Biology:Cystoderma carcharias

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Short description: Species of fungus

Cystoderma carcharias
Cystoderma carcharias 27630.jpg
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Fungi
Phylum:
Basidiomycota
Class:
Agaricomycetes
Order:
Agaricales
Family:
Agaricaceae
Genus:
Cystoderma
Species:
C. carcharias
Binomial name
Cystoderma carcharias
(Pers.) Fayod
Synonyms

Agaricus carcharias
Agaricus granulosus var. carcharias
Lepiota carcharias[1]

Cystoderma carcharias
View the Mycomorphbox template that generates the following list
Mycological characteristics
gills on hymenium
cap is convex or flat
or adnate
stipe has a ring
spore print is white
ecology is saprotrophic
edibility: inedible

Cystoderma carcharias, is a species of agaric in the fungal family Agaricaceae. It has a widespread distribution, and has been collected in coniferous forests and grasslands in Asia, Europe, North America, and the subantarctic islands. In the field, fruit bodies are characterized by a pink cap up to 6 cm (2.4 in) broad, a well-developed ring on the stem, and an unpleasant odour.

Taxonomy

The species was first described scientifically by Christian Hendrik Persoon, who named it Agaricus carcharias in 1794.[2] Swiss mycologist Victor Fayod assigned it its current name in 1889.[3] The specific epithet carcharias is probably derived from the Greek καρχαρός (karcharos) which means sharp, pointed or jagged. καρχαρίας (karcharias) is translated as shark.

Description

The fruiting body of Cystoderma carcharias is a relatively small agaric. The fruiting body is characterised by an off-white and pale pink-tinged cap with a distinct darker central spot, and a powdery cuticle. The cap is at first convex, but with maturity becomes flat and slightly umbonate. The cap is up to 6 cm (2.4 in) in diameter and may bear a margin fringed with remnants of a partial veil. The gills are white, adnate and crowded. The stem is white and smooth above, and granular below a white, upturned, flared and persistent ring. The stem is cylindrical and up to 7 cm (2.8 in) tall. The flesh is white, firm and full throughout.[4][5] Additionally, C. carcharias forma album is a form recognised as having a snow-white cap.[6]

Under a microscope, the spores are ellipsoid, with dimensions 4–5.5 by 3–4 µm. The spores are white and amyloid. The basidia are 4-spored,[4][5][7] club-shaped, and measure 20–25 by 4–6 µm.[8]

The fruiting body of C. carcharias bears a characteristic strong, unpleasant odour. The odour has been described as earthy, muddy and mouldy by various authors. This has been attributed to the presence of the compound geosmin.[9] The taste is not distinctive.

Cystoderma carcharias is a fairly common fungus distributed in Europe, North America and temperate Asia,[8] typically occurring in coniferous forests.[10] It has also been found on the treeless, Australian subantarctic Macquarie Island.[11] Fruit bodies are found singly or in groups on soil among grass or moss during late summer and autumn. The fungus is an acidophilic litter saprotroph growing frequently under conifers, namely spruce.

Cystoderma carcharias accumulates cadmium in its fruiting bodies. In polluted areas, cadmium concentrations may even exceed 600 mg/kg in dry mass.[12] Intracellular Cd accumulated in sporocarps of C. carcharias is associated with two isoforms of metallothioneins.[13] Furthermore, C. carcharias contains numerous organoarsenic compounds from which dimethylarsinoylacetate and trimethylarsoniopropionate have been reported for the first time in the terrestrial environment.[12]

This fungus has been deemed inedible by various authors.[4][14]

References

  1. ↑ "Cystoderma carcharias taxon record details at Index Fungorum". CAB International. http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=357219. 
  2. ↑ Persoon CH. (1794). "Dispositio methodica fungorum" (in la). Neues Magazin für die Botanik, Römer 1: 81–128. 
  3. ↑ Fayod MV. (1889). "Prodrome d'une histoire naturelle des Agaricinés" (in fr). Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Botanique. VII 9: 351. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Jordan M. (1995). The Encyclopedia of Fungi of Britain and Europe. London: David & Charles. p. 214. ISBN 0-7153-0129-2. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Gerault, Alain (October 2005). Florule Evolutive des Basidiomycotina du Finistere – Heterobasidiomycetes – Tricholomatales (in French). 2.1. http://projet.aulnaies.free.fr/Florules/TRICHOLOMATALES.pdf. 
  6. ↑ "Trial field key to the species of Cystoderma in the Pacific Northwest". Pacific Northwest Key Council. http://www.svims.ca/council/Cystod.htm. 
  7. ↑ "The phylogeny and taxonomy of genera Cystoderma and Cystodermella (Agaricales) based on nuclear ITS and LSU sequences". Mycological Progress 8: 59–73. 2009. doi:10.1007/s11557-008-0578-9. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Saar I. (2003). "The genera Cystoderma and Cystodermella (Tricholomataceae) in temperate Eurasia". Mycotaxon 86: 455–73. http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59575/0086/0455.htm. Retrieved 2010-01-29. 
  9. ↑ Tkacz J. S.; Lange L. (2004). Advances in fungal biotechnology for industry, agriculture, and medicine. Springer. p. 342. ISBN 0-306-47866-8. 
  10. ↑ Dennis RWG. (1980). "Micro fungi of St. Kilda". Kew Bulletin 34 (3): 742–44. doi:10.2307/4119067. 
  11. ↑ "Interactive Catalogue of Australian Fungi: Cystoderma carcharias". Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne. http://www.rbg.vic.gov.au/dbpages/cat/index.php/fungicatalogue/name/831. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Borovička J., Braeuer S., Sácký J., Kameník J., Goessler W., Trubač J., Strnad L., Rohovec J., Leonhardt T., Kotrba P. (2019). "Speciation analysis of elements accumulated in Cystoderma carcharias from clean and smelter-polluted sites". Science of the Total Environment 648: 1570–1581. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.202. PMID 30340302. Bibcode: 2019ScTEn.648.1570B. 
  13. ↑ Sácký J., Černý J., Šantrůček J., Borovička J., Leonhardt T., Kotrba P. (2021). "Cadmium hyperaccumulating mushroom Cystoderma carcharias has two metallothionein isoforms usable for cadmium and copper storage". Fungal Genetics and Biology 153: 103574. doi:10.1016/j.fgb.2021.103574. PMID 34015433. 
  14. ↑ Polèse J.; Deconchat C. (2002). Champignons. L'encyclopédie. Losange: Editions Artemis. p. 245. ISBN 2-84416-145-6. 

External links

Wikidata ☰ Q2640662 entry



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