Biology:Echinodontiaceae
| Echinodontiaceae | |
|---|---|
| |
| Echinodontium tinctorium | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Russulales |
| Family: | Echinodontiaceae Donk (1961) |
| Type genus | |
| Echinodontium Ellis & Everh. (1900)
| |
| Genera | |
The Echinodontiaceae are a family of crust fungi in the order Russulales. Species of this family, divided amongst two genera—Echinodontium and Laurilia—have a widespread distribution, although they are especially predominant in north temperate zones. They are parasitic or saprobic on wood, and may cause white rot of angiosperms and gymnosperms.[1]
Description
Species of this family have resupinate to effused-reflexed basidiocarps, smooth to spiny hymenophores, amyloid spores, dimitic hyphae, and cause white rot.[2][3]
Classification
The family was circumscribed by Marinus Anton Donk in 1961,[4] and monographed by Henry L. Gross in 1964.[5] He recognized six species in the genus Echinodontium (E. tinctorium, E. tsugicola, E. ballouii, E. japonicum, E. taxodii and E. sulcatum) with hymenia ranging from smooth to spiny. Walter Jülich added another genus Laurilia (incorporating E. taxodii and E. sulcatum) when he described the family in 1981.[6] Molecular phylogenetic studies show that the Echinodontiaceae belong in the Russuloid clade.[7][8] Although some studies have suggested that the genus Echinodontium is closely related to Amylostereum,[2][9][10] a more recent study does not support this conclusion.[7]
Genera
Species in the genus Echinodontium have a hydnaceous (with spinelike protuberances) hymenial surface, dimitic hyphal system, smooth basidiospores, and in three of four species, a symbiotic association with horntails — Sirex and Urocerus species. The insects eat the fungus and help disperse the species by inoculating the wood of the host tree with either hyphal fragments or spores when they lay their eggs.
The genus Laurilia has species characterized by an even to tuberculate hymenial surface, dimitic hyphal system, and echinulate basidiospores.
In his monograph on the Echinodontiaceae, Gross (1964) suggested that Echinodontium and Laurilia were congeneric (sharing the same taxonomic genus), sharing features such as clamp connections, thick-walled encrusted cystidia and a brown context.[5] Later molecular data have supported this early hypothesis.[7][10]
Notable species
The species Echinodontium tinctorium causes a destructive tree disease called "true heart rot", meaning the decay is confined to the heartwood of the tree.[11] The specific epithet tinctorium makes reference to the usage of fruit bodies (commonly known as the "indian paint fungus") by Native Americans to prepare red pigments.[12] One of the pigments in this species, named echinotinctone (2,6-dihydroxy-1,8-dimethyl-3H-xanthen-3-one), is the first simple fluorone pigment from fungi.[13] Another species, E. ballouii, known only from two collections on Atlantic white cedar, has not been found since 1909, coinciding with a reduction in the range of this tree due to harvesting.[14]
Echinodontium ryvardenii is a species found only on Juniper plants in Corsica.[15] The illudane sesquiterpenoids echinolactones A and B have been isolated from the culture broth of E. japonicum.[16] A number of triterpenoids have also been identified in E. tsugicola.[17][18]
References
- ↑ Fungal Families of the World. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. 2007. ISBN 978-0-85199-827-5.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Molecular phylogeny of species in the genera Amylostereum and Echinodontium". Mycoscience 41 (6): 585–93. 2000. doi:10.1007/BF02460925.
- ↑ Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi (9th ed.). Oxon, UK: CABI Bioscience. 2001. ISBN 978-0-85199-377-5.
- ↑ Donk MA. (1961). "Four new families of Hymenomycetes". Persoonia 1 (4): 405–7. http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/61056/0001/004/0405.htm.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Gross HL. (1964). "The Echinodontiaceae". Mycopathologia et Mycologia Applicata 24: 1–26. doi:10.1007/bf02049432. PMID 14245649.
- ↑ Jülich W. (1981). Higher taxa of Basidiomycetes. Biblio. Mycol. 85. J. Cramer, Stuttgart.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 "Phylogenetic relationships of russuloid basidiomycetes with emphasis on aphyllophoralean taxa". Mycologia 95 (6): 1035–65. 2003. doi:10.2307/3761912. PMID 21149013. http://www.mycologia.org/cgi/content/full/95/6/1037.
- ↑ "Perspectives in the new Russulales". Mycologia 98 (6): 960–70. 2006. doi:10.3852/mycologia.98.6.960. PMID 17486972.
- ↑ "Evolutionary instability of ectomycorrhizal symbioses in basidiomycetes". Nature 407 (6803): 506–8. 2000. doi:10.1038/35035065. PMID 11029000.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Evolution of complex fruiting-body morphologies in homobasidiomycetes". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 269 (1504): 1963–9. 2002. doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.2123. PMID 12396494.
- ↑ "Hforest: Hypermedia Forest Insect & Disease Knowledge Base & Diagnosis: True heart-rots of the Pacific region". http://www.pfc.cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/diseases/hforest/Pests/theartro_e.html.
- ↑ "CTD — Heart Rots: Brown Stringy Trunk Rot". http://www.pfc.cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/diseases/CTD/Group/Heart/heart2_e.html.
- ↑ "Isolation of a fluorone pigment from the Indian paint fungus Echinodontium tinctorium and Pyrofomes albomarginatus". Tetrahedron 52 (16): 5793–8. 1996. doi:10.1016/0040-4020(96)00204-9.
- ↑ North American Polypores. Oslo, Norway: Fungiflora. 1986. ISBN 978-0-945345-06-0.
- ↑ "A new species of Echinidontium from Italy". Mycotaxon 68: 483–91. 1998. http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59575/0068/0483.htm.
- ↑ "Illudalane sesquiterpenoids, echinolactones A and B, from a mycelial culture of Echinodontium japonicum". Phytochemistry 66 (19): 2329–33. 2005. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.06.018. PMID 16081114.
- ↑ "Triterpenoids of Echinodontium tsugicola" (PDF). Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 20 (9): 1993–9. 1972. doi:10.1248/cpb.20.1993. https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/cpb1958/20/9/20_9_1993/_pdf.
- ↑ "Protoilludane sesquiterpenoids, echinocidins C and D produced by a decay causing fungal strain Echinodontium tsugicola". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung 60b: 449–52. 2004. http://www.znaturforsch.com/ab/v60b/s60b0449.pdf.
Wikidata ☰ Q3046978 entry
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