Biology:Elizabethkingia
Elizabethkingia is a genus of bacterium in the order of Flavobacteriales. It was established in 2005 from a branch in of the genus Chryseobacterium,[1] and named after Elizabeth O. King, the discoverer of the type species.[2] Elizabethkingia has been found in soil, rivers, and reservoirs worldwide.[3] The genus contains several pathogenic species, such as E. meningoseptica and E. anophelis.
Classification
The genus includes four species:
- Elizabethkingia anophelis, isolated from Anopheles mosquitoes, can cause respiratory tract illness in humans,[4][5] the cause of a 2016 outbreak centered in Wisconsin.[6]
- Elizabethkingia endophytica, isolated from blemished stems of sweet corn, Zea mays[7]
- Elizabethkingia meningoseptica, can cause outbreaks of neonatal meningitis in premature newborns and infants[8]
- Elizabethkingia miricola, isolated from condensation water in Space Station Mir[9]
Epidemiology
A 2014 study revealed that Elizabethkingia is an emerging bacterial pathogen for hospital environments, with its incidence in intensive care units rising since 2004.[10] About 5-10 cases of Elizabethkingia are reported per state in the United States every year.[3] A recent study showed that incidence rates for Elizabethkingia increased by 432.1% for 2016–2017 over the incidence for 2009–2015.[11] It possesses genes conferring antibiotic resistance and virulence. It naturally produces β-lactamases and shows intrinsic resistance to most β-lactam antibiotics, including carbapenems and aztreonam, but it may remain susceptible to piperacillin and piperacillin/tazobactam.[12] Combined with a lack of effective therapeutic regimens, this leads to high mortality rates.[10] Due to the growing incidence rates, lack of treatments, and high mortality rate, intensive prevention of contamination is necessary.[11]
One of the more significant risk factors for Elizabethkingia is whether mechanical ventilation was used with the patient. Because it can form a biofilm in moist environments, water or water-related equipment can also aid in the transfer of Elizabethkinga in hospital environments.[11]
In children
Neonatal meningitis is the most common presentation of Elizabethkingia for children. Recent studies suggest that approximately 31% of children that have Elizabethkingia pass away from the infection, with an average life expectancy of 27 days from onset of symptoms.[13] For the children who recover from Elizabethkingia, about 48% report typical development and full recovery. 30% indicated an onset of hydrocephalus post-recovery. Many other cases included various onsets post-recovery, including motor deficits, cognitive deficits, ongoing seizures, spasticity, and/or hearing loss.[13]
Elizabethkingia infections in dogs and cats
A 2021 retrospective review of 86 Elizabethkingia veterinary diagnostic laboratory results from US dogs and cats found 26 E. meningoseptica, 1 E. miricola, and 59 unspeciated Elizabethkingia isolates from nine US states, demonstrating that Elizabethkingia infections in animals may increase risks to humans.[14]
References
- ↑ Henry, Ronnie (January 2016). "Etymologia: Elizabethkingia". Emerging Infectious Diseases 22 (1): 17. doi:10.3201/eid2201.ET2201. ISSN 1080-6040. PMID 27057563.
- ↑ "Transfer of Chryseobacterium meningosepticum and Chryseobacterium miricola to Elizabethkingia gen. nov. as Elizabethkingia meningoseptica comb. nov. and Elizabethkingia miricola comb. nov.". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 55 (Pt 3): 1287–93. 2005. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.63541-0. PMID 15879269.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "About Elizabethkingia | Elizabethkingia | CDC" (in en-us). 2018-10-12. https://www.cdc.gov/elizabethkingia/about/index.html.
- ↑ "Elizabethkingia anophelis sp. nov., isolated from the midgut of the mosquito Anopheles gambiae". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 61 (Pt 11): 2670–5. 2011. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.026393-0. PMID 21169462.
- ↑ Wisconsin Department of Health Services: "Wisconsin 2016 Elizabethkingia anophelis outbreak", March 11, 2016
- ↑ "Evolutionary dynamics and genomic features of the Elizabethkingia anophelis 2015 to 2016 Wisconsin outbreak strain". Nat Commun 8. 2017. doi:10.1038/ncomms15483. PMID 28537263. Bibcode: 2017NatCo...815483P.
- ↑ "Elizabethkingia endophytica sp. nov., isolated from Zea mays and emended description of Elizabethkingia anophelis Kämpfer et al. 2011". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 65 (7): 2187–93. 2015. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.000236. PMID 25858248.
- ↑ "Studies on a group of previously unclassified bacteria associated with meningitis in infants". American Journal of Clinical Pathology 31 (3): 241–7. 1959. doi:10.1093/ajcp/31.3.241. PMID 13637033.
- ↑ "Chryseobacterium miricola sp. nov., a novel species isolated from condensation water of space station Mir". Systematic and Applied Microbiology 26 (4): 523–8. 2003. doi:10.1078/072320203770865828. PMID 14666980. Bibcode: 2003SyApM..26..523L.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Comparative Genomic Analysis of Malaria Mosquito Vector-Associated Novel Pathogen Elizabethkingia anophelis". Genome Biology and Evolution 6 (5): 1158–65. 2014. doi:10.1093/gbe/evu094. PMID 24803570.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Choi, Min Hyuk; Kim, Myungsook; Jeong, Su Jin; Choi, Jun Yong; Lee, In-Yong; Yong, Tai-Soon; Yong, Dongeun; Jeong, Seok Hoon et al. (January 2019). "Risk Factors for Elizabethkingia Acquisition and Clinical Characteristics of Patients, South Korea". Emerging Infectious Diseases 25 (1): 42–51. doi:10.3201/eid2501.171985. ISSN 1080-6040. PMID 30561316.
- ↑ Geremia, Nicholas; Marino, Andrea; De Vito, Andrea; Giovagnorio, Federico; Stracquadanio, Stefano; Colpani, Agnese; Di Bella, Stefano; Madeddu, Giordano et al. (2025-03-16). "Rare or Unusual Non-Fermenting Gram-Negative Bacteria: Therapeutic Approach and Antibiotic Treatment Options" (in en). Antibiotics 14 (3): 306. doi:10.3390/antibiotics14030306. ISSN 2079-6382. PMID 40149115.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Dziuban, Eric J; Franks, Jessica L; So, Marvin; Peacock, Georgina; Blaney, David D (2018-06-18). "Elizabethkingia in Children: A Comprehensive Review of Symptomatic Cases Reported From 1944 to 2017" (in en). Clinical Infectious Diseases 67 (1): 144–149. doi:10.1093/cid/cix1052. ISSN 1058-4838. PMID 29211821.
- ↑ Weese, J., Sobkowich, K. E., Poljak, Z., & Bernardo, T. M. (2023). Isolation of Elizabethkingia spp. from Diagnostic Specimens from Dogs and Cats, United States, 2019–2021. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 29(7), 1488-1489; https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2907.230218.
Template:Elizabethkingia Wikidata ☰ Q16745544 entry
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