Biology:Phlyctis

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Phlyctis is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the order Gyalectales, and the type genus of the family Phlyctidaceae.[1] Members of the genus are commonly called whitewash lichens.[2] These parasitic lichens typically form very thin, patchy crusts on host surfaces or live almost entirely within their hosts, producing minute fruiting bodies that remain largely hidden beneath a coarse white [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]. The genus is characterised by spores that are densely divided by many walls into a net-like pattern and often have tiny points at their ends. Phlyctis contains about 20 species distributed worldwide, with several new species having been discovered in recent years, particularly from India, Australia, and other tropical regions.

Taxonomy

Phlyctis was initially circumscribed by Karl Friedrich Wilhelm Wallroth in 1831 as a section of the genus Peltigera.[3] The German lichenologist Julius von Flotow promoted it to distinct genus status in 1850.[4] The Dictionary of the Fungi (2008) estimated the widespread genus to contain 12 species,[5] but several species have been described and added to the genus since then.[6][7][8]

Description

Phlyctis species are lichen parasites that either form a very thin, patchy crust on the host surface or lie almost entirely within it. When present, the thallus is smooth to slightly cracked, pale green-white to grey-green when fresh and fading to cream or pale brown as it dries; a delicate white prothallus often outlines the colony. The photosynthetic partner is a minute green alga of the genus Symbiochloris. Some species produce powdery soredia, which may remain as discrete dots or merge into larger, grainy patches.[9]

The sexual fruiting bodies are minute apothecia that stay immersed in the host thallus, only barely emerging at maturity. Their entire surface can be hidden beneath a coarse white frost ([[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]). A thin, irregular [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] borders the [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]], while the [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] is poorly developed. The [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] carries [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]], pale-brown pigment, and both the hymenium and [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] are colourless to faint brown. Slender paraphyses thread the hymenium; they branch only near the tips, have indistinct septa, and end in slightly swollen cells.[9]

Phlyctis petraea

Asci are broadly club-shaped, have thin walls that stain weakly blue in the potassium–iodide test, and contain one, two, four or eight ascospores. The spores themselves are densely [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]—divided by many transverse and longitudinal walls—ellipsoidal to nearly spherical, often with tiny points at one or both ends. They start colourless and may turn pale yellow-brown when over-mature, and each is surrounded by a very thin, iodine-positive sheath.[9]

Asexual reproduction occurs in dark, partially immersed pycnidia. These may contain several chambers and release colourless, rod-shaped conidia produced from short, bottle-shaped cells. No characteristic secondary metabolites have been detected in the genus using thin-layer chromatography.[9]

Species

As of January 2026, Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life) accepts 25 species of Phlyctis.[1]

Phlyctis boliviensis
Phlyctis uncinata
  • Phlyctis agelaea (Ach.) Flot. (1850)[4]
  • Phlyctis antaxia Nyl. (1888)
  • Phlyctis argena (Ach.) Flot. (1850)[4]
  • Phlyctis atomella (Stirt.) S.Joseph, G.P.Sinha & Nayaka (2020)[10]
  • Phlyctis boliviensis Nyl. (1859)[11]
  • Phlyctis brasiliensis Nyl. (1869)
  • Phlyctis caesioalba Flot. (1850)
  • Phlyctis candida Zahlbr. (1932)
  • Phlyctis communis Chitale & Makhija (2012)[6] – India
  • Phlyctis endecamera (Nyl.) Lücking & Sipman (2021)[12]
  • Phlyctis himalayensis (Nyl.) D.D.Awasthi (2000)
  • Phlyctis italica Garov. (1860)
  • Phlyctis karnatakana S.Joshi & Upreti (2010)[13] – India
  • Phlyctis ludoviciensis Müll.Arg. ex Lendemer (2005)[14]
  • Phlyctis lueckingii Weerakoon & Aptroot (2016)[7] – Sri Lanka
  • Phlyctis macquariensis C.W.Dodge (1968)
  • Phlyctis monosperma S.Joshi & Upreti (2012)[15] – India
  • Phlyctis nepalensis Räsänen (1952)
  • Phlyctis norvegica Norman (1884)
  • Phlyctis offula Kremp. (1874)
  • Phlyctis perpityrea Erichsen (1943)
  • Phlyctis petraea R.C.Harris, Muscavitch, Ladd & Lendemer (2017)[16]
  • Phlyctis polyphora Stirt. (1881)
  • Phlyctis psoromica Elix & Kantvilas (2011)[17] – Australia
  • Phlyctis pulveracea I.M.Lamb (1953)
  • Phlyctis schizospora Zahlbr. (1930)
  • Phlyctis sepulta A.Massal. (1856)
  • Phlyctis sirindhorniae Poengs., Vongshew. & Lumbsch (2019)[18]
  • Phlyctis speirea G.Merr. (1913)
  • Phlyctis subagelaea S.Joshi & Upreti (2010)[13] – India
  • Phlyctis subargena R.Ma & H.Y.Wang (2011)[19] – China
  • Phlyctis subhimalayensis S.Joshi & Upreti (2012)[15] – India
  • Phlyctis subuncinata Stirt. (1875)[20]
  • Phlyctis tolgensis P.M.McCarthy & Elix (2017)[8] – Australia
  • Phlyctis uncinata Stirt. (1875)

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Phlyctis". Species 2000: Leiden, the Netherlands. https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6NTB. 
  2. ↑ Brodo, Irwin M.; Sharnoff, Sylvia Duran; Sharnoff, Stephen (2001). Lichens of North America. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 545. ISBN 978-0-300-08249-4. 
  3. ↑ Wallroth, C.F.W. (1833). Flora Cryptogamica Germaniae. 2. p. 533. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Flotow, J. (1850). "Lichenologische Beiträge zur Flora Europaea" (in de). Botanische Zeitung 8: 569–575. 
  5. ↑ Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CABI. 2008. p. 523. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8. https://archive.org/details/dictionaryfungit00kirk. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Chitale, G.; Makhija, U. (2012). "A new species of the lichen genus Phlyctis from Maharashtra, India". Mycotaxon 120: 75–79. doi:10.5248/120.75. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/partpdf/393771. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Weerakoon, Gothamie; Wolseley, Patricia A.; Arachchige, Omal; Eugenia da Silva Cáceres, Marcela; Jayalal, Udeni; Aptroot, André (2016). "Eight new lichen species and 88 new records from Sri Lanka". The Bryologist 119 (2): 131–142. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-119.2.131. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303320614. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 McCarthy, P.M.; Elix, J.A. (2017). "A new species of Phlyctis (lichenized Ascomycota, Phlyctidaceae) from Australia". Australasian Lichenology 81: 2–5. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Cannon, P.; Coppins, B.; Aptroot, A.; Sanderson, A.; Simkin, J. (2024). "Ostropales genera I, including Absconditella, Belonia, Clathroporinopsis, Corticifraga, Cryptodiscus, Cryptolechia, Francisrosea, Gomphillus, Gyalecta, Gyalidea, Gyalideopsis, Jamesiella, Karstenia, Nanostictis, Neopetractis, Pachyphiale, Petractis, Phialopsis, Phlyctis, Ramonia, Sagiolechia, Secoliga, Sphaeropezia, Spirographa, Stictis, Thelopsis, Thrombium and Xerotrema". Revisions of British and Irish Lichens. 38. p. 28. https://britishlichensociety.org.uk/sites/default/files/Ostropales%201.pdf.  open access
  10. ↑ Joseph, Siljo; Sinha, Gopal Prasad; Nayaka, Sanjeeva (2020). "Taxonomic status of the genus Schismatomma (lichenized Ascomycota: Arthoniales) in India". The Lichenologist 52 (4): 329–331. doi:10.1017/S0024282920000249. Bibcode: 2020ThLic..52..329J. 
  11. ↑ Nylander, W. (1859). "Lichenes in regionibus exoticis quibusdam vigentes exponit synopticis enumerationibus" (in la). Annales des Sciences Naturelles Botanique 11: 205–264. 
  12. ↑ Lücking, R.; Moncada, B.; Soto-Medina, E.; Simijaca, D.; Sipman, H.J.M. (2021). "Actualización nomenclatural y taxonómica del Catálogo de Líquenes de Colombia" (in es). Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales 45 (174): 147–189. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Joshi, Santosh; Upreti, Dalip K.; Mishra, Gaurav K.; Divakar, Pradeep K. (2010). "Two new species of the lichen genus Phlyctis in India". The Bryologist 113 (4): 724–727. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-113.4.724. 
  14. ↑ Lendemer, J.C. (2005). "Lichens of Eastern North America Exsiccati. Fascicle IV, nos. 151–200". Opuscula Philolichenum 2: 37–52. doi:10.5962/p.381850. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Joshi, Santosh; Upreti, Dalip K.; Nayaka, Sanjeeva (2012). "Two new species in the lichen genus Phlyctis (Phlyctidaceae) from India". The Lichenologist 44 (3): 363–369. doi:10.1017/s0024282911000879. Bibcode: 2012ThLic..44..363J. 
  16. ↑ Muscavitch, Zachary M.; Lendemer, James C.; Harris, Richard C. (2017). "A review of the lichen genus Phlyctis in North America (Phlyctidaceae) including the description of a new widespread saxicolous species from eastern North America". The Bryologist 120 (4): 388–417. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-120.4.388. 
  17. ↑ Lumbsch, H.T.; Ahti, T.; Altermann, S.; De Paz, G.A.; Aptroot, A.; Arup, U. et al. (2011). "One hundred new species of lichenized fungi: a signature of undiscovered global diversity". Phytotaxa 18 (1): 9–11. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.18.1.1. Bibcode: 2011Phytx..18....1L. http://www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/content/2011/f/p00018p127f.pdf. 
  18. ↑ Poengsungnoen, Vasun; Buaruang, Kawinnat; Vongshewarat, Kajonsak; Sangvichien, Ek; Boonpragob, Kansri; Mongkolsuk, Pachara; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2019). "Three new crustose lichens from Thailand". The Bryologist 122 (3): 451–456. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-122.3.451. 
  19. ↑ Ma, Rui; Li, Hong-Mei; Wang, Hai-Ying; Zhao, Zun-Tian (2011). "A new species of Phlyctis (Phlyctidaceae) from China". Mycotaxon 114 (1): 361–366. doi:10.5248/114.361. 
  20. ↑ Stirton, J. (1875). "Additions to the Lichen-flora of New Zealand". Journal of the Linnean Society. Botany 14 (78): 458–474. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1875.tb00343.x. 

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