Biology:Houting

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Short description: European extinct fish

Houting
Houting-PD.png

Extinct  (1940) (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification edit
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Salmoniformes
Family: Salmonidae
Genus: Coregonus
Species:
†C. oxyrhinchus
Binomial name
†Coregonus oxyrhinchus
Synonyms[2]
  • Coregonus lavaretus oxyrhynchus (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • (Linnaeus, 1758) (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Bloch, 1782 Tripteronotus hautin
  • Salmo oxyrinchus Lacepède, 1803
  • Coregonus lavaretus oxyrynchus Linnaeus, 1758
  • Salmo rostratus Coregonus lavaretus oxyrinchus
  • (Linnaeus, 1758) Shaw, 1804
  • Salmo thymallus latus Coregonus oxyrhynchus
  • Bloch, 1782 Salmo thymallus var. latus

The houting (Coregonus oxyrhinchus) is a European species of whitefish in the family Salmonidae that was long thought extinct. It was native to the estuaries and rivers draining to the North Sea. The houting is distinguishable from other Coregonus taxa by having a long, pointed snout, an inferior mouth and a different number of gill rakers.[3][4] The houting once occurred in Belgium, France , Germany , the Netherlands and England .[1] In 2023, DNA analysis found the houting to be genetically indistinguishable from Coregonus lavaretus, and therefore not extinct.

Controversial status

Houting head

There is controversy whether whitefish surviving in the southeastern North Sea sector of Denmark (Wadden Sea) and considered there as houting (Danish: snæbel) represent the same species as the houting that was extirpated from the more southwestern parts of the North Sea.[5][6] Like the more southwestern population, the Danish North Sea population has a long, pointed snout and an inferior mouth, and it is anadromous, spending most of its adult life in coastal waters, but migrating into rivers to breed (some other European Coregonus occur in brackish water, but the ability to live long-term in full salt water is unique to the houting).[5][7]

The Danish houting is genetically part of the widespread Coregonus lavaretus complex (including Coregonus maraena of the Baltic Sea basin; some prefer to include the Danish houting in this species), while its genetic relationship to the extinct population cannot be confirmed due to a lack of sufficient samples of the latter.[5][8] Nevertheless, there are some minor differences in the genetics of the Danish houting compared to other living members in the C. lavaretus complex, as well as the differences in morphology and ecology, making it an evolutionarily significant unit.[5][8][9] Hybridization and introgression between North Sea houting and its relatives is well-documented, and likely the result of translocations of Coregonus between different regions by humans.[9] Some researchers argue that the morphological differences between different houting populations are not exceptional within the broader variation of the European whitefish, and probably no species-level extinction has taken place.[5][10] The primary reason for treating the Danish houting and the extinct houting as separate are differences in the number of gill rakers (on average, the Danish has fewer than the extinct), but this number can vary extensively in Coregonus, even within a single population and species,[7][11] and genetic studies of Coregonus have shown that gill rakers are of limited use in predicting relationship among populations.[12][13] Some think that the morphological differences in number of gill rakers are sufficient for treating them as separate, and that the last true houting was caught in the lower Rhine in 1940.[3][1] Studies in the early 2000s (decade) indicated that there was no overlap in the possible number of gill rakers of the two (28–35 in the Danish; 38–46 in the extinct),[3][4] but later reviews have shown that there is an overlap (up to 41 has been found in the Elbe, a reintroduced population based on Danish houting).[14]

A €13 million restoration project of the Danish houting, partly funded by the European Union's LIFE programme and the Danish Natural Agency, was undertaken in 2005–2013,[15][16] and there is ongoing monitoring of the species and regulation of the fish-eating great cormorant from important locations.[17] As of 2019, a total of more than €20 million has been used on its conservation, with almost two-thirds funded by Denmark and the remaining by the European Union.[18] However, the only remaining fully natural and significant population of Danish houting is in the Vidå River, estimated in 2014 to consist of about 3,500 adults. Little is known about its exact spawning and juvenile requirements, and despite the earlier project it was still declining, leading to fears that it could become fully extinct unless more is done to preserve it.[17] After years with a downward trend in its numbers, an increase to about 4,000 adult Danish houtings was registered in 2018–19, with most individuals in the Vidå and fewer in Ribe River (da) (both populations increasing).[18]

Individuals from the Danish population have been used as a basis for re-establishing houting in the Eider, Elbe (both indisputably a natural part of the range) and Rhine (arguably non-native, if the extinct is recognized as a separate species).[14][19][20] On the 24th of October 2023 researchers of the Research Institute for Nature and Forest in Belgium captured a live specimen in the Scheldt river in Kruibeke, while the species was thought to be extinct in the country for over 100 years. Possibly the specimen migrated there from the Rhine population.[21]

In 2023, DNA analysis found the houting to be genetically indistinguishable from Coregonus lavaretus, and therefore not extinct.[22][23]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Freyhof, J.; Kottelat, M. (2008). "Coregonus oxyrinchus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T5380A11126034. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T5380A11126034.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/5380/11126034. Retrieved 30 March 2023. 
  2. ↑ Bailly, Nicolas (2020). "Coregonus oxyrinchus (Linnaeus, 1758)". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=154328. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Freyhof, J. and C. Schöter. 2005. The houting Coregonus oxyrinchus (L.)(Salmoniformes: Coregonidae), a globally extinct species from the North Sea basin. Journal of Fish Biology 67:3, 713–729.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Schöter C., 2002. Revision der Schnäpel und Großen Maränen des Nordseeund südwestlichen Ostseeraumes (Teleostei: Coregonidae). Diplomarbeit, Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Hansen M.M., Fraser D.J., Als T.D. & Mensberg K.L.D.(2008). Reproductive isolation, evolutionary distinctiveness and setting conservation priorities: The case of a European lake whitefish and the endangered North Sea houting (Coregonus spp.). BMC Evolutionary Biology 8:137 doi:10.1186/14716-2.
  6. ↑ Maas, P.H.J. (2010). Houting – Coregonus oxyrinchus . In: TSEW (2014). The Sixth Extinction Website. Downloaded on 29 June 2014.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Møller, P.R.; and H. Carl, editors (2012). Atlas over danske ferskvandsfisk [Atlas of Danish Freshwater Fish]. Natural History Museum of Denmark ISBN:9788787519748.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Jacobsen M.W.; Hansen M.M.; Orlando L.; Bekkevold D.; Bernatchez L.; Willerslev E.; and Gilbert M.T. (2012). Mitogenome sequencing reveals shallow evolutionary histories and recent divergence time between morphologically and ecologically distinct European whitefish (Coregonus spp.). Mol Ecol. 21(11): 2727-2742. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2012.05561.x
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Dierking, J.; L. Phelps; K. Præbel; G. Ramm; E. Prigge; J. Borcherding; M. Brunke; and C. Eizaguirre (2014). Anthropogenic hybridization between endangered migratory and commercially harvested stationary whitefish taxa (Coregonus spp.). Evol Appl. 7(9): 1068-1083. doi:10.1111/eva.12166
  10. ↑ Vinter, H.V. (2017). Taxonomische status van houting in Nederlandse wateren. [Taxonomic status of houting in waters of the Netherlands]. Wageningen University & Research Rapport C115/17.
  11. ↑ Christensen, G.H. (2010). Danmarks ferskvandsfisk [Denmark's Freshwater Fish]. pp. 47–48. ISBN:978-87-02-07893-0
  12. ↑ Østbye K.; Bernatchez L.; Naesje T.F.; Himberg K.J.; and Hindar K. (2005). Evolutionary history of the European whitefish Coregonus lavaretus (L.) species complex as inferred from mtDNA phylogeography and gill-raker numbers. Mol Ecol. 14(14):4371-4387. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02737.x
  13. ↑ Ozerov, M.Y.; M. Himberg; T. Aykanat; D.S. Sendek; H. Hägerstrand; A. Verliin; T. Krause; J. Olsson; C.R. Primmer; and A. Vasemägi (2015). Generation of a neutral FST baseline for testing local adaptation on gill-raker number within and between European whitefish ecotypes in the Baltic Sea basin. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 28(5): 1170–1183. doi:10.1111/jeb.12645
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Ramm, G.; and J. Dierking (2014). North Sea and Baltic houting - Gill raker morphometric differentiation between populations of the endangered fishes North Sea and Baltic houting. Geomar, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel.
  15. ↑ The houting project – The second largest nature restoration project in Denmark naturstyrelsen.dk (the Danish Nature Agency)
  16. ↑ Snæbelprojekt – Naturgenopretningsprojekt for en af EU's mest truede fiskearter naturstyrelsen.dk (the Danish Nature Agency)
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Svendsen, J.C.; A.K.O. Alstrup; and L.F. Jensen (11 April 2018). Save a North Sea fish from becoming museum piece. Nature. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Mandrup, L., and N.M. Jørgensen (26 April 2019). Efter redningsaktioner for 150 mio. kr.: Danmarks mest sjældne fisk er i lille fremgang. [After rescue projects for 150 million DKK: The population of Denmark's rarest fish is slowly increasing]. DR News. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
  19. ↑ Borcherding, J.; M. Heynen; T. Jäger-Kleinicke; H. V. Winter; and R. Eckmann (2010). Re-establishment of the North Sea houting in the River Rhine. Fisheries Management and Ecology 17(3): 291–293. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2400.2009.00710.x
  20. ↑ Borcherding, J.; A. W. Breukelaar; H. V. Winter; and U. König (2014). Spawning migration and larval drift of anadromous North Sea houting (Coregonus oxyrinchus) in the River IJssel, the Netherlands. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 23(2): 161–170. doi:10.1111/eff.12058
  21. ↑ https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2023/10/25/al-honderd-jaar-uitgestorven-bij-ons-maar-nu-terug-in-de-scheld/
  22. ↑ Kroes, R.; Winkel, Y.; Breeuwer, J. A. J.; van Loon, E. E.; Loader, S. P.; Maclaine, J. S.; Verdonschot, P. F. M.; van der Geest, H. G. (2023). "Phylogenetic analysis of museum specimens of houting Coregonus oxyrinchus shows the need for a revision of its extinct status". BMC Ecology and Evolution 23 (1): 57. doi:10.1186/s12862-023-02161-7. ISSN 2730-7182. PMC 10523663. https://bmcecolevol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12862-023-02161-7. 
  23. ↑ Amsterdam, University of. "Officially extinct fish is alive and well, according to DNA analyses" (in en). phys.org. https://phys.org/news/2023-10-extinct-fish-alive-dna-analyses.html. 

Wikidata ☰ Q646132 entry



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