Biology:Ankylopoda

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Ankylopoda was a proposed clade that hypothetically contains turtles and lepidosaurs (tuatara, lizards and snakes) and their fossil relatives. This clade was historically supported based on microRNA analysis[1] as well as some morphological cladistic analyses.[2] However, it was strongly contradicted by molecular evidence which supports Archelosauria (the grouping of turtles and archosaurs),[3] as well as recent morphological analyses.[4][5]

Classification

The cladogram below is an example of a morpholgoical evidence only fossil evidence, published by Rainer Schoch and Hans-Dieter Sues in 2015. This study found the putative stem turtle Eunotosaurus (now recognized as a millerettid stem reptile[4]) to be an early stem-turtle, though later versions of this Schoch and Sues analysis found weak support for it among "parareptiles".[6]

Sauria
 

Archosauromorpha

 
Ankylopoda/Lepidosauromorpha
 
 

†Kuehneosauridae

 
Lepidosauria
 

Squamata

 
 

Rhynchocephalia

 
 
 
Pantestudines?
†Sauropterygia
 

†Eosauropterygia

 
 
 

†Sinosaurosphargis

 
 

†Placodontia

 
 
 
 
 

†Eunotosaurus

 
 
 

†Pappochelys

 
 
 

†Odontochelys

 
Testudinata
 

†Proganochelys

 
 

Testudines

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

See also

  • Archelosauria, an alternative clade that places turtles as sister taxon to archosaurs.

References

  1. ↑ Lyson, T.R.; Sperling, E.A.; Heimberg, A.M.; Gauthier, J.A.; King, B.L.; Peterson, K.J. (2012). "MicroRNAs support a turtle + lizard clade". Biol. Lett. 8 (1): 104–107. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2011.0477. PMID 21775315. 
  2. ↑ Schoch, R. R.; Sues, H.-D. (2015). "A Middle Triassic stem-turtle and the evolution of the turtle body plan". Nature 523 (7562): 584–7. doi:10.1038/nature14472. PMID 26106865. 
  3. ↑ Joyce, Walter G.; Anquetin, Jérémy; Cadena, Edwin-Alberto; Claude, Julien; Danilov, Igor G.; Evers, Serjoscha W.; Ferreira, Gabriel S.; Gentry, Andrew D. et al. (2021-02-09). "A nomenclature for fossil and living turtles using phylogenetically defined clade names". Swiss Journal of Palaeontology 140 (1): 5. doi:10.1186/s13358-020-00211-x. ISSN 1664-2384. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13358-020-00211-x. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Jenkins, Xavier A.; Peecook, Brandon R.; Choiniere, Jonah N.; Buffa, Valentin; Benoit, Julien; Browning, Claire; Fernandez, Vincent; Dollman, Kathleen et al. (2026-06-08). "The phylogenetic origin of turtles" (in English). Current Biology 36 (11): 2907–2917.e2. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2026.04.070. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 42208530. https://www.cell.com/current-biology/abstract/S0960-9822(26)00574-9. 
  5. ↑ Simões, Tiago R.; Kammerer, Christian F.; Caldwell, Michael W.; Pierce, Stephanie E. (2022-08-19). "Successive climate crises in the deep past drove the early evolution and radiation of reptiles" (in en). Science Advances 8 (33). doi:10.1126/sciadv.abq1898. ISSN 2375-2548. PMID 35984885. PMC 9390993. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.abq1898. 
  6. ↑ Schoch, Rainer R.; Sues, Hans-Dieter (24 June 2015). "A Middle Triassic stem-turtle and the evolution of the turtle body plan". Nature 523 (7562): 584–587. doi:10.1038/nature14472. PMID 26106865. http://repository.si.edu//bitstream/10088/26633/1/SCHOCH%26SUES_2015.pdf. 

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