Biology:Behemotops
| Behemotops | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | †Desmostylia |
| Family: | †Desmostylidae |
| Genus: | †Behemotops Domning, Ray & McKenna 1986 |
| Type species | |
| * †Behemotops proteus Domning, Ray & McKenna 1986 | |
| Other species[1] | |
| |
Behemotops (from the Biblical monster Behemoth, by Linnaeus and others believed to be a hippo)[2] is an extinct genus of herbivorous marine mammal. It lived from the Early Oligocene (Rupelian) through the Late Oligocene (33.9 mya—23 Mya), existing for approximately 10.9 million years. It is the most primitive known desmostylian, believed to be close to the ancestry of all other desmostylians.
History of discovery
B. proteus
In 1976, Emlong discovered a juvenile mandible — USNM 244035 — on Olympic Peninsula, Clallam County, Washington ( [ ⚑ ] 48°12′N 123°54′W / 48.2°N 123.9°W, paleocoordinates [ ⚑ ] 47°48′N 115°00′W / 47.8°N 115.0°W)[3] which Domning, Ray & McKenna 1986 made the holotype of B. proteus. Teeth of a young adult — LACM 124106 – was found in the same rock unit in 1986.[4]
More complete material of B. proteus was found on Vancouver Island, British Columbia in 2007: the left side of an entire skull with several teeth, a partial scapula, an almost complete humerus, and several ribs and vertebrae. The cranial features of this specimen were similar to those of Cornwallius, from which Cockburn & Beatty 2009 concluded that Desmostylidae and Paleoparadoxiidae probably diverged earlier than previously believed. Cockburn and Beatty also noted that, in their specimen, all teeth have erupted but the epiphyses of the bones are unfused and that it probably was an subadult; from which they concluded that the adult dentition was not delayed in Behemotops, unlike Desmostylus and other Afrotheria, and that delayed dentition can not be the most primitive state of Desmostylia.[5]
B. katsuiei
Skeletons of several individuals were found on western Hokkaido Island in Japan ( [ ⚑ ] 43°18′N 143°48′E / 43.3°N 143.8°E: paleocoordinates [ ⚑ ] 44°36′N 141°24′E / 44.6°N 141.4°E)[6] in 1976, but this material remained unknown outside Japan until they were described in 1987.[4] They were first assumed to be early Miocene in age, but a new analysis of the site in the mid-1980s revised their age to the Oligocene; making them the oldest found on the Japanese island, ancestral to all other desmostylians. They were later included into the genus Behemotops proposed by Domning et al. 1986.[7]
Description
In comparison with later known desmostylians, Behemotops had more elephantine tooth and jaw features. It had cusped molars that more resembled those of mastodons or other land ungulates than those of later Desmostylus, which exhibited odd "bound-pillar" shaped molars which may have evolved in response to the grit from a diet of sea-grass. Discovery of Behemotops helped place desmostylians as more closely related to proboscideans than sirenians, although relationships of this group are still poorly resolved.[8]
B. katsuiei had an estimated body length of 290 cm (110 in),[9] making it the smaller of the two species.[5]
Formerly placed in Behemotops
Behemotops emlongi, also described in 1986, was placed in the synonymy of B. proteus in 1994,[10] but was later placed in its own genus, Seuku, in 2014.[11] The first specimen, USNM 186889, a massive tusk in fragments of a mandible — was found in Lincoln County, Oregon ( [ ⚑ ] 44°29′50″N 124°05′00″W / 44.49722°N 124.0833333°W)[12] in 1969. In 1977, at the same location, fossil collector Douglas Emlong discovered a poorly preserved half right mandible — USNM 244033 — matching the first specimen. This mandible became the holotype of Seuku emlongi (then described as B. emlongi) when described by Domning, Ray & McKenna 1986.[4] B. emlongi was later eventually made a synonym of B. proteus in 1994,[10] before being removed from the genus altogether.
Notes
- ↑ Behemotops in the Paleobiology Database. Retrieved June 2013.
- ↑ Domning, Ray & McKenna 1986, p. 6
- ↑ LACMVP 5412 (Oligocene of the United States) in the Paleobiology Database. Retrieved June 2013.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Ray, Domning & McKenna 1994, Japanese Behemotops, p. 217
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Cockburn & Beatty 2009, Abstract
- ↑ Morawan (Upper tuffaceous Siltstone Member) (Oligocene of Japan) in the Paleobiology Database. Retrieved June 2013.
- ↑ Saito, Barron & Sakamoto 1988
- ↑ Wallace 2007, pp. 66–7
- ↑ Hayashi et al. 2013, Materials and Methods
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Ray, Domning & McKenna 1994, p. 205
- ↑ Beatty, Brian Lee; Cockburn, Thomas C. (2015). "New insights on the most primitive desmostylian from a partial skeleton of Behemotops (Desmostylia, Mammalia) from Vancouver Island, British Columbia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 35 (5): e979939. doi:10.1080/02724634.2015.979939.
- ↑ Domning, Ray & McKenna 1986, p. 23
References
- Cockburn, Thomas; Beatty, Brian (2009). "A Partial Skeleton of Behemotops (Desmostylia, Mammalia) from Vancouver Island, British Columbia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 29 (3, Supplement): 1A–211A. doi:10.1080/02724634.2009.10411818. http://www.aragosaurus.com/secciones/publicaciones/artic/Company_etal_2009c_1.pdf. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
- Domning, Daryl P.; Ray, Clayton Edward (1986). Two new Oligocene desmostylians and a discussion of Tethytherian systematics. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology. 59. pp. 1–56. OCLC 489725338. http://www.sil.si.edu/SmithsonianContributions/Paleobiology/pdf_lo/SCtP-0059.pdf. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
- Hayashi, Shoji; Houssaye, Alexandra; Nakajima, Yasuhisa; Kentaro, Chiba; Ando, Tatsuro; Sawamura, Hiroshi; Inuzuka, Norihisa; Kaneko, Naotomo et al. (2013). "Bone Inner Structure Suggests Increasing Aquatic Adaptations in Desmostylia (Mammalia, Afrotheria)". PLOS ONE 8 (4): e59146. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0059146. OCLC 837402105. PMID 23565143.
- Inuzuka, Norihisa (2000). "Primitive Late Oligocene desmostylians from Japan and phylogeny of the Desmostylia". Bulletin of Ashoro Museum of Paleontology 1: 91–123.
- Ray, Clayton E.; Domning, Daryl P.; McKenna, Malcolm C. (1994). "A new specimen of Behemotops proteus (Order Desmostylia) from the marine Oligocene of Washington". in Berta, A.; Deméré, T. A.. Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History. 29. pp. 205–22. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/21705#page/215/mode/1up. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
- Saito, Tsunemasa; Barron, John A; Sakamoto, Masamichi (1988). "An early late Oligocene age indicated by diatoms for a primitive desmostylian mammal Behemotops from eastern Hokkaido, Japan.". Proceedings of the Japan Academy. B: Physical and Biological Sciences 64 (9): 269–73. doi:10.2183/pjab.64.269. OCLC 4639400119. https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/pjab1977/64/9/64_9_269/_pdf. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
- Neptune's Ark: From Ichthyosaurs to Orcas. University of California Press. 2007. ISBN 9780520243224. https://books.google.com/books?id=M9nPQonygUsC&pg=PA66. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
Wikidata ☰ Q4880763 entry
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