Biology:Alligator snapping turtle

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Short description: Large freshwater turtle from the Eastern United States

Alligator snapping turtle
Alligator snapping turtle.jpg
CITES Appendix II (CITES)[2]
Scientific classification edit
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Testudines
Suborder: Cryptodira
Family: Chelydridae
Genus: Macrochelys
Species:
M. temminckii
Binomial name
Macrochelys temminckii
(Troost, 1835)[1]
Synonyms

The alligator snapping turtle (Macrochelys temminckii) is a large species of turtle in the family Chelydridae. The species is native to freshwater habitats in the United States . M. temminckii is one of the heaviest freshwater turtles in the world.[4] It is the largest freshwater species of turtle in North America.[5] It is often associated with, but not closely related to, the common snapping turtle, which is in the genus Chelydra. The specific epithet temminckii is in honor of Dutch zoologist Coenraad Jacob Temminck.[6][7]

Taxonomy

Although it was once believed that only one extant species exists in the genus Macrochelys, recent studies have shown that there are two species, the other being the Suwannee snapping turtle (M. suwanniensis) of the Suwannee River.[8][9] A third species, the Apalachicola snapping turtle (M. apalachicolae), has been proposed,[10] but is generally not recognized.[8][9][11]

The alligator snapping turtle is given its common name because of its immensely powerful jaws and distinct ridges on its shell that are similar in appearance to the rough, ridged skin of an alligator. It is also slightly less commonly known as "the loggerhead snapper" (not to be confused with the loggerhead sea turtle or loggerhead musk turtle).

Distribution and habitat

The alligator snapping turtle is found primarily in freshwaters of the southeastern United States. It is found from the Florida Panhandle west to East Texas, north to southeastern Kansas , Missouri, southeastern Iowa, western Illinois, southern Indiana , western Kentucky, Louisiana, and western Tennessee .[12] Typically, only nesting females venture onto open land.[citation needed]

They are generally found only in bodies of water that flow into the Gulf of Mexico and usually do not occur in isolated wetlands or ponds. A study found that the turtles prefer places with canopy cover, overhanging trees, shrubs, dead submerged trees, and beaver dens.[13]

There are non-native established invasive populations of the alligator snapping turtle in South Africa.[14] The average home range for an individual is 750 m. Females will have larger home ranges than males.[13]

Description

Illustration from Holbrook's North American Herpetology, 1842

The alligator snapping turtle is characterized by a large, heavy head, and a long, thick shell with three dorsal ridges of large scales (osteoderms), giving it a primitive appearance reminiscent of some of the plated dinosaurs, most notably Ankylosaurus. It can be immediately distinguished from the common snapping turtle by the three distinct rows of spikes and raised plates on the carapace, whereas the common snapping turtle has a smoother carapace. The spikes on the carapace gradually flatten out as the turtle ages. M. temminckii is a solid gray, brown, black, or olive-green in color, and often covered with algae. It has radiating yellow patterns around the eyes, serving to break up the outline of the eyes to keep the turtle camouflaged. The eyes are also surrounded by a star-shaped arrangement of fleshy, filamentous "eyelashes".

Skeleton of an alligator snapping turtle on display at the Museum of Osteology.

Though not verified, a 183 kg (403 lb) alligator snapping turtle was found in Kansas in 1937,[15] but the largest verifiable one is debatable. One weighed at the Shedd Aquarium in Chicago was a 16-year resident giant alligator snapper weighing 113 kg (249 lb), sent to the Tennessee Aquarium as part of a breeding loan in 1999, where it subsequently died. Another weighing 107 kg (236 lb) was housed at the Brookfield Zoo in suburban Chicago. Another large turtle reportedly weighed 135 kg (298 lb).[16] The species generally does not grow quite that large. Breeding maturity is attained around 8 kg (18 lb), when the straight carapace length is around 33 cm (13 in), but then the species continues to grow throughout life.[17] Excluding exceptionally large specimens, adult alligator snapping turtles generally range in carapace length from 35 to 80.8 cm (13.8 to 31.8 in) and weigh from 8.4 to 80 kg (19 to 176 lb).[15][18][19][20] Males are typically larger than females.[21] 88 adult alligator snapping turtles averaged 21.05 kg (46.4 lb), 92 averaged 19.72 kg (43.5 lb), and 249 averaged 13.5 kg (30 lb). Usually very old males comprise the specimens that weigh in excess of 45 kg (99 lb) per most population studies.[19][20][22] Among extant freshwater turtles, only the little-known giant softshell turtles of the genera Chitra, Rafetus, and Pelochelys, native to Asia, reach comparable sizes. File:Macrochelys temminckii baiting.webm

Head of a young alligator snapping turtle
Alligator snapping turtle with carpet of algae

In mature specimens, those with a straight carapace length over 30 cm (12 in), males and females can be differentiated by the position of the cloaca from the carapace, and by the thickness of the base of the tail. A mature male's cloaca extends beyond the carapace edge, a female's is placed exactly on the edge if not nearer to the plastron. The base of the tail of the male is also thicker as compared to that of the female because of the hidden reproductive organs.

The inside of the turtle's mouth is camouflaged, and it possesses a vermiform (worm-shaped) appendage on the tip of its tongue used to lure fish, a form of aggressive mimicry.

Alligator snapping turtle

This turtle must be handled with extreme care and considered potentially dangerous.[21] This species can bite through the handle of a broom and rare cases have been reported in which human fingers have been cleanly bitten off by the species.[23] No human deaths have been reported to have been caused by the alligator snapping turtle.[23]

Diet

The alligator snapping turtle is an opportunistic feeder that is almost entirely carnivorous. It relies on both live food caught by itself and dead organisms which it scavenges. In general, it will eat almost anything it can catch. Fishermen have glorified the species' ability to catch fish and to deplete fish populations, whereas in fact it largely targets any abundant and easily caught prey, and rarely has any extensive deleterious effect on fish populations.[24] Its natural diet consists primarily of fish and fish carcasses, mollusks, carrion, and amphibians, but it is also known to eat snakes, snails, worms and other invertebrates, crawfish, insects, water birds, aquatic plants, other turtles and sometimes even small alligators.[23][24][25][22] In one study conducted in Louisiana, 79.8% of the stomach contents of adult alligator snapping turtles was found to be composed of other turtles, although the resistance of shell and reptile-bone fragments to digestion may have led these fragments to remain longer in the digestive tract than other items.[22] This species may also, on occasion, prey on aquatic rodents, including nutrias and muskrats or even snatch small to mid-sized other mammals, including squirrels, mice, opossums, raccoons, and armadillos when they attempt to swim or come near the water's edge.[23]

The alligator snapping turtle seemingly most often hunts at night. It may also hunt diurnally, however. By day, it may try to attract fish and other prey by sitting quietly at the bottom of murky water and letting its jaws hang open to reveal its tongue appendage, which looks like a small, pink worm in the back of its gray mouth, and lure the prey into striking distance.[24] The vermiform tongue imitates the movements of a worm, luring prey to the turtle's mouth. The mouth is then closed with tremendous speed and force, completing the ambush. Although the turtle does not actively hunt its prey, it can detect chemosensory cues from prey, like the mud turtle, in order to choose the location in which it is most likely to catch food.[26] Small fish, such as minnows, are often caught in this way by younger alligator snapping turtles, whereas adults must eat a greater quantity per day and must forage more actively.[23] Though not a regular food source for them, adult alligator snappers have even been known to kill and eat small American alligators.[27]

In captivity, it may consume almost any kind of meat provided, including beef, chicken, rabbit, and pork. It will refuse to eat if exposed to extremes in temperature.[citation needed]

Reproduction and lifespan

Maturity is reached around 12 years of age.[28] Mating takes place yearly, in early spring in the southern part of its geographic range, and in later spring in the northern part. About two months later, the female builds a nest and lays a clutch of 10–50 eggs.[18] It was found that some females lay eggs every year and some females lay eggs every other year.[29] The sex of the young depends on the temperature at which the eggs are incubated. This is called temperature dependent sex determination, and it is used by all turtle species to determine sex. For the alligator snapping turtle, higher temperatures produce more males in a clutch.[30] Nests are typically excavated at least 50 yards from the water's edge to prevent them from being flooded and drowned. Incubation takes from 100 to 140 days, and hatchlings emerge in the early fall.[31]

Though its potential lifespan in the wild is unknown, the alligator snapping turtle is believed to be capable of living to 200 years of age, but 80 to 120 is more likely.[32] In captivity, it typically lives between 20 and 70 years.[33]

Predation

The alligator snapping turtle is most vulnerable to predators before and shortly after hatching. The eggs can be eaten by birds or mammals. The risk of predation decreases as the turtle gets bigger, so the adult turtle does not have as many predators.[5] Their largest predator is the northern river otter in many parts of their range when the turtles are young.[34]

Humans are also a threat to the alligator snapping turtle.[30]

Under human care

Correct handling of a 45 lb (20 kg) alligator snapping turtle at Austin Reptile Service, in Austin, Texas

The alligator snapping turtle is sometimes captive-bred as a pet and is readily available in the exotic animal trade. Due to its potential size and specific needs, it does not make a particularly good pet for any but the most experienced aquatic turtle keepers.[35]

It prefers to feed on live fish, but will readily feed on other types of meat or leafy vegetables if offered. Hand feeding is dangerous. Extreme temperatures are known to affect the turtle's appetite and would result in the turtle refusing to feed until the temperature has been regulated.

Due to the turtle's sheer size, handling an adult specimen poses significant problems. With relative safety, a smaller turtle is held by the sides of its shell. A larger turtle, with its proportionately longer neck and greater reach, is held safely by grasping it just behind the head or close to the tail's base.

Despite its reputation, the alligator snapping turtle is typically not prone to biting. However, if provoked, it is quite capable of delivering a powerful bite which can easily amputate fingers or cause other significant injuries, such as cuts.[36] Some U.S. states, where the alligator snapping turtle does not naturally occur (such as California ), prohibit it from being kept as a pet by residents.

Invasive species

Some alligator snapping turtles were released or escaped into waters of the Czech Republic, Germany and Hungary. In Bavaria, a turtle was accused of causing injury to a child, but the claim was never substantiated and the turtle in question was never found.[37] In Bohemia, four turtles of this species have been caught.[38][39] In Hungary, one turtle was caught in the middle of a street near a lake.[40] Alligator snapping turtles have been found throughout Italy beginning in the early 2000s.[41] Certain EU countries have strong laws against keeping the alligator snapping turtle without permission, as it is an invasive species.[42]

Conservation status

Alligator snapping turtle in Zoo Atlanta

Because of collection for the exotic pet trade, overharvesting for its meat, and habitat destruction, some states have imposed bans on collecting the alligator snapping turtle from the wild.[43] The IUCN lists it as a threatened species, and as of 23 February 2023, it was listed as a CITES Appendix II species, meaning international trade (including in parts and derivatives) is regulated by the CITES permit system.[2]

The alligator snapping turtle is now endangered in several states, including Indiana, Illinois, Kentucky, and Missouri, where it is protected by state law.[44][45] It is designated as "in need of conservation" in Kansas.[46]

In October 2013, one was found in the Prineville Reservoir in Oregon. It was captured and euthanized by the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, which considers alligator snapping turtles to be an invasive species.[47] This one was the first found in the state.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Tortoise & Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group (1996). "Macrochelys temminckii ". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1996: e.T12589A97272309. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T12589A3362355.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/12589/97272309. Retrieved June 5, 2022. {{cite iucn}}: error: |doi= / |page= mismatch (help)
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Appendices | CITES". https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Fritz, Uwe; Havaš, Peter (2007). "Checklist of Chelonians of the World". Vertebrate Zoology 57 (2): 149–368. doi:10.3897/vz.57.e30895. 
  4. ↑ Carwardine, Mark (2008). Animal Records. Sterling Publishing Company. p. 174. ISBN 9781402756238. https://books.google.com/books?id=T3FEKopUFkUC&pg=PA174. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Ligon, Day B.; Reasor, Jona (2007). "Predation on Alligator Snapping Turtles (Macrochelys temminckii) by Northern River Otters (Lontra canadensis)". The Southwestern Naturalist 52 (4): 608–610. doi:10.1894/0038-4909(2007)52[608:POASTM2.0.CO;2]. 
  6. ↑ Beltz, Ellin (2006). "Biographies of People Honored in the Herpetological Nomenclature of North America". http://ebeltz.net/herps/biogappx.html. 
  7. ↑ Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN:978-1-4214-0135-5 (Macrochelys temminckii, p. 263).
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Macrochelys". Reptile Database. http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/advanced_search?genus=Macrochelys&exact%5B0%5D=genus&submit=Search. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Rhodin, A.G.J.; Iverson, J.B.; Bour, R.; Fritz, U.; Georges, A.; Shaffer, H.B.; van Dijk, P.P. (2017). "Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status". in Rhodin, A.G.J.. Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. Chelonian Research Monographs. 5 (8th ed.). pp. 1–292. doi:10.3854/crm.7.checklist.atlas.v8.2017. ISBN 9781532350269. 
  10. ↑ Thomas, Travis M.; Granatosky, Michael C.; Bourque, Jason R.; Krysko, Kenneth L.; Moler, Paul E.; Gamble, Tony; Suarez, Eric; Leone, Erin et al. (2014). "Taxonomic assessment of Alligator Snapping Turtles (Chelydridae: Macrochelys), with the description of two new species from the southeastern United States". Zootaxa 3786 (2): 141–165. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3786.2.4. PMID 24869532. 
  11. ↑ "Evaluating recent taxonomic changes for alligator snapping turtles (Testudines: Chelydridae)". Zootaxa 3947 (3): 447–450. 2015. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3947.3.11. PMID 25947748. 
  12. ↑ Conant, Roger; Collins, Joseph T. (1991). A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians: Eastern and Central North America (third ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 978-0395904527. https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetorept00cona_0. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Riedle, J. Daren; Shipman, Paul A.; Fox, Stanley F.; Leslie, David M. (January 2006). [35:muhram2.0.co;2 "Microhabitat Use, Home Range, and Movements of the Alligator Snapping Turtle, Macrochelys temminckii, in Oklahoma"]. The Southwestern Naturalist 51 (1): 35–40. doi:10.1894/0038-4909(2006)51[35:muhram2.0.co;2]. http://dx.doi.org/10.1894/0038-4909(2006)51[35:muhram]2.0.co;2. 
  14. ↑ "Alligator snapping turtle | Macrochelys temminckii ". http://www.invasives.org.za/component/k2/item/852-alligator-snapping-turtle-macrochelys-temmincki. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "Smithsonian National Zoological Park: Alligator Snapping Turtle". http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/ReptilesAmphibians/Facts/FactSheets/Alligatorsnappingturtle.cfm. 
  16. ↑ "A New Haemogregarina Species of the Alligator Snapping Turtle, Macrochelys temminckii (Testudines: Chelydridae), in Georgia and Florida that Produces Macromeronts in Circulating Erythrocytes". Journal of Parasitology 95 (1): 208–214. 2009. doi:10.1645/ge-1696.1. PMID 19245282. 
  17. ↑ Alligator Snapping Turtle. People.wcsu.edu. Retrieved on August 22, 2012.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Burnie, David; Wilson, Don E. (2005). Animal. New York City: DK Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7566-1634-2. https://archive.org/details/animal00davi. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 "Health assessment of free-ranging alligator snapping turtles (Macrochelys temminckii) in Georgia and Florida". Journal of Wildlife Diseases 44 (3): 670–686. 2008. doi:10.7589/0090-3558-44.3.670. PMID 18689653. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "Growth and Viability of a Translocated Population of Alligator Snapping Turtles (Macrochelys temminckii)". Herpetological Conservation and Biology 8 (1): 141–148. 2013. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 "Alligator Snapping Turtle: Giant of the Southeastern States". http://www.tortoise.org/archives/macrocl.html. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 "Food Habits of Macrochelys temminckii (Alligator Snapping Turtle) from Arkansas and Louisiana". Southeastern Naturalist 5 (3): 443–452. 2006-09-01. doi:10.1656/1528-7092(2006)5[443:fhomta2.0.co;2]. ISSN 1528-7092. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 Pritchard P (1979). Encyclopedia of Turtles. Neptune, New Jersey: T.F.H. Publications, Inc. ISBN:0876669186.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Turtles of the United States and Canada. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. 1994. ISBN 1560988231. 
  25. ↑ "Macrochelys temminckii (Alligator Snapping Turtle)". https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Macrochelys_temminckii/. 
  26. ↑ Punzo, Fred; Alton, Lisa (April 26, 2020). "Evidence for the use of chemosensory cues by the Alligator Snapping Turtle, Macrolemys temminckii, to detect the presence of Musk and Mud Turtles". Florida Scientist 65 (2): 134–138. 
  27. ↑ "Alligator Snapping Turtle". http://bronxzoo.com/look-and-learn/animal-profiles/alligator-snapping-turtle.aspx. 
  28. ↑ "Animal Diversity Web: Macrochelys temminickii ". http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Macrochelys_temminckii.html. 
  29. ↑ Dobie, J. L. (1971). Reproduction and Growth in the Alligator Snapping Turtle, Macroclemys temmincki (Troost). Copeia, 1971(4), 645–658. https://doi.org/10.2307/1442633
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Ligon, Day; Lovern, Matthew (April 26, 2020). "Temperature Effects During Early Like Stages of the Alligator Snapping Turtle (Macrochelys temminckii)". Chelonian Conservation and Biology: 74–83. 
  31. ↑ "Nashville Zoo: Alligator Snapping Turtle". http://www.nashvillezoo.org/asturtle.htm. 
  32. ↑ Gibbons, J. Whitfield (January 1, 1987). "Why Do Turtles Live So Long?". BioScience 37 (4): 262–269. doi:10.2307/1310589. 
  33. ↑ "WhoZoo: Alligator Snapping Turtle". http://www.whozoo.org/AnlifeSS2001/serishoo/SRS_AlligatorSnappingTurtle.html. 
  34. ↑ Ligon, D. B., Reasor, J. (2007). Predation on alligator snapping turtles (Macrochelys temminckii) by northern river otters (Lontra canadensis). The Southwestern Naturalist, 52(4), 608–610. https://doi.org/10.1894/0038-4909(2007)52[608:poastm]2.0.co;2
  35. ↑ AST Care Sheet. Austinsturtlepage.com. Retrieved on August 22, 2012.
  36. ↑ "NAS — Species FactSheet". https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.asp?speciesID=1227. 
  37. ↑ The Bavarian village of Irsee is ramping up efforts to find alligator snapping turtle "Lotti". Spiegel.de (August 15, 2013). Retrieved on May 15, 2014.
  38. ↑ Výskyt a historie vodních želv u nás. Cs.petclub.eu. Retrieved on May 15, 2014. (in Czech).
  39. ↑ Po hlavní silnici na Rokycansku si vykračovala dvanáctikilová želva – iDNES.cz. Plzen.idnes.cz. Retrieved on May 15, 2014. (in Czech).
  40. ↑ Agresszív aligátorteknős lófrált egy zalai faluban. 444.hu (June 20, 2019). Retrieved on June 20, 2019. (in Hungarian).
  41. ↑ Esposito G, Di Tizio L, Prearo M, Dondo A, Ercolini C, Nieddu G, Ferrari A, Pastorino P. Non-Native Turtles (Chelydridae) in Freshwater Ecosystems in Italy: A Threat to Biodiversity and Human Health? Animals. 2022; 12(16):2057. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12162057
  42. ↑ Legislativa. Invaznidruhy.nature.cz (March 28, 2013). Retrieved on May 15, 2014. (in Czech).
  43. ↑ "Alligator Snapping Turtle – National Wildlife Federation". Nwf.org. http://www.nwf.org/Wildlife/Wildlife-Library/Amphibians-Reptiles-and-Fish/Alligator-Snapping-Turtle.aspx. 
  44. ↑ Recommendation for preliminary adoption of amendments to the list of endangered reptiles and amphibians in 312 IAC 9-5-4; Administrative Cause No. 10-170D. in.gov
  45. ↑ "Conservation". Illinois Department of Natural Resources. http://dnr.state.il.us/education/turtle/conserve.htm. 
  46. ↑ Kansas Admin. Reg. § 115-15-2(a)(7).
  47. ↑ Thomas, Pete (October 23, 2013). "Prehistoric-looking alligator snapping turtle is not wanted in Oregon". GrindTV.com. http://www.grindtv.com/outdoor/nature/post/prehistoric-looking-alligator-snapping-turtle-is-not-wanted-in-oregon/. 

External links

Further reading

  • Behler JL, King FW (1979). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 743 pp. ISBN:0-394-50824-6. (Macroclemys temmincki, pp. 436–437 + Plates 325, 326, 327).
  • Goin CJ, Goin OB, Zug GR (1978). Introduction to Herpetology, Third Edition. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman. xi + 378 pp. ISBN:0-7167-0020-4. (Macroclemys temmincki, pp. 77, 124, 256–257).
  • Powell R, Conant R, Collins JT (2016). Peterson Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Fourth Edition. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. xiv + 494 pp., 47 color plates, 207 figures. ISBN:978-0-544-12997-9. (Macrochelys temminckii, p. 196, Figure 90 + Plates 14, 21).
  • Smith HM, Brodie ED Jr (1982). Reptiles of North America: A Guide to Field Identification. New York: Golden Press. 240 pp. ISBN:0307136663. (Macroclemys temmincki, pp. 38–39).
  • Troost G (1835). In: Harlan R (1835). Medical and Physical Researches: or Original Memoirs in Medicine, Surgery, Physiology, Geology, Zoology, and Comparative Anatomy. Philadelphia: L.R. Bailey. xxxix + 653 pp. (Chelonura temminckii, new species, p. 158).
  • Zim HS, Smith HM (1956). Reptiles and Amphibians: A Guide to Familiar American Species. Golden Nature Guides. New York: Simon and Schuster. 160 pp. (Macroclemys temmincki, pp. 25, 155).


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