Biology:Cotinga

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Short description: Passerine bird family found in Central and South America

Cotingas
Cotinga cayana-20090124.jpg
Spangled cotinga (Cotinga cayana)
Scientific classification e
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Parvorder: Tyrannida
Family: Cotingidae
Bonaparte, 1849
Genera

Many, see text

Cotingas (Cotingidae) area.svg
Geographical range of the cotingas.

The cotingas are a large family, Cotingidae, of suboscine passerine birds found in Central America and tropical South America. Cotingas are birds of forests or forest edges, that are primary frugivorous. They all have broad bills with hooked tips, rounded wings, and strong legs. They range in size from 12–13 cm (4.7–5.1 in) of the fiery-throated fruiteater (Pipreola chlorolepidota) up to 48–51 cm (19–20 in) of the Amazonian umbrellabird (Cephalopterus ornatus).[1][2]

Description

Cotingas vary widely in social structure. There is a roughly 50/50 divide in the family between species with biparental care, and those in which the males play no part in raising the young.[3] The purple-throated fruitcrow lives in mixed-sex groups in which one female lays an egg and the others help provide insects to the chick.[4]

In cotinga species where only the females care for the eggs and young, the males have striking courtship displays, often grouped together in leks. Such sexual selection results in the males of these species, including the Guianan cock-of-the-rock, being brightly coloured, or decorated with plumes or wattles, like the umbrellabirds, with their umbrella-like crest and long throat wattles. Other lekking cotingids like the bellbirds and screaming piha, have distinctive and far-carrying calls. In such canopy-dwelling genera as Carpodectes, Cotinga, and Xipholena, males gather high in a single tree or in adjacent trees, but male cocks-of-the-rock, as befits their more terrestrial lives, give their elaborate displays in leks on the ground.[4]

The females of both lekking and biparental species are duller than the males.

Breeding

Nests range from tiny to very large. Many species lay a single egg in a nest so flimsy that the egg can be seen from underneath. This may make the nests hard for predators to find. Fruiteaters build more solid cup nests, and the cocks-of-the-rock attach their mud nests to cliffs.[4] The nests may be open cups or little platforms with loosely woven plant material, usually placed in a tree. The clutches comprise one to four eggs. Incubation typically takes 15–28 days. Fledging usually occurs at 28–33 days.

Habitat

Deserts, open woodlands, coastal mangroves, and humid tropical forests comprise their habitats. Cotingas face very serious threats from the loss of their habitats.[5]

Taxonomy and systematics

The family Cotingidae was introduced by French naturalist Charles Lucien Bonaparte in 1849.[6] According to the International Ornithological Committee, as of July 2021, the family contains 66 species divided into 24 genera.[7]

A 2014 molecular phylogenetic study of the cotingas by Jacob Berv and Richard Prum found that the genera formed five monophyletic clades and they proposed that the family could be divided into five subfamilies.[8] The following cladogram is based on a molecular phylogenetic study of the suboscines by Michael Harvey and collaborators published in 2020.[9]

Cotingidae
Pipreolinae

Ampelioides – scaled fruiteater

Pipreola – fruiteaters (11 species)

Rupicolinae

Snowornis – pihas (2 species)

Carpornis – berryeaters (2 species)

Phoenicircus – cotingas (2 species)

Rupicola – cock-of-the-rocks (2 species)

Phytotominae

Zaratornis – white-cheeked cotinga

Phytotoma – plantcutters (3 species)

Phibalura – cotingas (2 species)

Doliornis – cotingas (2 species)

Ampelion – cotingas (2 species)

Cephalopterinae

Haematoderus – crimson fruitcrow

Querula – purple-throated fruitcrow

Pyroderus – red-ruffed fruitcrow

Perissocephalus – capuchinbird

Cephalopterus – umbrellabirds (3 species)

Cotinginae

Lipaugus – pihas and cotingas (9 species)

Procnias – bellbirds (4 species)

Cotinga – cotingas (7 species)

Porphyrolaema – purple-throated cotinga

Conioptilon – black-faced cotinga

Gymnoderus – bare-necked fruitcrow

Xipholena – cotingas (3 species)

Carpodectes – cotingas (3 species)

The genus Tijuca was found to be embedded in Lipaugus, a position that was confirmed by a more detailed 2020 study.[10]

Image Genus Living species
Ampelioides tschudii (Frutero escamado) (24) (14148007464).jpg Ampelioides Verreaux, 1867
Pipreola frontalis squamipectus.jpg Pipreola Swainson, 1838
Olivaceous Piha - Colombia S4E3368 (16835513815).jpg Snowornis Prum, 2001
Hooded berryeater (Carpornis cucullata).jpg Carpornis G.R. Gray, 1846
Rupicola peruviana (male) -San Diego Zoo-8a.jpg Rupicola Brisson, 1760
Phoenicircus carnifex - Guianan red cotinga (male) 01.JPG Phoenicircus Swainson, 1832
Zaratornis stresemanni - White-cheeked Cotinga.jpg Zaratornis Koepcke, 1954
White-tipped Plantcutter (Phytotoma rutila).jpg Phytotoma Molina, 1782
Swallow-tailed Cotinga (Phibalura flavirostris).jpeg Phibalura Vieillot, 1816
Doliornis remseni 262570674.jpg Doliornis Taczanowski, 1874
Red-crested Cotinga - EcuadorDSCN2925.jpg Ampelion Tschudi, 1845
Haematoderus Bonaparte, 1854
Purple-throated Fruitcrow RWD.jpg Querula Vieillot, 1816
Pavó no Parque Estaudal Intervales.jpg Pyroderus G.R. Gray, 1840
Cephalopterus glabricollis.jpg Cephalopterus E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1809
Capuchinbird - Perissocephalus tricolor.jpg Perissocephalus Oberholser, 1899
TROPEIRO-DA-SERRA (Lipaugus lanioides) (13868684655).jpg Lipaugus F. Boie, 1828
Procnias averano.jpg Procnias Illiger, 1811
SpangledCotinga.jpg Cotinga Brisson, 1760
  • Plum-throated cotinga, Cotinga maynana
  • Spangled cotinga, Cotinga cayana
  • Lovely cotinga, Cotinga amabilis
  • Blue cotinga, Cotinga nattererii
  • Turquoise cotinga, Cotinga ridgwayi
  • Banded cotinga, Cotinga maculata
  • Purple-breasted cotinga, Cotinga cotinga
Porphyrolaema porphyrolaema - Purple-throated cotinga (female).JPG Porphyrolaema Bonaparte, 1854
Conioptilon mcilhennyi - Black-faced cotinga.jpg Conioptilon Lowery & O'Neill, 1966
Gymnoderus foetidus - Bare-necked Fruitcrow.JPG Gymnoderus E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1809
Xipholena punicea -Miami Metrozoo -male-8a.jpg Xipholena Gloger, 1841
Snowy Cotinga - Sarapiqui - Costa Rica S4E1046 (26584977742).jpg Carpodectes Salvin, 1865

A number of species previously placed in this family are now placed in the family Tityridae (genera Laniisoma, Laniocera and Iodopleura)[11]


References

  1. Snow, D.; Sharpe, C.J. (2018). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J. et al.. eds. "Fiery-throated Fruiteater (Pipreola chlorolepidota)". Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive (Lynx Edicions). doi:10.2173/bow.fitfru1.01. https://www.hbw.com/node/57012. Retrieved 30 June 2018. 
  2. Snow, D. (2018). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J. et al.. eds. "Amazonian Umbrellabird (Cephalopterus ornatus)". Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive (Lynx Edicions). doi:10.2173/bow.amaumb1.01. https://www.hbw.com/node/57051. Retrieved 30 June 2018. 
  3. Cockburn, Andrew (2006). "Prevalence of different modes of parental care in birds". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 273 (1592): 1375–1383. doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3458. PMID 16777726.  Supplementary Material.
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 Prum, Richard O.; Snow, David W. (2003). "Cotingas". in Christopher Perrins. Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds. Firefly Books. pp. 432–433. ISBN 1-55297-777-3. https://archive.org/details/fireflyencyclope0000unse. 
  5. Complete Birds of the World. National Geographic. p. 200. 
  6. Bock, Walter J. (1994). History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. Number 222. New York: American Museum of Natural History. p. 149. 
  7. Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds (July 2021). "Cotingas, manakins, tityras, becards". IOC World Bird List Version 11.2. International Ornithologists' Union. http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/cotingas/. 
  8. Berv, J.S.; Prum, R.O. (2014). "A comprehensive multilocus phylogeny of the Neotropical cotingas (Cotingidae, Aves) with a comparative evolutionary analysis of breeding system and plumage dimorphism and a revised phylogenetic classification". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 81: 120–136. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.09.001. PMID 25234241. 
  9. Harvey, M.G.; Bravo, G.A.; Claramunt, S.; Cuervo, A.M.; Derryberry, G.E.; Battilana, J.; Seeholzer, G.F.; McKay, J.S. et al. (2020). "The evolution of a tropical biodiversity hotspot". Science 370 (6522): 1343–1348. doi:10.1126/science.aaz6970. PMID 33303617. Bibcode2020Sci...370.1343H.  A high resolution version of the phylogenetic tree in Figure 1 is available from the first author's website here.
  10. Settlecowski, A.E.; Cuervo, A.M.; Tello, J.G.; Harvey, M.G.; Brumfield, R.T.; Derryberry, E.P. (2020). "Investigating the utility of traditional and genomic multilocus datasets to resolve relationships in Lipaugus and Tijuca (Cotingidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 147: 106779. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106779. PMID 32135309. 
  11. Remsen, J. V. Jr., C. D. Cadena, A. Jaramillo, M. Nores, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, T. S. Schulenberg, F. G. Stiles, D. F. Stotz, & K. J. Zimmer. 2007. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithologists' Union. Accessed 12 December 2007.

Further reading

  • Snow, D.W. (1976). "The relationship between climate and annual cycles in the Cotingidae." Ibis 118(3):366-401
  • Snow, D.W. (1982). The Cotingas: Bellbirds, Umbrella birds and their allies. British Museum Press. ISBN:0-19-858511-X

External links

Wikidata ☰ Q647533 entry