Biology:Acanthopteroctetidae

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Acanthopteroctetidae is a small family of moths with two described genera, Acanthopteroctetes and Catapterix, a total of seven described species, and two undescribed species.[1][2] They are known as the archaic sun moths.

The Acanthopteroctetidae have been classified as the sole family in the superfamily Acanthopteroctetoidea and the infraorder Acanthoctesia;[3] however, based on molecular phylogenetic evidence, they may instead be classified in the superfamily Neopseustoidea, together with the Neopseustidae and Aenigmatineidae.[4]: 675, 681 

Morphology

Moths in this superfamily are usually small (but one is 15 mm. in wingspan) and iridescent. Like other "homoneurous" Coelolepida and non-ditrysian Heteroneura, the ocelli are lost. There are a variety of unique structural characteristics,[5] and they are evolutionary distinctive.[6] The female adults of both Catapterix crimaea[7] and C. tianshanica[8] are unknown.

Diversity and distribution

Four of the species of type genus Acanthopteroctetes (A. aurulenta, A. bimaculata, A. tripunctata and A. unifascia) are very localised in Western North America,[9] while its fifth species (A. nepticuloides) was described from South Africa.[10] Genus Catapterix has two species, of which Catapterix crimaea has been observed in Crimea and southern France,[7] while Catapterix tianshanica is known from Kyrgyzstan.[8]

In addition, two taxa are known to exist but have so far not been formally described: one from the Andes in Peru,[5]: 54 [4]: 691  and one from China.[4]: 691 

Taxonomy

Around the start of the century, they were considered the sister group to all other members of the group Coelolepida[11][12], in part based on scale morphology.[5]: 53–54 

However, modern molecular phylogenetic evidence indicates that Acanthopteroctetidae is most closely related to Neopseustidae, and may even fall within Neopseustidae, rendering it nonmonophyletic.[1]

of the Lepidoptera since then has indicated a close relation between the Acanthopteroctetidae, the Neopseustidae and the Aenigmatineidae,[4]: 672–681  and the three may be considered part of a single superfamily Neopseustoidea rather than three separate, monobasic superfamilies.[4]: 681  Molecular data from the same research showed weak support for the clade Coelolepida, and weakly contradicted the placement of Acanthopteroctetidae as sister to the remaining Coelolepida.[4]: 676 

Genus Catapterix was originally described within its own family, Catapterigidae,[13][14] which is considered a junior synonym of Acanthopteroctidae,[15] with which it shares specialised structural features including similar wing morphology (in A. unifascia).[6]: 1255 

Biology

Data on the species in Acanthopteroctetidae are scarce. Of the seven described species, only Acanthopteroctetes unifascia has a full description of the larval stage available.[4]: 691 [8] Other than a single record of a specimen tentatively identified as Acanthopteroctetes bimaculata,[4]: 691  the larvae of the remaining species in both genera are unknown.

Acanthopteroctetes unifascia larvae are leaf-miners on the shrub genus Ceanothus (Rhamnaceae).[5] They form blotch-shaped mines and overwinter as larva, after which feeding continues in spring.[4] Pupation occurs in a cocoon on the ground.[5] The adult moths emerge during spring and are diurnal.

The specimen tentatively identified as Acanthopteroctetes bimaculata was recorded from a leaf mine on a Ribes sp. (Grossulariaceae).[4]: 691 

Conservation

As of September 2022, none of the species in Acanthopteroctetidae have been evaluated by the IUCN.[16]

Footnotes and references

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Regier, Jerome C.; Mitter, Charles; Kristensen, Niels P.; Davis, Donald R.; Van Nieukerken, Erik J.; Rota, Jadranka; Simonsen, Thomas J.; Mitter, Kim T. et al. (October 2015). "A molecular phylogeny for the oldest (nonditrysian) lineages of extant L epidoptera, with implications for classification, comparative morphology and life‐history evolution" (in en). Systematic Entomology 40 (4): 671–704. doi:10.1111/syen.12129. ISSN 0307-6970. https://resjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/syen.12129. 
  2. ↑ Eiseman, Charles S. (March 2016). "Notes on the Larval Hosts and Habits of Some North American Eriocraniidae and Acanthopteroctetidae" (in en). Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society 70 (1): 79–81. doi:10.18473/lepi.70i1.a11. ISSN 0024-0966. http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.18473/lepi.70i1.a11. 
  3. ↑ Minet, Joël (2002). "Un nom d'infra-ordre pour les Acanthopteroctetidae (Lep.)" (in fr). Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France 107 (3): 222. doi:10.3406/bsef.2002.16845. ISSN 0037-928X. Bibcode: 2002AnSEF.107..222M. https://www.persee.fr/doc/bsef_0037-928x_2002_num_107_3_16845. Retrieved 2024-05-17. 
  4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 Regier, Jerome C.; Mitter, Charles; Kristensen, Niels P.; Davis, Donald R.; Van Nieukerken, Erik J.; Rota, Jadranka; Simonsen, Thomas J.; Mitter, Kim T. et al. (October 2015). "A molecular phylogeny for the oldest (nonditrysian) lineages of extant Lepidoptera, with implications for classification, comparative morphology and life-history evolution: Molecular phylogeny for nonditrysian Lepidoptera". Systematic Entomology 40 (4). doi:10.1111/syen.12129. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Kristensen, Niels P. (1998-12-31). "5. The Homoneurous Glossata". in Kükenthal, Willy. Band 4: Arthropoda, 2 Hälfte: Insecta, Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies, Teilband/Part 35, Volume 1: Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography. Handbuch der Zoologie. De Gruyter. pp. 51–64. doi:10.1515/9783110804744.51. ISBN 978-3-11-015704-8. https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110804744.51/html. Retrieved 2024-05-17. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Nielsen, Es; Kristensen, Np (1996). "The Australian moth family Lophocoronidae and the basal phylogeny of the Lepidoptera – Glossata" (in en). Invertebrate Systematics 10 (6): 1199. doi:10.1071/IT9961199. ISSN 1445-5226. http://www.publish.csiro.au/?paper=IT9961199. Retrieved 2024-05-17. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Nel, J.; Varenne, T.; van Nieukerken, Erik (1 January 2016). "Découverte en France d'un lépidoptère "primitif", Catapterix crimaea Zagulajev & Sinev, 1988 (Lepidoptera, Neopseustoidea, Acanthopteroctetidae)" (in en). Revue de l'Association Roussillonnaise d'Entomologie XXV (3): 153–156. ISSN 1288-5509. https://repository.naturalis.nl/pub/648812. Retrieved 14 September 2022. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Mey, Wolfram; Rutjan, Evgeniy (28 September 2016). "Catapterix tianshanica sp. n. – the second species of the genus from the Palaearctic Region (Lepidoptera, Acanthopteroctetidae)". Nota Lepidopterologica 39 (2): 145–150. doi:10.3897/nl.39.9882. https://nl.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=9882. Retrieved 14 September 2022. 
  9. ↑ Davis, Donald R. (1978). "A Revision of the North American Moths of the Superfamily Eriocranioidea with the proposal of a New Family, Acanthopteroctetidae (Lepidoptera)" (in en). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology (251): 1–131. doi:10.5479/si.00810282.251. https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/5499. Retrieved 2024-05-17. 
  10. ↑ Mey, Wolfram (2011). "Basic pattern of Lepidoptera diversity in southwestern Africa". Esperiana Memoir 6: 151–152. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266614868. Retrieved 14 September 2022.  [linked PDF is incomplete, but gives part of the relevant text]
  11. ↑ Wiegmann, Brian M.; Regier, Jerome C.; Mitter, Charles (February 2002). "Combined molecular and morphological evidence on the phylogeny of the earliest lepidopteran lineages" (in en). Zoologica Scripta 31 (1): 67–81. doi:10.1046/j.0300-3256.2001.00091.x. ISSN 0300-3256. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.0300-3256.2001.00091.x. Retrieved 2024-05-17. 
  12. ↑ Kristensen, Niels P.; Skalski, Andrzej W. (1998-12-31), Kükenthal, Willy, ed., "2. Phylogeny and Palaeontology", Band 4: Arthropoda, 2 Hälfte: Insecta, Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies, Teilband/Part 35, Volume 1: Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography (DE GRUYTER): pp. 7–26, doi:10.1515/9783110804744.7, ISBN 978-3-11-015704-8, https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110804744.7/html, retrieved 2026-01-02 
  13. ↑ Sinev, S.Y. (1988). Systematic position of the Catapterigidae (Lepidoptera) and the problem of the naturalness of the group Heteroneura. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 67: 602-614. In Russian [see Entomological Review (1990) 69: 1-14 for a translation].
  14. ↑ Zagulajev, A.K.; Sinev S.Y. (1988). Catapterigidae fam. n. - a new family of lower Lepidoptera (Lepidoptera, Dacnonypha). Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 68: 35-43. In Russian [see Entomological Review (1989) 68: 35-43 for a translation].
  15. ↑ De Prins, J.; De Prins, W. (2011–2021). "Catapterigidae". http://www.afromoths.net/families/show/106. 
  16. ↑ "IUCN Red List". https://www.iucnredlist.org/. 

Further reading

  • Firefly Encyclopedia of Insects and Spiders, edited by Christopher O'Toole, ISBN 1-55297-612-2, 2002

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