Biology:Acresuchus

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Short description: Genus of extinct caiman from the Late Miocene

Acresuchus
Temporal range: Late Miocene, 11.62–5.33 Ma[1]
Scientific classification e
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Clade: Archosauromorpha
Clade: Archosauriformes
Order: Crocodilia
Family: Alligatoridae
Subfamily: Caimaninae
Clade: Jacarea
Genus: Acresuchus
Souza-Filho et al., 2018
Type species
Acresuchus pachytemporalis
Souza-Filho et al., 2018

Acresuchus ("Acre crocodile") is an extinct monospecific genus of medium-sized caiman from the Late Miocene of western Brazil and Venezuela. The genus contains a single species, Acresuchus pachytemporalis. Acresuchus is a close relative of the giant caiman Purussaurus.

Description

The hypodigm of Acresuchus consists of the holotype, UFAC-2507, a nearly complete skull, and several referred specimens, most found in Niteroi, located in the Solimões Formation in Acre. Acresuchus takes its name from the state it was found in (Acre), while the species name pachytemporalis refers to the extreme thickening of the squamosal bones in the holotype.[2] Another specimen, MCNUSB-PB-02FU-RS43, a skull fragment, was found in the middle member of the Urumaco Formation in Venezuela.[3]

According to the describing authors, Acresuchus is a: "Caimanine with a medium-sized body, teeth with smooth (non-serrated) carinae, orbits large in comparison with other caimanines, having roughly straight margins that are larger than the infratemporal fenestrae, circular external naris, posterior margin of the skull table transversely straight to slightly concave, posterolateral margin of squamosal upturned throughout the entire dorsal lateral margin with a dorsoventral expansion in the posterior portion of the eminence" with the last trait being a unique trait within the subfamily Caimaninae.[2]

The holotype of Acresuchus has an estimated skull length of 51.5 cm (20.3 in), smaller than all three species of Purussaurus, which suggests that Acresuchus may have represented a transitional form between the traditional caiman body plan and that of Purussaurus. Acresuchus lacked an enlarged external nostril, which in Purussaurus is hypothesized to reduce stress when biting, thus creating a more powerful bite. However, Acresuchus has small depressions in the posterior portions of the maxillae, similar to the deep excavations found in Purussaurus. These depressions may increase with body size in the Acresuchus-Purussaurus clade.[2]

Acresuchus shares traits with Purussaurus that possibly were adaptations to large body size, such as large supratemporal fenestrae. These provided a quicker capture of prey and better thermoregulation.[2]

A 2022 study estimated the body size of Acresuchus, Purussaurus, and another extinct caimanine Mourasuchus using skull width and the dorsocranial length of the skull, determining that dorsocranial length is affected by changes in the skull throughout growth. Therefore, the authors used their estimates derived from skull width, estimating the length and mass of Acresuchus as 3.744 metres (12.28 ft) and 260.3 kilograms (574 lb), respectively, using ordinary least squares regression, while the estimates made utilizing a phylogenetic least squares regression recovered estimates of 3.401 metres (11.16 ft) and 225.6 kilograms (497 lb). The authors of the study acknowledged the lower results of the phylogenetic approach, stating that it may be due to a weaker correlation between skull width and body size compared to OLS.[4]

Classification

The describing authors of Acresuchus entered the data gleaned from its specimens into a phylogenetic analysis to test its affinities. The analysis found it to be a member of Caimaninae closely related to Purussaurus,[2] which was confirmed by subsequent studies.[1] The result of the initial analysis is shown in the cladogram below.[2]

Caimaninae

Culebrasuchus mesoamericanus

Gnatusuchus pebasensis

Globidentosuchus brachyrostris

Eocaiman palaeocenicus

Eocaiman itaboraiensis

Eocaiman cavernensis

Kuttanacaiman iquitosensis

Caiman gasparinae

Necrosuchus ionensis

Tsoabichi greenriverensis

Paleosuchus palpebrosus Smooth-fronted caiman

Paleosuchus trigonatus Cuvier's dwarf caiman

Mourasuchus pattersoni

Mourasuchus amazonensis

Mourasuchus atopus

Mourasuchus arendsi

Acresuchus pachytemporalis

Purussaurus neivensis

Purussaurus mirandai

Purussaurus brasiliensis

Centenariosuchus gilmorei

Jacarea

UCMP 39978

Melanosuchus fisheri

Melanosuchus niger Black caiman

Caiman wannlangstoni

Caiman brevirostris

Caiman latirostris Broad-snouted caiman

Caiman crocodilus Spectacled caiman

Caiman yacare Yacare caiman

Paleoecology

Acresuchus shares many features with the living black caiman, including size, which suggests it would have a similar diet. If this assumption is correct, juvenile Acresuchus would have preyed on small invertebrates, with adults feeding on fish and small to medium-sized mammals. The teeth at the back of the skull in Acresuchus are blunt, indicating that it may have also ate hard-shelled animals.[2]

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Rio, Jonathan P.; Mannion, Philip D. (6 September 2021). "Phylogenetic analysis of a new morphological dataset elucidates the evolutionary history of Crocodylia and resolves the long-standing gharial problem". PeerJ 9: e12094. doi:10.7717/peerj.12094. PMID 34567843. 
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Souza-Filho, Jonas P.; Souza, Rafael G.; Hsiou, Annie Schmaltz; Riff, Douglas; Guilherme, Edson; Negri, Francisco Ricardo; Cidade, Giovanne M. (2018-09-03). "A new caimanine (Crocodylia, Alligatoroidea) species from the Solimões Formation of Brazil and the phylogeny of Caimaninae". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 38 (5): e1528450. doi:10.1080/02724634.2018.1528450. ISSN 0272-4634. Bibcode2018JVPal..38E8450S. 
  3. Cidade, Giovanne M.; Rincón, Ascanio Daniel (October 2021). "The first occurrence of Acresuchus (Alligatoroidea, Caimaninae) from the Urumaco Formation of Venezuela and the late Miocene crocodylian fauna of northern South America" (in en). Journal of South American Earth Sciences 110: 103344. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2021.103344. ISSN 0895-9811. Bibcode2021JSAES.11003344C. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021JSAES.11003344C/abstract. 
  4. Paiva, Ana Laura S.; Godoy, Pedro L.; Souza, Ray B. B.; Klein, Wilfried; Hsiou, Annie S. (2022-10-01). "Body size estimation of Caimaninae specimens from the Miocene of South America" (in en). Journal of South American Earth Sciences 118: 103970. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2022.103970. ISSN 0895-9811. Bibcode2022JSAES.11803970P. 

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