Biology:Kauaʻi ʻōʻō
| Kauaʻi ʻōʻō | |
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| Kauaʻi ʻōʻō | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | †Mohoidae |
| Genus: | †Moho |
| Species: | †M. braccatus
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| Binomial name | |
| †Moho braccatus Cassin, 1855
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| Synonyms | |
The Kauaʻi ʻōʻō (/kɑːˈwɑː.iː ˈoʊ.oʊ/) or ʻōʻōʻāʻā (Moho braccatus) is an extinct species of ʻōʻō that was endemic to the Hawaiian island of Kauaʻi. It was the last species of Hawaiian honeyeater to exist; the entire family is now officially extinct.[7] The family had originated over 15-20 million years ago during the Miocene,[8] with the Kauaʻi ʻōʻō's extinction marking the first extinction of an entire avian family in over 500 years.[citation needed] The bird was common in the subtropical forests of the island until the early twentieth century, when its decline began. It was last seen in 1985, and last heard in 1987. The causes of its extinction include the introduction of predators (such as the Polynesian rat, small Indian mongoose, and the domestic pig), mosquito-borne diseases, and habitat destruction.
Etymology and taxonomy
The native Hawaiians named the bird ʻōʻō ʻāʻā, from the Hawaiian word ʻōʻō, an onomatopoeic descriptor from the sound of their mating call, and ʻāʻā, meaning dwarf.[9] Like the other members of its family, the Kauaʻi ʻōʻō was previously regarded as a member of the Australo-Pacific honeyeaters (family Meliphagidae).[8]
Description
This bird was among the smallest of the Hawaiian ʻōʻōs, if not the smallest species, at just over 20 centimetres (8 in) in length.[9] The head, wings, and tail were black. The rest of the upperparts were slaty brown, becoming rufous on the rump and flanks. The throat and breast were black with white barring, which was particularly prominent in females. The central tail feathers were long, and there was a small tuft of gray feathers under the base of the wing. While the beak and legs were black, the leg feathers were a rich golden yellow. It was the only ʻōʻō known to have eyes with yellow irises. Like other honeyeaters it had a sharp, slightly curved bill for sampling nectar. Its favored nectar sources were Lobelia species and the ʻohiʻa lehua tree. This species was additionally observed foraging in lapalapa trees. It also ate small invertebrates and fruit. The Kauaʻi ʻōʻō was very vocal, making hollow, erratic, flute-like calls. Both the males and females were known to sing.
Extinction
The bird was a cavity nester that inhabited the densely forested canyons of Kauaʻi. All of its relatives, including the Hawaiʻi ʻōʻō, Bishop's ʻōʻō, and Oʻahu ʻōʻō are also extinct. Relatively little is known about these species. The bird's decline was attributed to several factors, including mosquito-transmitted diseases, which restricted its range to higher elevations and eventually confined it to montane forests in the Alakaʻi Wilderness Preserve, as well as the introduction of mammalian predators and widespread deforestation.[10]
By the early 1960s, the bird's population was estimated at approximately 34 individuals, making it critically endangered. During the 1970s, John L. Sincock filmed the only known footage of the species on Super 8 film. Several recordings of its vocalizations were made during this period, with Harold Douglas Pratt Jr. among those involved in documenting its songs.[11]
Two hurricanes, Iwa and Iniki, struck Kaua'i within a decade of each other and contributed significantly to the species' decline. The storms destroyed many of the mature trees containing the cavities used for nesting, while the damage caused by Hurricane Iniki further hindered the regeneration of suitable trees. These environmental changes precipitated the species' disappearance. The last known female was likely killed during Hurricane Iwa, while the last confirmed sighting of a male occurred in 1985. The bird's final known vocal recording was made by David Boynton in 1987.[12][13]
Following unsuccessful expeditions in 1989 and the destruction caused by Hurricane Iniki in 1992, the species was declared extinct by the IUCN in 2000. Despite this, some believe that it could survive in remote areas of Kaua'i, particularly because it had previously been declared extinct on two occasions: in the 1940s, before being rediscovered in 1960 and again from the late 1960s to the early 1970s, when it was rediscovered by wildlife biologist John L. Sincock.[14] However, its loud and distinctive vocalizations would likely make surviving individuals detectable, and intensive surveys conducted between 1989 and 2000 failed to locate any.
In 2021, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service proposed removing the species from the Endangered Species Act. In October 2023, the species was officially declared extinct.[2]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 BirdLife International (2016). "Moho braccatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22704323A93963628.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22704323/93963628. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (October 16, 2023). "Fish and Wildlife Service Delists 21 Species from the Endangered Species Act due to Extinction". https://www.fws.gov/press-release/2023-10/21-species-delisted-endangered-species-act-due-extinction.
- ↑ Cassin, John (1855). "Notices of some new and little known Birds in the collection of the U. S. Exploring Expedition in the Vincennes and Peacock, and in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 7: 440. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26299667.
- ↑ Bryan, E. H. Jr.; Greenway, J. C. Jr. (1944). "Contribution to the ornithology of the Hawaiian Islands". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoölogy at Harvard College 94 (2): 137. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4220329.
- ↑ Mathews, Gregory M. (April 25, 1925). "Nomenclatural Notes". Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club 45 (296): 93. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40498938.
- ↑ Wilson, Scott B.; Evans, A. H. (Dec 1890). "Acrulocercus braccatus". Aves Hawaiienses: The Birds of the Sandwich Islands. Part I. London: R. H. Porter. pp. 99–101; Plate 40. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41338674.
- ↑ Kauai Oo - Introduction | Birds of North America Online. doi:10.2173/bow.kauoo.01. https://birdsna.org/Species-Account/bna/species/kauoo/introduction. Retrieved November 14, 2019. "Negative factors have included destruction and modification of native forests; introduction of nonnative mammals to the islands (rats, Indian mongoose, pigs, cattle, sheep, goats, domestic cats) [...] introduction of nonnative birds and associated diseases; introduction of mosquitoes; and exploitation of the 'ö'ö for feathers.".
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Fleischer, Robert C.; James, Helen F.; Olson, Storrs L. (December 23, 2008). "Convergent evolution of Hawaiian and Australo-Pacific honeyeaters from distant songbird ancestors". Current Biology 18 (24): 1927–1931. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2008.10.051. ISSN 1879-0445. PMID 19084408. Bibcode: 2008CBio...18.1927F.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Denny, Jim (1999). The Birds of Kauaʻi. University of Hawaiʻi Press. p. 24. ISBN 0-8248-2097-5. OCLC 39695505. "The Hawaiian word ʻāʻā means "dwarf" or "small" and was given to the Kaua'i species because it was smaller than the three races found on the other islands."
- ↑ "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". https://www.iucnredlist.org/en.
- ↑ "ML: Macaulay Library". https://www3.macaulaylibrary.org/search?taxon=Moho+braccatus&taxon_id=12009654&taxon_rank_id=67&tab=audio.
- ↑ Brooks, T.; Khwaja, N.; Mahood, S.; Amrtin, R. (December 20, 2020). "Kauai Oo Moho braccatus" (in en). Kaua'i, Hawaii, USA: Birdlife International. http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/kauai-oo-moho-braccatus/text.
- ↑ "The Extinction of the Kauai ʻōʻō" (in en-US). August 3, 2018. https://www.islandconservation.org/extinction-kauai-%ca%bbo%ca%bbo/.
- ↑ "Bird Believed Extinct Is Sighted in Hawaii". Iowa Science Teachers Journal 9 (3): 32. January 1972. https://scholarworks.uni.edu/istj/vol9/iss3/24.
Further reading
- Lewis, Daniel (2018). Belonging on an Island: Birds, Extinction and Evolution in Hawaii. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT. ISBN 978-0-3002-2964-6.. Chapter 2 of the book is about the ʻōʻō, including the work of John Sincock, who rediscovered the bird in the early 1970s.
- Kauaʻi ʻōʻō
- ML: Macaulay Library
- "Kauaʻi ʻŌʻō". State of Hawaiʻi. October 1, 2005. http://www.state.hi.us/dlnr/dofaw/cwcs/files/NAAT%20final%20CWCS/Chapters/Terrestrial%20Fact%20Sheets/Forest%20Birds/kauai%20oo%20NAAT%20final%20!.pdf.
- Call of Kauaʻi ʻōʻō; Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Macaulay library Kauai Oo Moho Braccatus ML6050 John L. Sincock, June 6, 1975 Alakai Swamp, Kauai Hawaii
- Banko, Winston E. (December 1981). History of endemic Hawaiian birds. Part I. Population histories – species accounts. Forest birds: 'Ō'ō, and Kioea (Report). CPSU-UH Avian History Report. 7B. pp. 175–185.
- Sykes, P.W. Jr.; Kepler, A.K.; Kepler, C.B.; Scott, J.M. (2000). Kauai'i 'O'o. Birds of North America. 535. Washington, DC: American Ornithologists' Union. pp. 1–32.
External links
- A recording of the bird's call. 1975
- Archive of Kauaʻi ʻōʻō footage and recordings on Macaulay Library
Wikidata ☰ Q19555 entry
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