Biology:Hygrocybe citrinovirens
| Citrine waxcap | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Agaricales |
| Family: | Hygrophoraceae |
| Genus: | Hygrocybe |
| Species: | H. citrinovirens
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| Binomial name | |
| Hygrocybe citrinovirens (J.E.Lange) Jul.Schäff. (1947)
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| Synonyms | |
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Hygrocybe citrinovirens is a species of agaric (gilled mushroom) in the family Hygrophoraceae. It has been given the recommended English name of Citrine Waxcap.[2] The species has a European distribution, occurring mainly in agriculturally unimproved grassland. Threats to its habitat have resulted in the species being assessed as globally "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[1]
Taxonomy
The species was first described from Denmark in 1923 by mycologist Jakob Emanuel Lange as Camarophyllus citrinovirens.[3] Julius Schäffer transferred it to the genus Hygrocybe in 1947.[4]
Recent molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, has shown that Hygrocybe citrinovirens is distinct and belongs in Hygrocybe sensu stricto.[5]
Description
Basidiocarps are agaricoid, up to 130mm (5 in) tall, the cap conical at first, retaining an acute or distinct umbo when expanded, up to 90mm (3 in) across, often splitting at the margins. The cap surface is smooth, dry, and radially fibrillose, greenish yellow to lemon-yellow. The lamellae (gills) are waxy, white to pale cap-coloured. The stipe (stem) is smooth, often compressed and grooved or splitting, pale cap-coloured, lacking a ring. The spore print is white, the spores (under a microscope) smooth, inamyloid, ellipsoid, c. 6.5 to 8.5 by 5 to 6μm.[6]
Distribution and habitat
The Citrine Waxcap is widespread but generally rare throughout Europe, with the largest populations in the north west of the continent.[1] Like other waxcaps, it occurs in old, agriculturally unimproved, short-sward grassland (pastures and lawns). In North America, the rare Hygrocybe virescens is similar to H. citrinovirens, but more distinctly green.[6]
Recent research suggests waxcaps are neither mycorrhizal nor saprotrophic but may be associated with mosses.[7]
Conservation
Hygrocybe citrinovirens is typical of waxcap grasslands, a declining habitat due to changing agricultural practices. As a result, the species is of global conservation concern and is listed as "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[1] Hygrocybe citrinovirens also appears on the official or provisional national red lists of threatened fungi in several European countries, including Croatia,[8] Denmark,[9] Finland,[8] Germany,[10] Norway,[8] and Sweden.[8]
See also
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Kautmanova, I.; Knutsson, T.; Krikorev, M.; Læssøe, T.; von Bonsdorff, T. (2015). "Hygrocybe citrinovirens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T70406652A70406717. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T70406652A70406717.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/70406652/70406717. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
- ↑ Holden L. (July 2014). "English names for fungi 2014". British Mycological Society. http://www.britmycolsoc.org.uk/library/english-names/. Retrieved 2016-02-06.
- ↑ Lange JE. (1923). "Studies in the Agarics of Denmark. V. Ecological notes. The Hygrophorei, Stropharia and Hypholoma. Supplementary notes to Parts I–II". Dansk Botanisk Arkiv 4 (4): 1–55 (see p. 20).
- ↑ Schäffer J. (1947). "Beobachtungen an oberbayerischen Blätterpilzen" (in German). Berichte der Bayerischen Botanischen Gesellschaft 27: 201–225.
- ↑ Lodge DJ (2014). "Molecular phylogeny, morphology, pigment chemistry and ecology in Hygrophoraceae (Agaricales)". Fungal Diversity 64 (1): 1–99. doi:10.1007/s13225-013-0259-0. https://iris.unito.it/bitstream/2318/136089/1/1205754_Molecular%20phylogeny.pdf.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Boertmann D. (2010). The genus Hygrocybe (2nd ed.). Copenhagen: Danish Mycological Society. pp. 200. ISBN 978-87-983581-7-6.
- ↑ "Conservation of biotrophy in Hygrophoraceae inferred from combined stable isotope and phylogenetic analyses". Mycologia 103 (2): 280–290. 2011. doi:10.3852/10-195. PMID 21139028.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 "National red Lists". https://www.nationalredlist.org/search2/species-search/.
- ↑ "Den danske rødliste: Hygrocybe citrinovirens". https://ecos.au.dk/forskningraadgivning/temasider/redlistframe/soeg-en-art#17330.
- ↑ "Red List: Hygrocybe citrinovirens". Rote Liste Zentrum. https://www.rote-liste-zentrum.de/en/Detailseite.html?species_uuid=00ab5ce8-257a-4782-9d28-f7943ce69043&species_organismGroup=Gro%C3%9Fpilze&q=hygrocybe%20citrinovirens.
Wikidata ☰ Q9374410 entry
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