Biology:Bryconops

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Short description: Genus of fishes

Bryconops
Bryconops cf caudomaculatus.jpg
Bryconops caudomaculatus
Scientific classification e
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Characiformes
Family: Iguanodectidae
Genus: Bryconops
Kner, 1858
Type species
Bryconops alburnoides
Kner, 1858

Bryconops is a genus of freshwater fish in the family Iguanodectidae from South America. It consists of small fish, all under half-a-foot long, with slender bodies and silvery scales, though there is some mild color variation. Several species can be identified by way of a humeral patch (a mark near the pectoral fin), and others have a reddish ocellus, or eyespot, on one or both lobes of the dorsal fin.

Many Bryconops prefer clearwater environments with a strong current, though some are partial to slow-moving blackwater, and several are endemic to their locale. The majority of species are from Brazil or Venezuela. Rivers and river basins that house species of Bryconops include the Tapajos, Orinoco, Tocantins, Negro, and Madeira.

Few species of Bryconops have been evaluated as far as conservation status, but most of them are believed to be low-risk species. The greatest threats to population levels come almost entirely in the form of anthropogenic hazards, including mining, dam construction, farmland settlement, and destruction of the riparian zone. Nonetheless, several species are found in areas of protected forest, which decreases some of the survival pressure.

Description

Captured specimens of Bryconops giacopinii

Members of Bryconops are fairly small, reaching just under half a foot at a maximum.[1] B. durbinae, the smallest, reaches 3.1 cm SL (standard length, without the tail fin included), and B. giacopinii, the largest, reaches 18 cm TL (total length, with the tail fin included).[2][3] They are slender, somewhat compressed and elongate, described as "spindle-shaped".[4] The mouth is often terminal. Certain morphological consistencies within the genus have contributed to its accepted status as a monophyletic clade,[5] though said monophyly remains somewhat unclear, and is largely based on shared physical traits.[6]

Bryconops are most often silver or some shade therein, sometimes with a darker back and/or a greenish tint.[7] Only three species - B. inpai,[8] B. marabaixo,[5] and B. sapezal[9] - have a hint of blue in their scales. There is great variety in fin coloration, though they are most often some blend of hyaline, red, and dusky-gray; some species, like B. caudomaculatus (the tailspot tetra) bear an ocellus, or eyespot, on the dorsal lobe of the caudal fin.[10] Other species, like B. affinis, have an ocellus on both lobes, nearly symmetrical.[7] The only two species to have a dark dorsal fin are B. chernoffi and B. piracolina.[11] It is uncommon, but not unheard of, for members of Bryconops to have a humeral mark, which is a spot of pigment near the dorsal fin (occasionally two spots).[5]

The scales are cycloid, usually taller than they are wide.[6][12] Most members of the genus have fairly well-defined radii on the scales;[5] these are slightly more subdued in B. affinis.[13] The scales of the lateral line are pored, but the number of pored scales varies wildly from species to species, anywhere from 9 to 61. Even within a single species, B. disruptus, the range is from 9 to 23.[14] The pored scales either do or do not extend to the hypural plate, the plate that joins the fish's tail to its body, and this is a feature that can be used to tell species apart (such as B. caudomaculatus, whose pored lateral scales stop at the hypural plate, versus B. magoi and B. collettei, whose pored lateral scales extend 2-3 scales beyond that).[15]

Taxonomy

A black-and-white image scanned from the pages of a yellowed book, displaying five fish in vertical order. The upper two are shorter, more football-shaped, and the lower three are elongate and slender.
The three lower fishes in this image are species of Bryconops, though considered species of Creatochanes at the time (1912). From the middle downwards, they are Bryconops affinis, Bryconops melanurus, and Bryconops caudomaculatus.

Bryconops was long considered to belong to the family Characidae incertae sedis.[16] It is still listed there by some resources, such as ADW and ITIS.[17][18] Characidae is an enormously varied family, with many genera in a similar position. However, research in 2011 examined morphological and phylogenetic evidence, and prompted taxonomists to move Bryconops to a different family, Iguanodectidae. This was also done to keep Characidae monophyletic.[19]

The genera Piabucus and Iguanodectes are in Iguanodectidae as well, and were also moved based on the 2011 research. Piabucus and Iguanodectes come together to make up a subfamily, Iguanodectinae; Bryconops is considered its own monophyletic clade.[20] The family Iguanodectidae is a revival from some of the works of Carl H. Eigenmann, a prolific German-American ichthyologist.[21]

Bryconops has two subgenera: Bryconops and Creatochanes. The latter was considered its own standalone genus before being synonymized with Bryconops and turned into a subgenus in 1999.[22] Members of Bryconops usually have no teeth to either side of the maxillary, or a single conical tooth on one side. Creatochanes, in contrast, is characterized partially by the presence of 1-3 teeth to both sides of the maxillary.[23] Another difference is in the length of the maxillary bone; in Bryconops, it does not reach the junction of the second and third infraorbital bones, but in Creatochanes it does.[7] A third difference is in the ossification and denticulation of the gill rakers, which is strong in Creatochanes and poor in Bryconops.[24] Creatochanes is the more speciose of the two.

Altogether, there are 27 recognized species in the genus Bryconops.[25][26] This makes it the largest genus in its family; Iguanodectes has 8, and Piabucus has 3.[27][28] It continues to grow into the 21st century, with new species having been described as recently as 2019 (B. hexalepis),[12] 2020 (B. marabaixo),[5] and 2021 (B. florenceae).[26]

In alphabetical order, the species are:

History

Upon describing Bryconops alburnoides in 1858, Austrian ichthyologist Rudolf Kner established Bryconops as a new genus.[29] Kner also offered a description of new congener B. lucidum, which has since been synonymized with B. alburnoides.[30] In 1910, German-American ichthyologist Carl H. Eigenmann designated Bryconops alburnoides the type species of the genus.[31] Technically, the earliest member of the genus to be described is Bryconops melanurus, which was originally classified as Salmo melanurus by German naturalist Marcus Elieser Bloch in the year 1764.[32][33]

Etymology

The genus name Bryconops originates from the genus Brycon and the Greek suffix "-ops", which means "appearance" or "resemblance". This is because Kner noted visual similarities between members of the two genera upon description.[34] In turn, the genus name Brycon originates from the Greek "bryko", which means "to bite" or "to devour".[10] Fish of the genus Brycon are equipped with a full set of teeth on their maxillaries, making for an apt name.

Many of the specific names in Bryconops originate with aspects of the species' appearances. For instance, "caudomaculatus" means "tail spot", for the distinct caudal ocellus on B. caudomaculatus. Other epithets originate in specific people, such as B. allisoni (Venezuelan ichthyologist Antonio Machado-Allison), B. chernoffi (United States ichthyologist Barry Chernoff), and B. magoi (Francisco Mago-Leccia, considered the pioneer of Venezuelan ichthyology). A few species are named after specific locations, such as B. tocantinensis, which earned its specific epithet from its likely restriction to the upper Tocantins basin. Another example is B. sapezal, from its type locale of the Sapezal municipality in Brazil . Some species names take after cultural or historical significance from the type locality, like B. munduruku, after an indigenous tribe, or B. marabaixo, after a religious and historical festival of the same name.[34]

Habitat and distribution

All members of Bryconops are restricted to the northern half of South America, where they occupy various river basins and tributaries of major rivers.[6] Their distribution is quite wide as a genus, though individual species display some endemism (such as the cases of B. piracolina, restricted to the creek of its namesake,[35] and B. chernoffi, to the Rio Ipixuna).[11] Specific rivers known to host various species of Bryconops include the Tapajós,[6] Orinoco,[36] Negro,[24] Casiquiare,[37] and Madeira.[35]

Members of Bryconops have varying preferences when it comes to specific environments, though they generally fall into one of two categories - those that inhabit blackwater, and those that inhabit fast-moving clearwater. Examples of the former include B. disruptus,[38] B. humeralis,[39] and B. colaroja.[40] Examples of the latter include B. rheoruber,[24] B. sapezal,[41] and B. florenceae. Several members are found in both environments despite the contrast, such as B. collettei[42] and B. caudomaculatus.[43]

The lattermost species, B. caudomaculatus, demonstrates varying body composition based upon where it lives (a fast-moving creek versus a still lagoon). Examination based upon physical aspects can correctly classify at least 75% of any given specimens' habitats. More of the body weight is shifted backwards for tailspot tetras that live in lagoon habitats, and the mouth is slightly more upturned for channel-dwelling tetras.[44] It is unknown if similar morphology changes affect other members of the genus.

Ecology and diet

An image of Bryconops alburnoides laid out on top of a ruler, showing that its length is 7 cm from head to tail-tip.
Captured specimen of Bryconops alburnoides

Species of Bryconops are known to live peacefully amongst other species of fish,[45][46] as well as syntopically with other members of Bryconops.[47] They frequently form schools midstream regardless of species.[48][49] The exception to this may be B. caudomaculatus, which has a reputation for being "quarrelsome", though it does spawn in schools.[10]

Not only are members of Bryconops a food source for larger fish, but they are also notably preyed upon by parasites. In 2011, B. caudomaculatus was discovered to be the host for a new species of trematode (parasitic flatworm), Auriculostoma foliaceum (which is currently accepted as Creptotrema foliaceum).[50][51] B. affinis is frequently subject to infestation by gill parasites of the genus Jainus (not to be confused with the sawfly genus Janus).[52][53]

Reproduction

Little is known of general reproduction habits for Bryconops, but there is limited research on species-specific behaviors. For instance, B. caudomaculatus is known to spawn in schools during monsoon season.[10] B. affinis is a batch spawner, releasing batches of eggs in a gradual manner as opposed to all at once,[54] and the eggs are adhesive, though this is not the result of an additional substance secreted alongside them;[55][56] a layer of the outer membrane of the egg, called the zona pediculla, displays specialized microscopic structural aspects during formation that play a role.[57] It prefers to spawn in schools, hidden between plants.[58]

Diet

Many members of Bryconops are invertivores, largely with a preference for terrestrial insects. For instance, B. inpai and B. magoi both live in areas with dense riparian vegetation, which means that insects frequently fall into the water from above, generating a consistent food source.[48][59] B. alburnoides picks insects from the riverbanks, though it does take advantage of wind or rain that sweep food into the water.[60] B. caudomaculatus eats the aquatic larval forms of its prey,[61] but will also actively leap from the water to target flying insects, especially during twilight hours.[62]

Though largely invertivores, several members of Bryconops are omnivores that take supplemental plant material, like B. inpai and B. affinis.[8][58] B. caudomaculatus is known to eat plants as well, and includes smaller fish in its diet.[10] B. collettei is thought to be an herbivore.[63]

Conservation status

Though not all members have been evaluated, members of Bryconops are largely thought to be of least concern or near threatened by the IUCN. Almost all threats come in the form of environmental anthropogenic hazards, including farmland settlement, illegal mining, dam construction, and riparian zone destruction.[64]

Species in the Rio Tapajós in particular are under greater survival pressure due to environmental disturbance as a result of illegal mining. The illegal mining sector is enormous in Latin America as a whole, despite its risks to both participants and the environment,[65] and can have disastrous results, such as mercury poisoning affecting the people and wildlife involved.[66] At one point, there was such heavy sediment disturbance and deposition that entire portions of the Tapajós turned entirely brown.[citation needed] The Tapajós is also often targeted for infrastructure development, though considerations have been taken in recent times in the context of environmental preservation.[67]

Species from the Tocantins basin are largely pressured by the construction of hydroelectric dams, which greatly alter the flow of water and present new environmental hazards.[68][69] This is also the case for species native to the Xingu, which is home to the world's third-largest hydroelectric dam, the Belo Monte dam.[70] Some species are adaptable, and can survive in the subsequent altered environments.[26][71]

Destruction and disturbance of the riparian zone (the interface between water and land) is another factor that could trouble various species of Bryconops. Deforestation and logging have a negative impact, removing food sources and shelter from the elements.[72] Settlement of the surrounding land for use in farms causes a marked decrease in water quality, including factors like pesticide use and fecal contamination.[73]

Presence in aquaria

Data is limited, as species of Bryconops are not in particularly high demand from aquarists, but several species have a presence in the fish-keeping community, and are known to be deported from their native habitats for use therein.

  • B. colanegra and B. colaroja are taken from the wild, though not in numbers great enough to be concerning.[74][75]
  • B. melanurus is exported from Peru and has a presence in hobbyist communities.[76][77] Still, it tends to fare poorly in tank settings.[49]
  • B. cyrtogaster is likely taken from the wild for use in the aquarium industry.[76] Details are sparse.
  • B. caudomaculatus is taken from the wild in multiple countries, and remains common in many areas thanks to its hardy nature.[26][76]
  • B. affinis is of definite interest to hobbyists, but extensive research has not been done regarding its popularity or export.[78]

References

  1. ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2022). Species of Bryconops in FishBase. March 2022 version.
  2. ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2022). "Bryconops giacopinii" in FishBase. February 2022 version.
  3. ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2022). "Bryconops durbinae" in FishBase. February 2022 version.
  4. ↑ "THE FISH FAMILIES". Field Guide to the Fishes of the Amazon, Orinoco, and Guianas, edited by Peter van der Sleen and James S. Albert, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2017, pp. 95-96. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400888801-009
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Silva‐Oliveira, Cárlison; Moreira, Cristiano R.; Lima, Flávio C. T.; Py‐Daniel, Lúcia Rapp (September 2020). "The true identity of Bryconops cyrtogaster (Norman), and description of a new species of Bryconops Kner (Characiformes: Iguanodectidae) from the Rio Jari, lower Amazon basin". Journal of Fish Biology 97 (3): 860–868. doi:10.1111/jfb.14445. PMID 32584438. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Silva-Oliveira, Cárlison; Ota, Rafaela P.; Lima, Flávio C. T.; Py-Daniel, Lúcia Rapp (13 December 2021). "Rediscovering species: redescription of Bryconops gracilis (Characiformes: Iguanodectidae), an often-misidentified species". Neotropical Ichthyology 19 (4). doi:10.1590/1982-0224-2021-0054. https://www.scielo.br/j/ni/a/W88j4XWSGspkm6F69vxKZHf/. Retrieved 29 May 2022. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Chernoff, Barry; Machado-Allison, Antonio (31 December 2005). Bryconops. doi:10.5281/zenodo.6265593. https://zenodo.org/record/6265593. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Knöppel, Hans-armin; Junk, Wolfgang; Géry, Jacques (January 1968). "Bryconops (Creatochanes) Inpai, A New Characoid Fish From The Central Amazon Region, With A Review Of The Genus Bryconops". Amazoniana 1 (3): 231–246. https://archive.org/details/bryconops-creatochanes-inpai-a-new-characoid-fish-from-the-central-amazon-region. Retrieved 20 October 2022. 
  9. ↑ "Bryconops sapezal, Wingert & Chuctaya & Malabarba, 2018". Plazi. https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/html/03AD87AFFF96D74CFF048DE8B1B87F91. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2022). "Bryconops caudomaculatus" in FishBase. April 2022 version.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Silva-Oliveira, Cárlison; Lima, Flávio C. T.; Bogotá-Gregory, J. D. (November 2018). "A new species of Bryconops Kner (Characiformes: Iguanodectidae) from the Rio Maicuru, lower Amazon basin, Brazil". Zootaxa 4514 (3): 372–382. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4514.3.4. PMID 30486203. https://www.biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.4514.3.4. Retrieved 17 November 2022. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Guedes, Tharles L. O.; Oliveira, Everton F.; Lucinda, Paulo H. F. (16 October 2019). "Bryconops hexalepis (Teleostei: Characidae), a new species from the rio Tocantins drainage, Brazil". Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters 1115: 1–7. doi:10.23788/IEF-1115. https://pfeil-verlag.de/publikationen/bryconops-hexalepis-a-new-species-from-the-rio-tocantins-drainage-brazil/. Retrieved 17 November 2022. 
  13. ↑ Cockerell, Theodore D. A. (September 1914). "The scales of the South American Characinid fishes". Annals of the Carnegie Museum 9 (1–2): 103. doi:10.5962/p.331043. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9781620. Retrieved 5 March 2022. 
  14. ↑ Guedes, Tharles L. O.; Oliveira, Everton F.; Lucinda, Paulo H. F. (14 March 2016). "A new species of Bryconops (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Characidae) from the upper rio Tocantins drainage, Brazil". Neotropical Ichthyology 14 (2). doi:10.1590/1982-0224-20150176. https://www.scielo.br/j/ni/a/KVNZSmmPCxzWdvJ6ssCTtCL/?lang=en. Retrieved 8 November 2022. 
  15. ↑ "Bryconops magoi, Barry Chernoff & Antonio Machado-Allison, 2005". Plazi. https://treatment.plazi.org/GgServer/html/2F20D5187CD51DCDC302A1D63C46F06B. 
  16. ↑ Reis, Roberto E.; Kullander, Sven O.; Ferraris, Jr., Carl J. (2003). Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America. Porto Alegre: Edipucrs. p. 120. ISBN 85-7430-361-5. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234138774. Retrieved 18 May 2022. 
  17. ↑ Myers, P.; Espinosa, R.; Parr, C. S.; Jones, T.; Hammond, G. S.; Dewey, T. A.. "Bryconops Classification". University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Bryconops/classification/#Bryconops. 
  18. ↑ "ITIS - Report: Bryconops". https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=639174#null. 
  19. ↑ Oliveira, Claudio; Avelino, Gleisy S.; Abe, Kelly T.; Mariguela, Tatiane C.; Benine, Ricardo C.; Ortí, Guillermo; Vari, Richard P.; Corrêa e Castro, Ricardo M. (December 2011). "Phylogenetic relationships within the speciose family Characidae (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes) based on multilocus analysis and extensive ingroup sampling". BMC Evolutionary Biology 11 (1): 275. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-11-275. PMID 21943181. 
  20. ↑ "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Iguanodectidae Eigenmann, 1909". https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=826575. 
  21. ↑ Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2022). "Iguanodectidae" in FishBase. March 2022 version.
  22. ↑ Lucinda, Paulo H. F.; Guedes, Tharles L. O. (2 May 2018). "Taxonomic status of the South American characid fish Creatochanes melanurus transitorius Steindachner, 1915 (Teleostei: Characidae)". Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters (IEF-1057): 1–3. doi:10.23788/IEF-1057. https://pfeil-verlag.de/publikationen/taxonomic-status-of-the-south-american-characid-fish-creatochanes-melanurus-transitorius-steindachner/. Retrieved 11 November 2022. 
  23. ↑ Chernoff, Barry; Machado-Allison, Antonio (13 December 2005). "Bryconops magoi and Bryconops collettei (Characiformes: Characidae), two new freshwater fish species from Venezuela, with comments on B. caudomaculatus (Günther)". Zootaxa 1094 (1): 23. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1094.1.1. ISSN 1175-5334. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1094.1.1. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Silva-Oliveira, Cárlison; Sabaj, Mark Henry; Ota, Rafaela Priscila; Py-Daniel, Lúcia H. Rapp (6 June 2019). "Bryconops rheorubrum (Characiformes: Iguanodectidae), new species from the Rio Xingu Rapids, Brazil". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 166 (1): 1. doi:10.1635/053.166.0115. https://bioone.org/journals/proceedings-of-the-academy-of-natural-sciences-of-philadelphia/volume-166/issue-1/053.166.0115/Bryconops-rheorubrum-Characiformes--Iguanodectidae-new-species-from-the-Rio/10.1635/053.166.0115.short. Retrieved 17 November 2022. 
  25. ↑ "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Bryconops Kner, 1858". https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=268613. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 Silva-Oliveira, Cárlison; Ota, Rafaela P.; Sabaj, Mark H.; Py-Daniel, Lúcia H. Rapp (13 December 2021). "A new species of Bryconops (Characiformes: Iguanodectidae) from Atlantic coastal drainages of Suriname and French Guiana". Neotropical Ichthyology 19 (4). doi:10.1590/1982-0224-2021-0113. https://www.scielo.br/j/ni/a/wjG3LLZc69ZLcg67gS6VMcn/. Retrieved 17 November 2022. 
  27. ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2022). Species of Iguanodectes in FishBase. February 2022 version.
  28. ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2022). Species of Piabucus in FishBase. February 2022 version.
  29. ↑ Kner, Rudolf I. (1858). "Beiträge zur Familie der Characinen" (in German). Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe 30 (8): 75–80. OCLC 5882505. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/6434759. Retrieved 5 February 2022. 
  30. ↑ "Bryconops lucidus Kner, 1858 - Ocean Biodiversity Information System". https://portal.obis.org/taxon/1021338. 
  31. ↑ Eigenmann, Carl H. (1910). Catalogue and bibliography of the fresh water fishes of the Americas south of the Tropic of Cancer. Lancaster, Pa.: Press of the New Era Printing Co.. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.11953. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/11953. 
  32. ↑ "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Bryconops melanurus (Bloch, 1794)". https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=874256. 
  33. ↑ "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Salmo melanurus Bloch, 1794". https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=874257. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Scharpf, Christopher; Lazara, Kenneth J. (15 September 2020). "Order CHARACIFORMES: Families IGUANODECTIDAE, TRIPORTHEIDAE, BRYCONIDAE, CHALCEIDAE and GASTEROPELECIDAE". https://etyfish.org/characiformes8/. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Wingert, Juliana M.; Malabarba, Luiz R. (2011). "A new species of Bryconops (Teleostei: Characidae) from the rio Madeira basin, Northern Brazil" (in en). Neotropical Ichthyology 9 (3): 471–476. doi:10.1590/S1679-62252011000300002. ISSN 1679-6225. http://www.scielo.br/j/ni/a/dmZdjbJgVjYmQVDgv43tBkb/?lang=en. 
  36. ↑ Machado Allison, Antonio; Chernoff, Barry; Buckup, Paulo (1996). "Bryconops humeralis y B.vibex, dos nuevas especies del genero bryconops kner (1858) para Venezuela" (in Spanish). Acta Biologica Venezuela 16 (2): 45–58. https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/resource/pt/lil-259356. Retrieved 5 October 2022. 
  37. ↑ Silva-Oliveira, Cárlison; Canto, André Luiz C.; Ribeiro, Frank Raynner V. (30 July 2015). "Bryconops munduruku (Characiformes: Characidae), a new species of fish from the lower Tapajós River basin, Brazil". Zootaxa 3994 (1): 133–141. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3994.1.7. PMID 26250264. https://www.biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3994.1.7. 
  38. ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2022). "Bryconops disruptus" in FishBase. November 2022 version.
  39. ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2022). "Bryconops humeralis" in FishBase. November 2022 version.
  40. ↑ Chernoff, Barry; Machado-Allison, Antonio (23 February 2018). "Bryconops colaroja and B. colanegra, two new species from the Cuyuni and Caroni drainages of South America (Teleostei: Characidae)". Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters 10 (4): 355–370. http://hdl.handle.net/10872/17856. Retrieved 10 April 2022. 
  41. ↑ Wingert, Juliana M.; Chuctaya, Junior; Malabarba, Luiz R. (9 May 2018). "A new species of Bryconops (Characiformes: Iguanodectidae) from the Rio Tapajós basin, Brazil". Zootaxa 4418 (4): 379–387. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4418.4.4. PMID 30313578. https://www.biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.4418.4.4. Retrieved 17 November 2022. 
  42. ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2022). "Bryconops collettei" in FishBase. November 2022 version.
  43. ↑ Chernoff, Barry; Buckup, Paulo Andreas; Machado-Allison, Antonio; Royero, Ramiro (March 1993). "Las especies del genero Bryconops Kner, 1858 en Venezuela (Teleostei, Characiformes)". Venezuelan Biological Act 14 (3): 1–20. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291272365. Retrieved 18 May 2022. 
  44. ↑ Langerhans, Brian & Layman, Craig & LANGERHANS, AIMEE & Dewitt, Thomas. (2003). Habitat-associated morphological divergens in two Neotropical fish species. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 80. 689 - 698. 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2003.00266.x.
  45. ↑ "Bryconops tocantinensis, Guedes & Oliveira & Lucinda, 2016". Plazi. https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/html/03DB47076324FF93F5EAEE139281EA86. 
  46. ↑ de Pinna, Mário C. C.; Keith, Philippe (2003). "A new species of the catfish genus Ituglanis from French Guyana (Osteichthyes: Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae)". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 116: 878. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34565760. 
  47. ↑ Silva-Oliveira, Cárlison; Canto, André L. C.; Ribeiro, Frank R. V. (23 July 2019). "A new tailspot tetra of the genus Bryconops (Teleostei: Iguanodectidae) from the lower rio Tapajós basin, Brazil". Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters 1087. doi:10.23788/IEF-1087. https://pfeil-verlag.de/publikationen/a-new-tailspot-tetra-of-the-genus-bryconops-from-the-lower-rio-tapajos-basin-Brazil/. Retrieved 17 November 2022. 
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2022). "Bryconops magoi" in FishBase. November 2022 version.
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2022). "Bryconops melanurus" in FishBase. November 2022 version.
  50. ↑ Curran, Stephen S., et al. “PHYLOGENETIC AFFINITIES OF AURICULOSTOMA (DIGENEA: ALLOCREADIIDAE), WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES FROM PERU.” The Journal of Parasitology, vol. 97, no. 4, 2011, pp. 661–70, http://www.jstor.org/stable/23019184. Accessed 6 Apr. 2022.
  51. ↑ Gibson, David (20 November 2021). "WoRMS taxon details - Creptotrema foliaceum (Curran, Tkach & Overstreet, 2011) (Franceschini, Aguiar, Zago, de Oliveira Fadel Yamada, Bertholdi Ebert & da Silva, 2021)". https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1546540. 
  52. ↑ Braga, Mariana P.; Razzolini, Emanuel; Boeger, Walter A. (5 October 2014). "Drivers of parasite sharing among Neotropical freshwater fishes". Journal of Animal Ecology 84 (2): 487–497. doi:10.1111/1365-2656.12298. ISSN 0021-8790. PMID 25283218. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.12298. 
  53. ↑ "Jainus". https://eol.org/pages/46982404. 
  54. ↑ Bazzoli, Nilo & Enemir, José & Dos Santos, José & Diniz, Marcelo & Barros, M. (2013). Biologia reprodutiva do Bryconops cf. affinis = Creatochanes affinis (Gunther, 1864) (Teleostei: Characiformes) na lagoa do Pantaninho, Lagoa da Prata, Minas Gerais. Bios. 5. 43-51.
  55. ↑ Rizzo, Elizete. (2002). Adhesiveness and surface patterns of eggs in neotropical freshwater teleosts. Journal of Fish Biology. 61. 615-632. 10.1006/jfbi.2002.2085.
  56. ↑ Weber, André Alberto; Arantes, Fábio Pereira; Sato, Yoshimi; Rizzo, Elizete; Bazzoli, Nilo. Oocyte adhesiveness and embryonic development of Astyanax bimaculatus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Pisces: Characidae): Zygote; Cambridge Vol. 21, Iss. 2, (May 2013): 198-202. DOI:10.1017/S096719941200007X
  57. ↑ Andrade RF, Bazzoli N, Rizzo E, Sato Y. Continuous gametogenesis in the neotropical freshwater teleost, Bryconops affinis (Pisces:Characidae). Tissue Cell. 2001 Oct;33(5):524-32. doi: 10.1054/tice.2001.0206. PMID 11949788.
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2022). "Bryconops affinis" in FishBase. November 2022 version.
  59. ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2022). "Bryconops inpai" in FishBase. November 2022 version.
  60. ↑ Silva, Cylene & Ferreira, Efrem & de Deus, Cláudia. (2008). Diet of Bryconops alburnoides and B-caudomaculatus (Osteichthyes : Characiformes) in the region affected by Balbina Hydroelectric Dam (Amazon drainage, Brazil). Neotropical Ichthyology. 6. 237-242. 10.1590/S1679-62252008000200011.
  61. ↑ Silva, Cylene C. da; Ferreira, Efrem J. G.; Deus, Cláudia P. de (2008). "Diet of Bryconops alburnoides and B. caudomaculatus (Osteichthyes: Characiformes) in the region affected by Balbina Hydroelectric Dam (Amazon drainage, Brazil)" (in en). Neotropical Ichthyology 6 (2): 237–242. doi:10.1590/S1679-62252008000200011. ISSN 1679-6225. http://www.scielo.br/j/ni/a/LFrVFTGWkTbBdMnsG83Hj3x/?lang=en. 
  62. ↑ Costa-Pereira, Raul; Severo-Neto, Francisco (June 2012). "Dining out: Bryconops caudomaculatus jumps out of water to catch flies". Revista chilena de historia natural 85 (2): 241–244. doi:10.4067/S0716-078X2012000200012. ISSN 0716-078X. http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0716-078X2012000200012&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en. 
  63. ↑ Echevarría, Gabriela; González, Nirson (November 2018). "Fish taxonomic and functional diversity in mesohabitats of the River Kakada, Caura National Park, Venezuela". Nature Conservation Research 3 (Suppl. 2). doi:10.24189/ncr.2018.048. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328736184. Retrieved 20 October 2022. 
  64. ↑ "Search for "Bryconops"". International Union for the Conservation of Nature. https://www.iucnredlist.org/search/stats?query=Bryconops&searchType=species. 
  65. ↑ Klein, David (6 May 2022). "Interpol: Illegal Gold Mining is Devastating Latin America". Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project. OCCRP. https://www.occrp.org/en/daily/16289-interpol-illegal-gold-mining-is-devastating-latin-america. 
  66. ↑ "Illegal Gold Mining". United States Agency for International Development. 28 June 2022. https://www.usaid.gov/peru/our-work/illegal-gold-mining. 
  67. ↑ Bradford, Sue (26 August 2016). "Planned Tapajós industrial waterway a potential environmental disaster". Mongabay News. https://news.mongabay.com/2016/08/planned-tapajos-industrial-waterway-a-potential-environmental-disaster/. 
  68. ↑ Millikan, Brent. "Araguaia & Tocantins Rivers". International Rivers. https://archive.internationalrivers.org/campaigns/araguaia-tocantins-rivers. 
  69. ↑ Switkes, Glenn. "Araguaia and Tocantins rivers, Brazil". https://www.irn.org/araguaia/. 
  70. ↑ Fitzgerald, Daniel B.; Sabaj Perez, Mark H.; Sousa, Leandro M.; Gonçalves, Alany P.; Rapp Py-Daniel, Lucia; Lujan, Nathan K.; Zuanon, Jansen; Winemiller, Kirk O. et al. (June 2018). "Diversity and community structure of rapids-dwelling fishes of the Xingu River: Implications for conservation amid large-scale hydroelectric development". Biological Conservation 222: 104–112. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2018.04.002. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0006320717315008. Retrieved 17 November 2022. 
  71. ↑ Wingert, Juliana M., Chuctaya, Junior, & Malabarba, Luiz R. (2018). FIGURE 1. Bryconops sapezal, MCP 44795 in A new species of Bryconops (Characiformes: Iguanodectidae) from the Rio Tapajós basin, Brazil. In Zootaxa (Vol. 4418, Number 4, pp. 379–387). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1244930
  72. ↑ Sen Nag, Oishimaya (25 April 2017). "The Tocantins River". WorldAtlas. https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/where-does-the-tocantins-river-flow.html. 
  73. ↑ Astiz, S. (July 2012). "Water resource degradation in the Cataniapo River, Amazons, Venezuela". Tecnologia y Ciencias del Agua 3 (3): 5–20. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286807866. Retrieved 17 November 2022. 
  74. ↑ Echevarría, G. 2019. Bryconops colanegra. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T118038855A118038861. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T118038855A118038861.en. Accessed on 03 February 2022.
  75. ↑ Echevarría, G. 2019. Bryconops colaroja. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T118038882A118038887. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T118038882A118038887.en. Accessed on 03 February 2022.
  76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 76.2 Prang, Gregory (2008). "An industry analysis of the freshwater ornamental fishery with particular reference to the supply of Brazilian freshwater ornamentals to the UK market". Uakari (10.31420) 3: 7–57. doi:10.31420/uakari.v3i1.18. 
  77. ↑ "Tail Light Tetra - Bryconops melanurus". Aquatic Community. https://www.aquaticcommunity.com/fish/taillighttetra.php. 
  78. ↑ "Noxious Aquatic Species in Victoria". 8 July 2010. https://vfa.vic.gov.au/operational-policy/pests-and-diseases/noxious-aquatic-species-in-victoria/noxious-aquatic-species-in-victoria. 

Wikidata ☰ Q147193 entry



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