cambridge's Mind–Matter Unification Project, questioned the researchers' motives, saying: "On the face of it, it looks as if there was some kind of plot to discredit the teenage claimed psychic by setting up the conditions to make it likely that they could pass her off as a failure."[92] Ray Hyman, one of the three researchers who designed and conducted the test, published a response to this and other criticisms.[93][94] CSI's Commission for Scientific Medicine and Mental Health[95] also published a detailed response to these and other objections, saying that the choice of critical level was appropriate, because her claims were unlikely to be true:[94][96]

I decided against setting the critical level at seven because this would require Natasha to be 100% accurate in our test. We wanted to give her some leeway. More important, setting the critical value at seven would make it difficult to detect a true effect. On the other hand, I did not want to set the critical value at four because this would be treating the hypothesis that she could see into people's bodies as if it were highly plausible. The compromise was to set the value at five.

General criticism and reply

On a more general level, proponents of parapsychology have accused CSI of pseudoskepticism, and an overly dogmatic and arrogant approach based on a priori convictions.[citation needed] A 1992 article in The Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, an organ for the Parapsychological Association, suggests that CSI's aggressive style of skepticism could discourage scientific research into the paranormal.[97] Astronomer Carl Sagan wrote on this in 1995:[98]

Have I ever heard a skeptic wax superior and contemptuous? Certainly. I've even sometimes heard, to my retrospective dismay, that unpleasant tone in my own voice. There are human imperfections on both sides of this issue. Even when it's applied sensitively, scientific skepticism may come across as arrogant, dogmatic, heartless, and dismissive of the feelings and deeply held beliefs of others ... CSICOP is imperfect. In certain cases [criticism of CSICOP] is to some degree justified. But from my point of view CSICOP serves an important social function – as a well-known organization to which media can apply when they wish to hear the other side of the story, especially when some amazing claim of pseudoscience is judged newsworthy ... CSICOP represents a counterbalance, although not yet nearly a loud enough voice, to the pseudoscience gullibility that seems second nature to so much of the media.

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ In 2015, James Lawrence Powell was named a fellow for the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry.[81] He resigned in March 2022 in protest against the publication of an article in Skeptical Inquirer by CSI fellow Mark Boslough regarding the Bunch et al. Tall el-Hammam airburst paper,[82][83] citing a departure by the CSI from "every tenet of proper skepticism".[84]

References

Notes

  1. ↑ UFO True Believers and Skeptics Clash on the Web The New York Times , June 30, 1997
  2. ↑ "A Unified Center for Inquiry, Stronger Than Ever". CenterForInquiry.net. Center for Inquiry. January 14, 2015. http://www.centerforinquiry.net/news/a_unified_center_for_inquiry_stronger_than_ever/. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Evans, Jules (October 3, 2012). "The Skeptic movement". Jules Evans. http://www.philosophyforlife.org/the-skeptic-movement/. "The modern Skeptic movement, as an organized force, arguably first appeared in 1976, when the philosopher Paul Kurtz proposed the establishment of a Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal (CSICOP) at the American Humanist Association annual convention. CSICOP launched as a committee with founder members including the magicians James Randi and Martin Gardner." 
  4. ↑ Kurtz, Paul. (1996). Skepticism and the Paranormal. In Gordon Stein (Ed.). The Encyclopedia of the Paranormal. pp. 684–701. Prometheus Books. ISBN:1-57392-021-5
  5. ↑ Rensberger, Boyce (1976-05-01). "Paranormal Phenomena Facing Scientific Study" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/1976/05/01/archives/paranormal-phenomena-facing-scientific-study.html. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 The Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, Volume 86, No. 1, January 1992
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Kurtz, Paul (July 2001). "A Quarter Century of Skeptical Inquiry My Personal Involvement". Skeptical Inquirer. http://www.csicop.org/si/2001-07/kurtz.html. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Higginbotham, Adam (November 7, 2014). "The Unbelievable Skepticism of the Amazing Randi" . The New York Times.
  9. ↑ Ward, Ray (2017). "The Martin Gardner Correspondence with Marcello Truzzi". Skeptical Inquirer (Committee for Skeptical Inquiry) 41 (6): 57–59. 
  10. ↑ "About CSI". CFI. http://www.csicop.org/about/about_csi. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Frazier, Kendrick (December 4, 2006). "It's CSI Now, Not CSICOP". CFI. http://www.csicop.org/specialarticles/show/its_csi_now_not_csicop. 
  12. ↑ Frazier, Kendrick. "Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal (CSICOP)". CFI. http://www.csicop.org/about/csicop. 
  13. ↑ "About CSI". CSICOP. http://www.csicop.org/about/about_csi. 
  14. ↑ Frazier, Kendrick (2018). "In Troubled Times, This Is What We Do". Skeptical Inquirer 42 (2): 14–15. https://www.csicop.org/si/show/in_troubled_times_this_is_what_we_do. Retrieved 7 June 2018. 
  15. ↑ Daniel Loxton (2013). "Why Is There a Skeptical Movement?". The Skeptics Society. p. 3. http://www.skeptic.com/downloads/Why-Is-There-a-Skeptical-Movement.pdf. 
  16. ↑ Kurtz 2001a, p. 42.
  17. ↑ "CSICOP becomes CSI after thirty years". CSI.
  18. ↑ Kendrick Frazier (4 December 2006). "It's CSI now, Not CSICOP". CSI website. CSI. http://www.csicop.org/specialarticles/show/its_csi_now_not_csicop/. 
  19. ↑ "About CSI". Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. https://www.csicop.org/about/about_csi. 
  20. ↑ "Interview With Carl Sagan". NOVA Online. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/aliens/carlsagan.html. 
  21. ↑ Marcello Truzzi (1978). "On the Extraordinary: An Attempt at Clarification". Zetetic Scholar 1 (1): 11. http://www.tricksterbook.com/truzzi/ZS-Issues-PDFs/ZeteticScholarNo1.pdf. Retrieved May 9, 2011. 
  22. ↑ Marcello Truzzi. "On Some Unfair Practices towards Claims of the Paranormal". Skeptical Investigations. http://www.skepticalinvestigations.org/anomalistics/practices.htm. 
  23. ↑ Quoted in Gardner, Martin (1981). Science: Good, Bad, and Bogus, Prometheus Books, ISBN:0-87975-144-4, pp. vii, xvi.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Kreidler, Marc (2019-02-04). "History of CSICOP" (in en-US). https://skepticalinquirer.org/history-of-csicop/. 
  25. ↑ "Skeptical Inquirer Magazine Introduces New Editor Stephen Hupp". Center for Inquiry. https://centerforinquiry.org/press_releases/skeptical-inquirer-magazine-introduces-new-editor-stephen-hupp/. 
  26. ↑ "Are subliminal messages secretly embedded in advertisements?". The Straight Dope. 26 June 1987. http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a2_344.html. 
  27. ↑ "Skeptical Briefs". Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. 2008. http://www.csicop.org/sb/. 
  28. ↑ "SkeptiCamp". n.d.. http://skepticamp.org/wiki/Main_Page. 
  29. ↑ Nisbet, Lee (Nov–Dec 2001). "The Origins and Evolution of CSICOP; Science Is Too Important to Be Left to Scientists". Skeptical Inquirer. http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2843/is_6_25/ai_79794375. 
  30. ↑ Stacy, Dennis. "CSICOP Scare!". The Anomolist. https://www.anomalist.com/commentaries/csicop.html. 
  31. ↑ National Science Foundation Science and Technology: Public Attitudes and Public Understanding. Science Fiction and Pseudoscience. Relationships Between Science and Pseudoscience. What Is Pseudoscience?
  32. ↑ "CSI". csicop.org. http://www.csicop.org/intelligentdesignwatch/. 
  33. ↑ Palmer, Rob (November 25, 2020). "Meet CSI's Newest Fellow: Kenny Biddle". https://skepticalinquirer.org/exclusive/meet-csis-newest-fellow-kenny-biddle/. 
  34. ↑ Palmer, Rob (November 28, 2022). "Introducing CSI's Chief Investigator". https://skepticalinquirer.org/exclusive/introducing-csis-chief-investigator/. 
  35. ↑ "FDA Asks U.S. Marshals to Seize Dietary Supplements: Products Being Promoted With Drug Claims". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. September 6, 2006. https://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/2006/NEW01446.html. 
  36. ↑ "IIG Challenge". Iigwest.org. http://www.iigwest.org/challenge.html. 
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 "Bill Nye Wins In Praise of Reason Award". CSICOP. January 20, 2012. http://www.csicop.org/news/show/bill_nye_wins_in_praise_of_reason_award. 
  38. ↑ "CSICOP Council in Atlanta: Police Psychics, Local Groups". The Skeptical Inquirer 7 (3): 13. 1983. 
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 "Scientific Facts and Fictions: On the Trail Of Paranormal Beliefs at CSICOP '84". The Skeptical Inquirer 9 (3): 197. 1985. 
  40. ↑ "'In Praise of Reason' Award Goes to Antony Flew". The Skeptical Inquirer 10 (2): 102, 104. 1985. 
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 41.3 "CSICOP Awards". The Skeptical Inquirer 11 (1): 14. 1986. 
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 42.3 42.4 Shore, Lys Ann (1987). "Controversies in Science and Fringe Science: From Animals and SETI to Quackery and SHC". The Skeptical Inquirer 12 (1): 12–13. 
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 Shore, Lys Ann (1988). "New Light on the New Age CSICOP's Chicago conference was the first to critically evaluate the New Age movement.". The Skeptical Inquirer 13 (3): 226–235. 
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Kurtz, Paul (1991). "Skepticism in Europe: Brussels Conference Tackles Diverse Issues". Skeptical Inquirer 15 (2): 218. 
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 Shore, Lys Ann (1990). "Skepticism in the Light of Scientific Literacy". Skeptical Inquirer 15 (1): 8. 
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 46.3 46.4 46.5 "CSICOP's 1991 Awards". Skeptical Inquirer 16 (1): 16. 1991. 
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 47.3 47.4 "CSICOP's 1992 Awards". Skeptical Inquirer 17 (3): 236. 1993. 
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 Kurtz, Paul (2001). "Worlds Skeptics Congress". Skeptical Inquirer 25 (2): 34. 
  49. ↑ Gelfand, Julia (May 24, 2006). Chancellor's Distinguished Fellows Program, 2005-2006, Selective Bibliography for Marvin Minsky. UC Irvine Libraries. p. 9. doi:10.1080/03124077308549397. 
  50. ↑ Alcock, James. "In Praise of Ray Hyman". CSICOP. http://www.csicop.org/si/show/in_praise_of_ray_hyman. 
  51. ↑ Gaeddert, John (2004). "Science and Ethics Conference Brings Together Minds from Canada, Europe, and the U.S.". Skeptical Inquirer 28 (5): 5–6. 
  52. ↑ "Randi, Krauss, Kurtz Honored with Major Awards". CSICOP. http://www.csicop.org/si/show/randi_krauss_kurtz_honored_with_major_awards. 
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 53.2 Nisbet, Matt (1999). "Candle in the Dark and Snuffed Candle Awards". Skeptical Inquirer 23 (2): 6. 
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 54.2 "Nye, Aykroyd Receive Council's First Awards". Skeptical Inquirer 21 (3): 12. 1997. 
  55. ↑ Frazier, Kendrick (2001). "Science Indicators 2000: Belief in the Paranormal or Pseudoscience". Skeptical Inquirer 25 (1): 14. 
  56. ↑ "Beyond Science?, on season 8, episode 2". Scientific American Frontiers. Chedd-Angier Production Company. 1997–1998. PBS. Archived from the original on 2006.
  57. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Albuquerque 2003
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 Fidalgo, Paul (2016). "CSI's Balles Prize in Critical Thinking Awarded to Julia Belluz of Vox.com". Skeptical Inquirer 40 (5): 6. 
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 "CSI Awards Balles Prize". CSICOP. http://www.csicop.org/news/press_releases/show/csi_awards_balles_prize. 
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 "Balles Critical Thinking Prize Awarded to Authors of UFOs, Chemtrails, and Aliens". Skeptical Inquirer (Committee for Skeptical Inquiry) 42 (4): 11. 2018. 
  61. ↑ "CSICOP announces winners of the first Robert P. Ballez Prize". Skeptical Inquirer 26 (3). 
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 62.2 Fidalgo, Paul. "CSI Announces Paul Offit As Winner of the 2013 Balles Prize". CSICOP. http://www.csicop.org/si/show/csi_announces_paul_offit_as_winner_of_the_2013_balles_prize. 
  63. ↑ "CSI's Robert P. Balles Award Goes to 'Guardian 'Bad Science' Columnist Ben Goldacre". Skeptical Inquirer 31 (5): 13. 2007. 
  64. ↑ Bupp, Nathan. "CSI's Robert P. Balles Award Goes to New York Times Science Writer Natalie Angier". CSICOP. http://www.csicop.org/specialarticles/show/csirsquos_robert_p._balles_award_goes_to_new_york_times_science_writer_nata. 
  65. ↑ Lavarnway, Julia. "CSICon New Orleans 2011 – Where Meeting Awesome Skeptics Is As Easy As Saying 'Hello'". CSICOP. http://www.csicop.org/si/show/csicon_new_orleans_2011_-_where_meeting_awesome_skeptics_is_as_easy_as_sayi. 
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 "Skeptic Authors Steven Salzberg and Joe Nickell to Receive Balles Prize in Critical Thinking". CSICOP. http://www.csicop.org/news/show/skeptic_authors_steven_salzberg_and_joe_nickell_to_receive_balles_prize. 
  67. ↑ "Cosmos, Joe Schwarcz Win Skeptics' Critical Thinking Prize". CSICOP. http://www.csicop.org/news/press_releases/show/cosmos_joe_schwarcz_win_skeptics_critical_thinking_prize. 
  68. ↑ "Maria Konnikova Wins Critical Thinking Prize from CSI for "The Confidence Game"". Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. http://www.csicop.org/news/press_releases/show/maria_konnikova_wins_critical_thinking_prize_from_csi_for_the_confidence_ga. 
  69. ↑ "CNN Reporters Awarded Balles Critical Thinking Prize for A Deal with the Devil". Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. https://skepticalinquirer.org/2019/09/cnn-reporters-awarded-balles-critical-thinking-prize-for-a-deal-with-the-devil. 
  70. ↑ Fidalgo, Paul (September 2019). "CNN reporters awarded Balles Critical Thinking Prize for A Deal With The Devil". Skeptical Inquirer (Amherst, NY: Center for Inquiry). 
  71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 Fidalgo, Paul (April 2022). "Timothy Caulfield, Susan Gerbic Awarded Balles Prizes for Critical Thinking". Skeptical Inquirer 46 (2). https://skepticalinquirer.org/2022/02/timothy-caulfield-susan-gerbic-awarded-balles-prizes-for-critical-thinking/. 
  72. ↑ "Articles of Note". The Skeptical Inquirer 13 (4): 425. 1988. 
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 73.2 73.3 73.4 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Seattle 1994
  74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 74.2 74.3 74.4 "CSICOP Award Winners". Skeptical Inquirer 20 (5): 7. 1996. 
  75. ↑ Frazier, Kendrick (1998). "Science and Reason, Foibles and Fallacies, and Doomsdays". Skeptical Inquirer 22 (6): 6. 
  76. ↑ Frazier, Kendrick; Radford, Ben (2002). "Fourth World Skeptics Conference in Burbank a Lively Foment of Ideas". Skeptical Inquirer 26 (5): 5. 
  77. ↑ "Pantheon Of Skeptics". CFI. April 3, 2019. https://skepticalinquirer.org/pantheon-of-skeptics/. 
  78. ↑ "Committee for Skeptical Inquiry Names Ten New Fellows for Outstanding Contributions to Science and Skepticism". Skeptical Inquirer (Committee for Skeptical Inquirer) 45 (1): 5. 2021. 
  79. ↑ "Center for Inquiry Fellows And Staff". CFI. April 3, 2019. https://skepticalinquirer.org/fellows-and-staff/. 
  80. ↑ "Committee for Skeptical Inquiry Elects Twelve New CSI Fellows". Center for Inquiry. https://centerforinquiry.org/news/committee-for-skeptical-inquiry-elects-twelve-new-csi-fellows/. 
  81. ↑ "Ten Distinguished Scientists and Scholars Named Fellows of Committee for Skeptical Inquiry". Skeptical Inquirer 39 (6). 2015. http://www.csicop.org/si/show/ten_distinguished_scientists_and_scholars_named_fellows_of_committee_for_sk. 
  82. ↑ Boslough, Mark , Wikidata Q110293090
  83. ↑ Bunch, Ted E.; LeCompte, Malcolm A.; Adedeji, A. Victor; Wittke, James H.; Burleigh, T. David; Hermes, Robert E. et al. , Wikidata Q108641540
  84. ↑ Lawrence Powell, James (2022-03-19). "Powell CSI Resignation". http://www.jamespowell.org/Resignation/. "I hereby resign from the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. Please inform the members of the committee of my resignation. My reason is the publication of Mark Boslough's recent article in Skeptical Inquirer. It violates nearly every tenet of proper skepticism as defined by CSICOP and CSI." 
  85. ↑ "The Campaign for Philosophical Freedom". www.cfpf.org.uk. http://www.cfpf.org.uk/articles/background/nicholls-prn.html. 
  86. ↑ Truzzi, M (1996) from the Parapsychological Association newsletter "PSI Researcher". http://66.221.71.68/psir.htm. 
  87. ↑ "Parapsychology, Anomalies, Science, Skepticism, and CSICOP". blavatskyarchives.com. http://blavatskyarchives.com/zeteticism.htm. 
  88. ↑ "Marcello Truzzi, On Pseudo-Skepticism " Zetetic Scholar (1987) No. 12/13, 3-4.
  89. ↑ Rawlins, Dennis (1981). "sTARBABY". FATE Magazine. http://www.discord.org/~lippard/rawlins-starbaby.txt.  Rawlins's account of the Mars Effect investigation
  90. ↑ Klass, Philip J. (1981). "Crybaby". http://www.discord.org/~lippard/klass-crybaby.txt. 
  91. ↑ Marshall, John (January 25, 1980). "Cult order sought to end scientists' criticism". Toronto Globe and Mail. 
  92. ↑ Josephson, Brian. "Scientists' unethical use of media for propaganda purposes". http://www.tcm.phy.cam.ac.uk/%7Ebdj10/propaganda/. 
  93. ↑ "Cause, Chance and Bayesian Statistics: A Briefing Document". http://www.abelard.org/briefings/bayes.htm#testing_for_rare_conditions. 
  94. ↑ 94.0 94.1 Hyman, Ray (June 7, 2005). "Statistics and the Test of Natasha". CSICOP. http://www.csicop.org/specialarticles/show/statistics_and_the_test_of_natasha. 
  95. ↑ "Commission for Scientific Medicine and Mental Health". http://www.csmmh.org/. 
  96. ↑ "Answer to Critics". CSMMH. http://www.csmmh.org/demkina/answerstocritics.html. 
  97. ↑ The Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, Volume 86, No. 1, January 1992; pp. 20, 24, 40, 46, 51
  98. ↑ Sagan, Carl (1995). The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark. Random House. ISBN 0-394-53512-X. https://archive.org/details/demonhauntedworl0000unse. 

Bibliography

External links



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