Biology:Beloniformes
| Beloniformes | |
|---|---|
| |
| Exocoetus volitans | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| (unranked): | Ovalentaria |
| Order: | Beloniformes L. S. Berg, 1937 |
| Type species | |
| Belone belone Linnaeus 1761[1]
| |
| Families | |
| |
| Synonyms | |
| |
Beloniformes /ˈbɛlənɪmɪfɔːrmiːz/ is an order composed of six families (and about 264 species) of freshwater and marine ray-finned fish:
- Adrianichthyidae (ricefish and medakas)
- Belonidae (needlefish)
- Exocoetidae (flyingfishes)
- Hemiramphidae (halfbeaks)
- Scomberesocidae (sauries)
- Zenarchopteridae (viviparous halfbeaks)[2]
With the exception of the Adrianichthyidae, these are streamlined, medium-sized fishes that live close to the surface of the water, feeding on algae, plankton, or smaller animals including other fishes. Most are marine, though a few needlefish and halfbeaks inhabit brackish and fresh waters.[3]
The order is sometimes divided up into two suborders, the Adrianichthyoidei and the Belonoidei, although this clade is referred to as Exocoetoidei in the 5th edition of Fishes of the World.[4] The Adrianichthyoidei contain only a single family, the Adrianichthyidae. Originally, the Adrianichthyidae were included in the Cyprinodontiformes and assumed to be closely related to the killifish, but a closer relationship to the beloniforms is indicated by various characteristics including the absence of the interhyal, resulting in the upper jaw being fixed or not protrusible. The Belonoidei may also be further subdivided into two superfamilies, the Scomberesocoidea and the Exocoetoidea. The Scomberesocoidea contain the Belonidae and Scomberesocidae, while the Exocoetoidea comprise the Exocoetidae, Hemiramphidae and Zenarchopteridae.[5][4] However, newer evidence shows the flyingfishes are nested within the halfbeaks, and the needlefish and sauries are nested within the subfamily Zenarchopterinae of the family Hemiramphidae, which has been recognized as its own family. The sauries are also nested within the family Belonidae.[6]
The beloniforms display an interesting array of jaw morphologies. The basal condition in the order excluding the ricefishes is an elongated lower jaw in juveniles and adults as represented in halfbeaks. In the needlefish and sauries, both jaws are elongated in the adults; the juveniles of most species develop through a "halfbeak stage" before having both jaws elongated. The elongated lower jaw is lost in adults and is lost in most juveniles in the flyingfishes and some halfbeak genera.[6]
They are known for many commercial uses, and have about 260 different species. Beloniformes lack a complete sequence of mitogenomes. This leads to many variations in mtDNA, about 35 different ones. To understand evolution for Beloniformes and to identify the larvae, scientists will use Beloniformes to help them study this.[7]
Timeline of genera
<timeline> ImageSize = width:1000px height:auto barincrement:15px PlotArea = left:10px bottom:50px top:10px right:10px
Period = from:-145.5 till:15 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:10 start:-145.5 ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:1 start:-145.5 TimeAxis = orientation:hor AlignBars = justify
Colors =
#legends id:CAR value:claret id:ANK value:rgb(0.4,0.3,0.196) id:HER value:teal id:HAD value:green id:OMN value:blue id:black value:black id:white value:white id:cretaceous value:rgb(0.5,0.78,0.31) id:earlycretaceous value:rgb(0.63,0.78,0.65) id:latecretaceous value:rgb(0.74,0.82,0.37) id:cenozoic value:rgb(0.54,0.54,0.258) id:paleogene value:rgb(0.99,0.6,0.32) id:paleocene value:rgb(0.99,0.65,0.37) id:eocene value:rgb(0.99,0.71,0.42) id:oligocene value:rgb(0.99,0.75,0.48) id:neogene value:rgb(0.999999,0.9,0.1) id:miocene value:rgb(0.999999,0.999999,0) id:pliocene value:rgb(0.97,0.98,0.68) id:quaternary value:rgb(0.98,0.98,0.5) id:pleistocene value:rgb(0.999999,0.95,0.68) id:holocene value:rgb(0.999,0.95,0.88)
BarData=
bar:eratop bar:space bar:periodtop bar:space bar:NAM1 bar:NAM2 bar:NAM3 bar:NAM4 bar:NAM5 bar:NAM6 bar:NAM7 bar:NAM8 bar:NAM9
bar:space bar:period bar:space bar:era
PlotData=
align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25 shift:(7,-4) bar:periodtop from: -145.5 till: -99.6 color:earlycretaceous text:Early from: -99.6 till: -65.5 color:latecretaceous text:Late from: -65.5 till: -55.8 color:paleocene text:Paleo. from: -55.8 till: -33.9 color:eocene text:Eo. from: -33.9 till: -23.03 color:oligocene text:Oligo. from: -23.03 till: -5.332 color:miocene text:Mio. from: -5.332 till: -2.588 color:pliocene text:Pl. from: -2.588 till: -0.0117 color:pleistocene text:Pl. from: -0.0117 till: 0 color:holocene text:H.
bar:eratop from: -145.5 till: -65.5 color:cretaceous text:Cretaceous from: -65.5 till: -23.03 color:paleogene text:Paleogene from: -23.03 till: -2.588 color:neogene text:Neogene from: -2.588 till: 0 color:quaternary text:Q.
PlotData=
align:left fontsize:M mark:(line,white) width:5 anchor:till align:left
color:latecretaceous bar:NAM1 from:-70.6 till:-65.5 text:Hemilampronites color:eocene bar:NAM2 from:-55.8 till:-33.9 text:Xiphopterus color:eocene bar:NAM3 from:-55.8 till:0 text:Hemirhamphus color:eocene bar:NAM4 from:-48.6 till:-37.2 text:Rhamphexocoetus color:oligocene bar:NAM5 from:-33.9 till:0 text:Belone color:oligocene bar:NAM6 from:-33.9 till:0 text:Cobitopsis color:miocene bar:NAM7 from:-11.608 till:0 text:Euleptorhamphus color:miocene bar:NAM8 from:-11.608 till:0 text:Hyporhamphus color:miocene bar:NAM9 from:-11.608 till:0 text:Scomberesox
PlotData=
align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25
bar:period from: -145.5 till: -99.6 color:earlycretaceous text:Early from: -99.6 till: -65.5 color:latecretaceous text:Late from: -65.5 till: -55.8 color:paleocene text:Paleo. from: -55.8 till: -33.9 color:eocene text:Eo. from: -33.9 till: -23.03 color:oligocene text:Oligo. from: -23.03 till: -5.332 color:miocene text:Mio. from: -5.332 till: -2.588 color:pliocene text:Pl. from: -2.588 till: -0.0117 color:pleistocene text:Pl. from: -0.0117 till: 0 color:holocene text:H.
bar:era from: -145.5 till: -65.5 color:cretaceous text:Cretaceous from: -65.5 till: -23.03 color:paleogene text:Paleogene from: -23.03 till: -2.588 color:neogene text:Neogene from: -2.588 till: 0 color:quaternary text:Q.
</timeline>
References
- ↑ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron; van der Laan, Richard, eds. "Belone". California Academy of Sciences. http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatget.asp?genid=871.
- ↑ Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors.. "Order Summary for Beloniformes". FishBase. http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/OrdersSummary.cfm?order=Beloniformes.
- ↑ Helfman G., Collette B., & Facey D.: The Diversity of Fishes, Blackwell Publishing, pp 274-276, 1997, ISBN:0-86542-256-7
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 363. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6. https://sites.google.com/site/fotw5th/. Retrieved 2019-07-28.
- ↑ Nelson, Joseph S. (2006). Fishes of the World. John Wiley & Sons , Inc. ISBN 978-0-471-25031-9.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Lovejoy, N; Iranpour, M; Collette, B (2004). "Phylogeny and Jaw Ontogeny of Beloniform Fishes". Integrative and Comparative Biology 44 (5): 366–377. doi:10.1093/icb/44.5.366. PMID 21676722.
- ↑ Lu, Songhui; Zheng, Zhijia; Cen, Jingyi; Gao, Jian; Cao, Rongbo; Dong, Yuelei; Cui, Lei (2018-11-15). "Mitochondrial genome of the garfish Hyporhamphus quoyi (Beloniformes: Hemiramphidae) and phylogenetic relationships within Beloniformes based on whole mitogenomes" (in en). PLOS ONE 13 (11): e0205025. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0205025. ISSN 1932-6203. PMID 30439949. Bibcode: 2018PLoSO..1305025C.
- Sepkoski, Jack (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera". Bulletins of American Paleontology 364: 560. http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class. Retrieved 2011-05-17.
External links
Wikidata ☰ Q329667 entry
 |  |
