Biology:Eulipotyphla

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Eulipotyphla (/ˌjuːlɪpoʊˈtɪflə/, from eu- "true" + Lipotyphla "lacking blind gut";[1] sometimes called true insectivores[2]) is an order of mammals comprising the families Erinaceidae (hedgehogs and gymnures), Solenodontidae (solenodons), Talpidae (moles, shrew-like moles and desmans), and Soricidae (true shrews).

Taxonomic history

Historically, these animals were grouped with others such as treeshrews, elephant shrews, and colugos, under the broader category Insectivora, comprising all small insect-eating placental mammals. Wilhelm Peters identified two sub-groups of Insectivora, distinguished by the presence or absence of a cecum in the large intestine.[3] In his 1866 Generelle morphologie der organismen, Ernst Haeckel named these groups Menotyphla and Lipotyphla,[3] respectively from μένω ("remain")/λείπω ("lack" or "leave behind") + τυφλὸν literally "blind", as in τυφλὸν ἔντερον ("blind intestine", from which the Latin intestinum caecum derives as a calque).[1][4]

Since the late 1990s, molecular studies have produced evidence that the Lipotyphla are not a monophyletic group. This led to tenrecs, otter shrews, and golden moles being placed in a new order (Afrosoricida, in the superorder Afrotheria), with the remaining members of Lipotyphla being reclassified as Eulipotyphla.[3][5][6]

A 2023 study suggested that the order began to diversify prior to the K-Pg extinction, based on molecular clock estimates.[7]

Classification

European mole (Talpidae)
European hedgehog (Erinaceidae)
Common shrew (Soricidae)
Hispaniolan solenodon (Solenodontidae); solenodons are estimated to have diverged from other extant eulipotyphlans in the Late Cretaceous.[8][9]

Family-level cladogram of modern eulipotyphlan relationships, following Roca et al. and Brace et al.:[5][13]

Eulipotyphla
 
 

†Nesophontidae 60 px

 
 

Solenodontidae 90 px

 
 
 
 

Talpidae 60 px

 
 
 

Soricidae 60 px

 
 

Erinaceidae 60 px

 
 
 
 

The upper and lower basal subclades within the tree are the suborders Solenodonota and Erinaceota, respectively.[13] These two branches are estimated to have split ~72–74 million years (Ma) ago.[13][8][9] The Nesophontidae and Solenodontidae are thought to have separated roughly 57 Ma ago.[13] Split times for talpids vs. soricids plus erinaceids, and for soricids vs. erinaceids, have been estimated at 69 Ma and 64 Ma ago, respectively.[14]

Notes

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Ohl, Michael (2018). The art of naming. Cambridge, Massachusetts London: The MIT Press. pp. 7–9. ISBN 978-0-262-03776-1. 
  2. ↑ Buckley, Michael; Harvey, Virginia L; Orihuela, Johanset; Mychajliw, Alexis M; Keating, Joseph N; Milan, Juan N Almonte; Lawless, Craig; Chamberlain, Andrew T et al. (2020-06-04). "Collagen Sequence Analysis Reveals Evolutionary History of Extinct West Indies Nesophontes (Island-Shrews)". Molecular Biology and Evolution 37 (10): 2931–2943. doi:10.1093/molbev/msaa137. ISSN 0737-4038. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Douady, C. J.; Chatelier, P. I.; Madsen, O.; de Jong, W. W.; Catzeflis, F.; Springer, M. S.; Stanhope, M. J. (October 2002). "Molecular phylogenetic evidence confirming the Eulipotyphla concept and in support of hedgehogs as the sister group to shrews". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 25 (1): 200–209. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00232-4. PMID 12383761. 
  4. ↑ "caecum | Etymology of caecum by etymonline" (in en). https://www.etymonline.com/word/caecum. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Roca, A. L.; Bar-Gal, G. K.; Eizirik, E.; Helgen, K. M.; Maria, R.; Springer, M. S.; O'Brien, S. J.; Murphy, W. J. (2004-06-10). "Mesozoic origin for West Indian insectivores". Nature 429 (6992): 649–651. doi:10.1038/nature02597. PMID 15190349. Bibcode: 2004Natur.429..649R. 
  6. ↑ Bininda-Emonds, O. R. P.; Cardillo, M.; Jones, K. E.; MacPhee, R. D. E.; Beck, R. M. D.; Grenyer, R.; Price, S. A.; Vos, R. A. et al. (2007-03-29). "The delayed rise of present-day mammals". Nature 446 (7135): 507–512. doi:10.1038/nature05634. PMID 17392779. Bibcode: 2007Natur.446..507B. 
  7. ↑ Foley, Nicole M.; Mason, Victor C.; Harris, Andrew J.; Bredemeyer, Kevin R.; Damas, Joana; Lewin, Harris A.; Eizirik, Eduardo; Gatesy, John et al. (2023-04-28). "A genomic timescale for placental mammal evolution" (in en). Science 380 (6643). doi:10.1126/science.abl8189. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 37104581. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 de Lazaro, Enrico (19 March 2018). "Solenodon Genome Sequenced". http://www.sci-news.com/genetics/solenodon-genome-05825.html. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Grigorev, K.; Kliver, S.; Dobrynin, P.; Komissarov, A.; Wolfsberger, W.; Krasheninnikova, K.; Afanador-Hernández, Y. M.; Brandt, A. L. et al. (2018). "Innovative assembly strategy contributes to understanding the evolution and conservation genetics of the endangered Solenodon paradoxus from the island of Hispaniola". GigaScience 7 (6). doi:10.1093/gigascience/giy025. PMID 29718205. 
  10. ↑ Kim, N.H.; Lim, S.J.; Chae, H.M.; Park, Y.C. (2017). "Complete mitochondrial genome of the Amur hedgehog Erinaceus amurensis (Erinaceidae) and higher phylogeny of the family Erinaceidae". Genetics and Molecular Research 16 (1). doi:10.4238/gmr16019300. PMID 28198504. 
  11. ↑ Dubey, S.; Salamin, N.; Ohdachi, S.D.; Barrière, P.; Vogel, P. (2007). "Molecular phylogenetics of shrews (Mammalia: Soricidae) reveal timing of transcontinental colonizations". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 44 (1): 126–137. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.12.002. PMID 17267241. https://serval.unil.ch/notice/serval:BIB_56F2651B0411. 
  12. ↑ He, K.; Shinohara, A.; Helgen, K.M.; Springer, M.S.; Jiang, X.-L.; Campbell, K.L. (2017). "Talpid Mole Phylogeny Unites Shrew Moles and Illuminates Overlooked Cryptic Species Diversity". Molecular Biology and Evolution 34 (1): 78–87. doi:10.1093/molbev/msw221. PMID 27795230. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Brace, S.; Thomas, J. A.; Dalén, L.; Burger, J.; MacPhee, R. D. E.; Barnes, I.; Turvey, S. T. (2016). "Evolutionary History of the Nesophontidae, the Last Unplaced Recent Mammal Family". Molecular Biology and Evolution 33 (12): 3095–3103. doi:10.1093/molbev/msw186. PMID 27624716. 
  14. ↑ Springer, M. S.; Murphy, W. J.; Roca, A. L. (2018). "Appropriate fossil calibrations and tree constraints uphold the Mesozoic divergence of solenodons from other extant mammals". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 121: 158–165. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2018.01.007. PMID 29331683. 

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