Biology:ACSL4

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Short description: Protein-coding gene in humans


A representation of the 3D structure of the protein myoglobin showing turquoise α-helices.
Generic protein structure example

Long-chain-fatty-acid—CoA ligase 4 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ACSL4 gene.[1][2][3]

The protein encoded by this gene is an isozyme of the long-chain fatty-acid-coenzyme A ligase family. Although differing in substrate specificity, subcellular localization, and tissue distribution, all isozymes of this family convert free long-chain fatty acids into fatty acyl-CoA esters, and thereby play a key role in lipid biosynthesis and fatty acid degradation. This isozyme preferentially utilizes arachidonate as substrate. The absence of this enzyme may contribute to the intellectual disability or Alport syndrome. Alternative splicing of this gene generates 2 transcript variants.[3]

Structure

The ACSL4 gene is located on the X-chromosome, with its specific location being Xq22.3-q23. The gene contains 17 exons.[3] ASCL4 encodes a 74.4 kDa protein, FACL4, which is composed of 670 amino acids; 17 peptides have been observed through mass spectrometry data.[4][5]

Function

Fatty acid-CoA ligase 4 (FACL4), the protein encoded by the ACSL4 gene, is an acyl-CoA synthetase, which is an essential class of lipid metabolism enzymes, and ACSL4 is distinguished by its preference for arachidonic acid.[6] The enzyme controls the level of this fatty acid in cells; because AA is known to induce apoptosis (cell specific), the enzyme modulates apoptosis.[7] Overexpression of ACSL4 results in a higher rate of arachidonoyl-CoA synthesis, increased 20:4 incorporation into phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, and triacylglycerol, and reduced cellular levels of unesterified 20:4. Additionally, ACSL4 regulates PGE2 release from human smooth muscle cells. ACSL4 may regulate a number of processes dependent on the release of arachidonic acid-derived lipid mediators in the arterial wall.[8]

Clinical significance

The most common SNP (C to T substitution) in the first intron of the FACL4 gene is associated with altered FA composition of plasma phosphatidylcholines in patients with Metabolic Syndrome.[9] It has been implicated in many mechanisms of carcinogenesis and neuronal development.[6]

Cancer

In breast cancer, ACSL4 can serve as both a biomarker for and mediator of an aggressive breast cancer phenotype. ACSL4 also is positively correlated with a unique subtype of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), which is characterized by the absence of androgen receptor (AR) and therefore referred to as quadruple negative breast cancer (QNBC).[10]

The encoded protein FACL4 also plays a role in the growth of hepatic cancer cells. Inhibiting FACL4 leads to inhibition of human liver tumor cells, as marked by an increased level of apoptosis.[11] It has also been suggested that modulation of FACL4 expression/activity is an approach for treatment of hepatic cell carcinoma (HCC).[7]

The FACL4 pathway is also important in colon carcinogenesis; the development of selective inhibitors for FACL4 may be a worthy effort in the prevention and treatment of colon cancer. FACL4 up-regulation appears to occur during the transformation from the cancer from adenoma to adenocarcinoma. Additionally, some colon tumor promoters significantly induced FACL4 expression.[12]

Neuronal development

FACL4 was the gene shown to be involved in nonspecific intellectual disability and fatty-acid metabolism.[13] Since the ASCL4 gene is highly expressed in brain, where it encodes a brain specific isoform, a FACL4 mutation may be an efficient diagnostic tool in intellectually disabled males.[14] FACL4was discovered to bedeleted in a family with Alport syndrome and elliptocytosis.[15]

Interactions

ACSL4 expression is regulated by SHP2 activity.[16] Additionally, ACSL4 interacts with ACSL3, APP, DSE, ELAVL1, HECW2, MINOS1, PARK2, SPG20, SUMO2, TP53, TUBGCP3, UBC, UBD, and YWHAQ.[3]

References

  1. ↑ "FACL4, a new gene encoding long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 4, is deleted in a family with Alport syndrome, elliptocytosis, and mental retardation". Genomics 47 (3): 350–8. Apr 1998. doi:10.1006/geno.1997.5104. PMID 9480748. 
  2. ↑ "Localization of a non-syndromic X-linked mental retardation gene (MRX80) to Xq22-q24". Am J Med Genet A 122A (1): 37–41. Sep 2003. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.20221. PMID 12949969. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 "Entrez Gene: ACSL4 acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4". https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=2182. 
  4. ↑ "Integration of cardiac proteome biology and medicine by a specialized knowledgebase". Circulation Research 113 (9): 1043–53. Oct 2013. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.113.301151. PMID 23965338. 
  5. ↑ "Acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4". Cardiac Organellar Protein Atlas Knowledgebase (COPaKB). http://www.heartproteome.org/copa/ProteinInfo.aspx?QType=Protein%20ID&QValue=Q5JWV8. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Küch, EM; Vellaramkalayil, R; Zhang, I; Lehnen, D; Brügger, B; Sreemmel, W; Ehehalt, R; Poppelreuther, M et al. (February 2014). "Differentially localized acyl-CoA synthetase 4 isoenzymes mediate the metabolic channeling of fatty acids towards phosphatidylinositol.". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids 1841 (2): 227–39. doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.10.018. PMID 24201376. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Sung, YK; Park, MK; Hong, SH; Hwang, SY; Kwack, MH; Kim, JC; Kim, MK (31 August 2007). "Regulation of cell growth by fatty acid-CoA ligase 4 in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells.". Experimental & Molecular Medicine 39 (4): 477–82. doi:10.1038/emm.2007.52. PMID 17934335. 
  8. ↑ Golej, DL; Askari, B; Kramer, F; Barnhart, S; Vivekanandan-Giri, A; Pennathur, S; Bornfeldt, KE (April 2011). "Long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 4 modulates prostaglandin E2 release from human arterial smooth muscle cells.". Journal of Lipid Research 52 (4): 782–93. doi:10.1194/jlr.m013292. PMID 21242590. 
  9. ↑ Zeman, M; Vecka, M; Jáchymová, M; Jirák, R; Tvrzická, E; Stanková, B; Zák, A (April 2009). "Fatty acid CoA ligase-4 gene polymorphism influences fatty acid metabolism in metabolic syndrome, but not in depression.". The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine 217 (4): 287–93. doi:10.1620/tjem.217.287. PMID 19346733. 
  10. ↑ Wu, X; Li, Y; Wang, J; Wen, X; Marcus, MT; Daniels, G; Zhang, DY; Ye, F et al. (2013). "Long chain fatty Acyl-CoA synthetase 4 is a biomarker for and mediator of hormone resistance in human breast cancer.". PLOS ONE 8 (10): e77060. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0077060. PMID 24155918. Bibcode: 2013PLoSO...877060W. 
  11. ↑ Hu, C; Chen, L; Jiang, Y; Li, Y; Wang, S (January 2008). "The effect of fatty acid-CoA ligase 4 on the growth of hepatic cancer cells.". Cancer Biology & Therapy 7 (1): 131–4. doi:10.4161/cbt.7.1.5198. PMID 18059177. 
  12. ↑ Cao, Y; Dave, KB; Doan, TP; Prescott, SM (1 December 2001). "Fatty acid CoA ligase 4 is up-regulated in colon adenocarcinoma.". Cancer Research 61 (23): 8429–34. PMID 11731423. 
  13. ↑ Meloni, I; Muscettola, M; Raynaud, M; Longo, I; Bruttini, M; Moizard, MP; Gomot, M; Chelly, J et al. (April 2002). "FACL4, encoding fatty acid-CoA ligase 4, is mutated in nonspecific X-linked mental retardation.". Nature Genetics 30 (4): 436–40. doi:10.1038/ng857. PMID 11889465. 
  14. ↑ Longo, I; Frints, SG; Fryns, JP; Meloni, I; Pescucci, C; Ariani, F; Borghgraef, M; Raynaud, M et al. (January 2003). "A third MRX family (MRX68) is the result of mutation in the long chain fatty acid-CoA ligase 4 (FACL4) gene: proposal of a rapid enzymatic assay for screening mentally retarded patients.". Journal of Medical Genetics 40 (1): 11–7. doi:10.1136/jmg.40.1.11. PMID 12525535. 
  15. ↑ Piccini, M; Vitelli, F; Bruttini, M; Pober, BR; Jonsson, JJ; Villanova, M; Zollo, M; Borsani, G et al. (1 February 1998). "FACL4, a new gene encoding long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 4, is deleted in a family with Alport syndrome, elliptocytosis, and mental retardation.". Genomics 47 (3): 350–8. doi:10.1006/geno.1997.5104. PMID 9480748. 
  16. ↑ Cooke, M; Orlando, U; Maloberti, P; Podestá, EJ; Cornejo Maciel, F (November 2011). "Tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 regulates the expression of acyl-CoA synthetase ACSL4.". Journal of Lipid Research 52 (11): 1936–48. doi:10.1194/jlr.m015552. PMID 21903867. 

Further reading

External links



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