Biology:Gyalectales

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Gyalectales is an order of lichen-forming fungi in the class Lecanoromycetes. It contains 5 families, 18 genera and about 550 species.

Taxonomy

The Gyalectales were introduced in a 1974 publication by Aino Henssen and Martin Jahns,[1] but not formally published until 1986 by David Hawksworth and Ove Eriksson.[2]

Phylogeny

An early (2002) phylogenetics study showed that the order Ostropales, as was then circumscribed, was paraphyletic, and proposed that the Ostropales sensu lato included the Gyalectales and Trapeliaceae.[3] Although they had traditionally been considered to be only distantly related, molecular studies suggested a much closer phylogenetic relationship.[4][5] As a result, of the molecular data, Kauff and Lutzoni subsumed the Gyalectales into the Ostropales, as the latter name was published earlier (1932 vs. 1986).[3]

In 2018, Kraichak and colleagues used a recently developed "temporal phylogenetic" approach to identify temporal bands for specific taxonomic ranks. Based on this approach, clades that share a common ancestor between 176 and 194 Mya and a time window of 111–135 Mya correspond to order-level and family-level, respectively. The Gyalectales clade, consisting of the families Trichotheliaceae, Coenogoniaceae, Sagiolechiaceae, Gyalectaceae and Phlyctidaceae, has a crown node that falls within the temporal band for orders. For this reason the name Gyalectales was resurrected to represent the monophyletic clade.[6] Gyalectales itself is placed in Ostropomycetidae, one of two major subclasses in the Lecanoromycetes.

This proposed classification has been accepted in a later review of the temporal banding method for fungus systematics,[7] as well a 2022 update on fungal classification.[8]

Families and genera

This is a list of the families and genera contained within the Gyalectales, based on a 2022 review and summary of fungal classification.[8] Following the taxon name is the taxonomic authority, year of publication, and (for genera) the number of species:

Pseudosagedia aenea
Coenogonium Ehrenb. (1820)[9] – ca. 91 spp.
Cryptolechia A.Massal. (1853) – 11 spp.
Francisrosea Ertz & Sanderson (2021)[10] – 1 sp.
Gyalecta Ach. (1808)[11] – 50 spp.
Neopetractis Ertz (2021)[10] – 2 spp.
Ramonia Stizenb. (1862) – 24 spp.
Semigyalecta Vain. (1921)[12] – 1 sp.
Phlyctis (Wallr.) Flot. (1850)[14] – 20 spp.
Psathyrophlyctis Brusse (1987)[15] – 1 sp.
Rhexophiale Th.Fr. (1860) – 1 sp.
Sagiolechia A.Massal. (1854)[17] – 3 spp.
Clathroporina Müll.Arg (1882) – ca. 25 spp.
Flabelloporina Sobreira, M.Cáceres & Lücking (2018)[19] – 1 sp.
Myeloconis P.M.McCarthy & Elix (1996)[20] – 4 spp.
Porina Ach. (1809) – ca. 145 spp.
Pseudosagedia (Müll.Arg.) Choisy (1949)[21] – 80 spp.
Saxiloba Lücking, Moncada & Viñas (2020)[22] – 2 spp.
Segestria Fr. (1825) – 70 spp.
Trichothelium Müll.Arg. (1885)[23] – 40 spp.

References

  1. ↑ Henssen, Aino; Jahns, H. Martin (1974) (in de). Lichenes. Eine Einfuhrung in die Flechtenkunde. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag. 
  2. ↑ Hawksworth, D.L.; Eriksson, O.E. (1986). "The names of accepted orders of ascomycetes". Systema Ascomycetum 5: 175–184. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Kauff, Frank; Lutzoni, François (2002). "Phylogeny of the Gyalectales and Ostropales (Ascomycota, Fungi): among and within order relationships based on nuclear ribosomal RNA small and large subunits". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 25 (1): 138–156. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00214-2. PMID 12383757. 
  4. ↑ Bhattacharya, Debashish; Lutzoni, François; Reeb, Valérie; Simon, Dawn; Nason, John; Fernandez, Fernando (2000). "Widespread occurrence of spliceosomal introns in the rDNA genes of ascomycetes". Molecular Biology and Evolution 17 (12): 1971–1984. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026298. PMID 11110913. 
  5. ↑ Lutzoni, François; Pagel, Mark; Reeb, Valérie (2001). "Major fungal lineages are derived from lichen symbiotic ancestors". Nature 411 (6840): 937–940. doi:10.1038/35082053. PMID 11418855. 
  6. ↑ Kraichak, Ekaphan; Huang, Jen-Pan; Nelsen, Matthew; Leavitt, Steven D.; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2018). "A revised classification of orders and families in the two major subclasses of Lecanoromycetes (Ascomycota) based on a temporal approach". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 188 (3): 233–249. doi:10.1093/botlinnean/boy060. 
  7. ↑ Lücking, Robert (2019). "Stop the abuse of time! Strict temporal banding is not the future of rank-based classifications in fungi (including lichens) and other organisms". Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 38 (3): 199–253. doi:10.1080/07352689.2019.1650517. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Wijayawardene, N.N.; Hyde, K.D.; Dai, D.Q.; Sánchez-García, M.; Goto, B.T.; Saxena, R.K. et al. (2022). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021". Mycosphere 13 (1): 161–162. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/2. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358798332. 
  9. ↑ Ehrenberg, C.G. (1820). "De Coenogonio, novo lichenum genere ex penu viri cl. Chamisso desumpto". in Nees v. Esenbeck (in la). Horae Physicae Berolinenses 1820. pp. 77–104. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11630595. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Ertz, Damien; Sanderson, Neil; Lebouvier, Marc (2021). "Thelopsis challenges the generic circumscription in the Gyalectaceae and brings new insights to the taxonomy of Ramonia". The Lichenologist 53 (1): 45–61. doi:10.1017/S002428292000050X. 
  11. ↑ Acharius, E. (1808). "Förteckning på de i Sverige våxande arter af Lafvarnas Familj" (in sv). Kongliga Vetenskaps Academiens Nya Handlingar 29: 228–237. 
  12. ↑ Vainio, Edvard August (1921). "Lichenes insularum Philippinarum. III." (in la). Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae Series A 15 (6): 153. 
  13. ↑ David, J.C.; Hawksworth, D.L. (1991). "Validation of six family names of lichenized ascomycetes". Systema Ascomycetum 10: 13–18. 
  14. ↑ Flotow, J. (1850). "Lichenologische Beiträge zur Flora Europaea" (in de). Botanische Zeitung 8: 569–575. 
  15. ↑ Brusse, F.A. (1987). "Psathyrophlyctis, a new lichen genus from southern Africa". Bothalia 17 (2): 182–184. doi:10.4102/abc.v17i2.1030. 
  16. ↑ Baloch, Elisabeth; Lücking, Robert; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten; Wedin, Mats (2010). "Major clades and phylogenetic relationships between lichenized and non-lichenized lineages in Ostropales (Ascomycota: Lecanoromycetes)". Taxon 59 (5): 1483–1494. doi:10.1002/tax.595013. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/tax.595013. 
  17. ↑ Massalongo, A. (1854) (in la). Geneacaena lichenum ab A. prof. Massalongo noviter proposita ac descripta. Verona: Typis Ramanzinianis. p. 11. 
  18. ↑ Reichenbach, H.G.L. (1828) (in la). Conspectus regni vegetabilis per gradus naturales evoluti. Tentamen. Leipzig: C. Cnobloch. p. 20. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/52898149. 
  19. ↑ Sobreira, Priscylla Nayara Bezerra; Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia Da Silva; Maia, Leonor Costa; Lücking, Robert (2018). "Flabelloporina, a new genus in the Porinaceae (Ascomycota, Ostropales), with the first record of F. squamulifera from Brazil". Phytotaxa 358 (1): 67–75. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.358.1.4. 
  20. ↑ McCarthy, P.M.; Elix, J.A. (1996). "Myeloconis, a new genus of pyrenocarpous lichens from the tropics". The Lichenologist 28 (5): 401–414. doi:10.1006/lich.1996.0038. 
  21. ↑ Choisy, M. (1949). "Catalogue des lichens de la region lyonnaise" (in fr). Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon 18 (6): 105–120. doi:10.3406/linly.1949.8557. 
  22. ↑ Lücking, Robert; Moncada, Bibiana; Sipman, Harrie; Bezerra Sobreira, Priscylla; Viñas, Carlos; Gutíerrez, Jorge; Flynn, Timothy (2020). "Saxiloba: a new genus of placodioid lichens from the Caribbean and Hawaii shakes up the Porinaceae tree (lichenized Ascomycota: Gyalectales)". Plant and Fungal Systematics 65 (2): 577–585. doi:10.35535/pfsyst-2020-0031. 
  23. ↑ Müller, J. (1885). "Pyrenocarpeae Cubenses a cl. C. Wright lectae" (in la). Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 6: 375–421. 

Wikidata ☰ Q5623940 entry



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