Biology:Belgica antarctica
| Belgica antarctica | |
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| Two Belgica antarctica | |
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| Species: | B. antarctica
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| Binomial name | |
| Belgica antarctica Jacobs, 1900[1]
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Belgica antarctica, the Antarctic midge, is a species of flightless midge, endemic to the continent of Antarctica. At 2–6 mm (0.079–0.24 in) long, it is the largest purely terrestrial animal native to the continent, as well as its only insect.[2][3] It also has the smallest known insect genome as of 2014, with only 99 million base pairs of nucleotides (and about 13,500 genes). It is the only insect that can survive year-round in Antarctica.[4][5]
Tolerance to extreme conditions
The flightlessness of B. antarctica may be an adaptation to prevent wind from blowing it into inhospitable areas.[3] It can survive freezing, but though local air temperatures may reach as low as −40 °C, this insect cannot survive temperatures below−15 °C. This is comparatively milder than other cold-adapted insects. The reason for this relatively low freezing tolerance is due to thermal buffering: just burrowing at a depth of 1 cm, temperature is stable between 0 and −2 °C for 10 months out of 12, and it seldom goes lower than −7 °C all year round. Ice and snow cover also helps keeping the temperature stable.[6] Freezing tolerance is enhanced by cold hardening.[6]
To adapt to the cold temperatures, B. antarctica accumulates trehalose, glucose, and erythritol. These compounds help the insect survive freezing by reducing the amount of ice that forms within the body. They also stabilize proteins and membranes, binding to them by means of hydrogen bonds. Heat shock proteins also help the tolerance to both high and low temperatures.[7]
B. antarctica not only tolerates, but also requires a freezing climate to survive: exposure of larvae to such mild temperatures as +10 °C is enough to kill them within a week.[6] Exposure to temperatures of +30 °C kills individuals in a few hours.[7] It can, however, resist partial desiccation, surviving the loss of up to 70% of body water.[7]
Lifecycle
B. antarctica spends most of its two-year lifecycle in four larval stages. Overwintering may occur in any instar. Terrestrial algae (particularly Prasiola crispa), moss, organic detritus, and microorganisms provide the food for the larval stage. The adults emerge in the spring and summer and live no more than 10 days; females mate in their first day of life and a few days later release eggs. Mating occurs in large groups of males, analogous to swarms of winged midges.[6]
See also
- Gynaephora groenlandica, a species of Arctic moth whose larvae can survive temperatures below -60 °C
References
- ↑ Jacobs, [J.-Ch.] (1900). "Diagnoses d'insectes recueillis par l'expédition antarctique Belge: Diptères". Annales de la Société entomologique de Belgique 44: 106–107. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35620473.
- ↑ Usher, Michael B.; Edwards, Marion (1984). "A dipteran from south of the Antarctic Circle: Belgica antarctica (Chironomidae) with a description of its larva". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 23 (1): 19–31. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1984.tb00803.x.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Luke Sandro & Juanita Constible. "Antarctic Bestiary — Terrestrial Animals". Laboratory for Ecophysiological Cryobiology, Miami University. Archived from the original on 23 December 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20081223183815/http://www.units.muohio.edu/cryolab/education/antarcticbestiary_terrestrial.htm. Retrieved December 9, 2008.
- ↑ Kelley, Joanna L.; Peyton, Justin T.; Fiston-Lavier, Anna-Sophie; Teets, Nicholas M.; Yee, Muh-Ching; Johnston, J. Spencer; Bustamante, Carlos D.; Lee, Richard E. et al. (2014). "Compact genome of the Antarctic midge is likely an adaptation to an extreme environment". Nature Communications 5. doi:10.1038/ncomms5611. ISSN 2041-1723. PMID 25118180.
- ↑ "Antarctic midge has smallest insect genome". BBC. 2014-08-12. https://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/28525963. Retrieved 2014-08-12.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Lee, R. E.; Elnitsky, M. A.; Rinehart, J. P.; Hayward, S. A.; Sandro, L. H.; Denlinger, D. L. (2006). "Rapid cold-hardening increases the freezing tolerance of the Antarctic midge Belgica antarctica". Journal of Experimental Biology 209 (3): 399–406. doi:10.1242/jeb.02001. PMID 16424090.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Robert Michaud, M.; Benoit, J. B.; Lopez-Martinez, G.; Elnitsky, M. A.; Lee, R. E.; Denlinger, D. L. (2008). "Metabolomics reveals unique and shared metabolic changes in response to heat shock, freezing and desiccation in the Antarctic midge, Belgica antarctica". Journal of Insect Physiology 54 (4): 645–655. doi:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2008.01.003. PMID 18313070.
Further reading
- Rübsaamen, Ew. H. (1906). "Chironomidæ". Zoologie: Insectes. Résultats du voyage du S.Y. Belgica en 1897-1898-1899. Anvers: J.-E. Buschmann. pp. 77–83. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2115037. "; Pl. 4, Figs. 2, 4–7; Pl. V, Figs. 9–19"
- Keilin, D. (1912). "Sur l'anatomie et le développement de Belgica antarctica Jacobs, Chironomide antarctique à ailes réduites". Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des Sciences 154. BHL page 7167537. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k31070/f765.image.
- Convey, Peter; Block, William (1996). "Antarctic Diptera: Ecology, physiology and distribution". European Journal of Entomology 93: 1–13. https://www.eje.cz/artkey/eje-199601-0001_Antarctic_diptera_Ecology_physiology_and_distribution.php.
- Elnitsky, M. A.; Hayward, S. A. L.; Rinehart, J. P.; Denlinger, D. L.; Lee, R. E. (2008). "Cryoprotective dehydration and the resistance to inoculative freezing in the Antarctic midge, Belgica antarctica". Journal of Experimental Biology 211 (4): 524–530. doi:10.1242/jeb.011874.
- Lopez-Martinez, Giancarlo; Benoit, Joshua B.; Rinehart, Joseph P.; Elnitsky, Michael A.; Lee, Richard E.; Denlinger, David L. (2009). "Dehydration, rehydration, and overhydration alter patterns of gene expression in the Antarctic midge, Belgica antarctica". Journal of Comparative Physiology B 179 (4): 481–491. doi:10.1007/s00360-008-0334-0. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Giancarlo_Lopez-Martinez/publication/225731972_Dehydration_rehydration_and_overhydration_alter_patterns_of_gene_expression_in_the_Antarctic_midge_Belgica_antarctica/links/0fcfd50588446071a0000000.pdf.
External links
Wikidata ☰ Q136577 entry
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