Biology:List of Mesozoic birds

Short description: none

This list of Mesozoic birds is a comprehensive list of all Mesozoic dinosaurs that have been assigned to the clade Avialae (birds, in the broadest sense). The list includes all commonly accepted genera, but also genera that are now considered invalid, doubtful (nomen dubium), or were not formally published (nomen nudum), as well as junior synonyms of more established names, and genera that are no longer considered avialan. The list currently includes 263 genera.

Scope and terminology

There is no official, canonical list of Mesozoic bird genera, but some of the more complete ones include Holtz's list of Mesozoic dinosaurs,^[1] Molina-Perez & Larramendi's list of theropods,^[2] and Mickey Mortimer's Theropod Database.^[3] Lists of ex-birds are generally rare, but one example is the "Ex-Saurischian Taxa and Basal Saurischians" section of the Theropod Database.^[4]

Authors and year

The authors column lists the authors of the formal description responsible for the erection of the genus listed. They are not necessarily the same as the authors of the type species, as sometimes a species from one genus is determined sufficiently distinct to warrant the erection of a new genus to house it. If this is the case, only the latter authors will be listed. The year column notes the year the genus' description was published.

Status

Naming conventions and terminology follow the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN). Technical terms used include:

Junior synonym: A name which describes the same taxon as a previously published name. If two or more genera are formally designated and the type specimens are later assigned to the same genus, the first to be published (in chronological order) is the senior synonym, and all other instances are junior synonyms. Senior synonyms are generally used, except by special decision of the ICZN, but junior synonyms cannot be used again, even if deprecated. Junior synonymy is often subjective, unless the genera described were both based on the same type specimen.
Nomen nudum (Latin for "naked name"): A name that has appeared in print but has not yet been formally published by the standards of the ICZN. Nomina nuda (the plural form) are invalid, and are therefore not italicized as a proper generic name would be. If the name is later formally published, that name is no longer a nomen nudum and will be italicized on this list. Often, the formally published name will differ from any nomina nuda that describe the same specimen.
Preoccupied name: A name that is formally published, but which has already been used for another taxon. This second use is invalid (as are all subsequent uses) and the name must be replaced.
Nomen dubium (Latin for "dubious name"): A name describing a fossil with no unique diagnostic features. As this can be an extremely subjective and controversial designation, this term is not used on this list.

Age

The age column denotes the epoch of geologic time to which the fossils date. Genera that are invalid, misidentified, or otherwise do not represent a valid Mesozoic bird are listed as age N/A because there was never a time in which a Mesozoic bird by that generic name actually lived.

Location and notes

The location column designates the geographic region where remains of the relevant genus have been found. The regions used are countries, despite the fact that there were no political boundaries in Mesozoic times; they are only used for convenience. Genera that are invalid, misidentified, or otherwise do not represent a valid Mesozoic bird are listed as location N/A because there was never a place in which a Mesozoic bird by that generic name actually lived. The notes column is a collection of annotations on the scientific significance and taxonomic history of listed genera, as well as elaborations on the information presented in other columns.

List

Genus	Authors	Year	Status	Age	Location	Notes
Abavornis^[5]	Panteleyev	1998	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	Uzbekistan
Aberratiodontus^[6]	Gong et al.	2004	Junior synonym	2 Early Cretaceous	China	Junior synonym of Yanornis.
Abitusavis^[7]	Wang et al.	2020	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Alamitornis^[8]	Agonlin & Martinelli	2009	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	Argentina
Alcmonavis^[9]	Rauhut et al.	2019	Valid	1 Late Jurassic	Germany
Alethoalaornis	Li et al.	2007	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Alexornis^[10]	Brodkorb	1976	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	Mexico
Ambiortus	Kurochkin	1982	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	Mongolia
Ambopteryx^[11]	Wang et al.	2019	Valid	1 Late Jurassic	China	Considered a non-avialan theropod by some researchers.
Anatalavis	Olson & Parris	1987	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	United States England	The type species is known from the Late Cretaceous–Paleocene border, while a referred species is from the Eocene.
Anchiornis^[12]	Xu et al.	2009	Valid	1 Late Jurassic	China	Considered a non-avialan theropod by some researchers.
Angelinornis	Kashin	1972	Junior synonym	3 Late Cretaceous	United States	Junior synonym of Ichthyornis.
Antarcticavis^[13]	Cordes-Person et al.	2020	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	Antarctica
Apatornis	Marsh	1873	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	United States
Apsaravis^[14]	Norell & Clarke	2001	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	Mongolia
Archaeopteryx^[15]	Meyer	1861	Valid	1 Late Jurassic	Germany	Considered a non-avialan theropod by some researchers.
Archaeorhynchus^[16]	Zhou & Zhang	2006	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Archaeornis	Petronievics	1917	Junior synonym	1 Late Jurassic	Germany	Junior synonym of Archaeopteryx.
Archaeornithura^[17]	Wang et al.	2015	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Archaeovolans	Czerkas & Xu	2002	Junior synonym	2 Early Cretaceous	China	Junior synonym of Yanornis.
Asiahesperornis	Nesov & Prizemlin	1991	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	Kazakhstan
Asteriornis^[18]	Field et al.	2020	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	Belgium
Aurornis^[19]	Godefroit et al.	2013	Valid	1 Late Jurassic	China	Considered a non-avialan theropod by some researchers.
Austinornis^[20]	Clarke	2004	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	United States
Avimaia^[21]	Bailleul et al.	2019	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Avisaurus^[22]	Brett-Surman & Paul	1985	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	United States
Balaur^[23]	Csiki et al.	2010	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	Romania	Originally (and sometimes still) thought to be a non-avialan theropod.
Baptornis	Marsh	1877	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	United States
Bauxitornis^[24]	Dyke & Ősi	2010	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	Hungary
Beiguornis^[25]	Wang et al.	2022	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Bellulia	Wang et al.	2016a	Preoccupied	N/A	N/A	Name preoccupied by the moth Bellulia Fibiger 2008 and replaced by Bellulornis.
Bellulornis	Wang et al.	2016b	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Bohaiornis^[26]	Hu et al.	2011	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Boluochia^[27]	Zhou	1995	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Bradycneme^[28]	Harrison & Walker	1975	Misidentification	N/A	N/A	Originally described as a bird; more likely a non-avialan theropod.
Brevidentavis^[29]	O'Connor et al.	2021	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Brevirostruavis^[30]	Li et al.	2021	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Brodavis^[31]	Martin et al.	2012	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	United States Mongolia
Caihong^[32]	Hu et al.	2018	Valid	1 Late Jurassic	China	Considered to be a non-avialan theropod by some researchers.
Camptodontornis^[33]	Demirjian	2019	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Camptodontus^[34]	Li et al.	2010	Preoccupied	N/A	N/A	Name preoccupied by the beetle Camptodontus Dejean, 1826 and replaced by Camptodontornis.
Canadaga^[35]	Hou	1999	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	Canada
Castignovolucris^[36]	Buffetaut et al.	2023	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	France
Catenoleimus^[5]	Panteleyev	1998	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	Uzbekistan
Cathayornis	Zhou et al.	1992	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Ceramornis^[37]	Brodkorb	1963	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	United States
Cerebavis^[38]	Kurochkin et al.	2006	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	Russia
Changchengornis^[39]	Ji et al.	1999	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Changmaornis^[40]	Wang et al.	2013	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Changzuiornis^[41]	Huang et al.	2016	Disputed	2 Early Cretaceous	China	Possibly synonymous with Juehuaornis.
Chaoyangia	Hou & Zhang	1993	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Chiappeavis^[42]	O'Connor et al.	2016	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Chongmingia^[43]	Wang et al.	2016	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Chupkaornis^[44]	Tanaka et al.	2017	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	Japan
Cimoliornis	Owen	1846	Misidentification	N/A	N/A	Originally described as a bird; actually a pterosaur.
Cimolopteryx	Marsh	1892	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	United States	May be Paleocene.
Colonosaurus^[45]	Marsh	1872	Junior synonym	3 Late Cretaceous	United States	Junior synonym of Ichthyornis.
Concornis^[46]	Sanz & Buscalioni	1992	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	Spain
Confuciusornis^[47]	Hou et al.	1995	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Coniornis	Marsh	1893	Junior synonym	3 Late Cretaceous	United States	Junior synonym of Hesperornis.
Cosesaurus^[48]	Ellenberger & de Villalta	1974	Misidentification	N/A	N/A	Sometimes proposed to be a bird ancestor; actually a tanystropheid.
Cratoavis^[49]	Carvalho et al.	2015	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	Brazil
Cratonavis^[50]	Li et al.	2023	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Cretaaviculus	Bazhanov	1969	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	Kazakhstan
Cretornis^[51]	Fritsch	1880	Misidentification	N/A	N/A	Originally described as a bird; actually a pterosaur.
Cruralispennia^[52]	Wang et al.	2017	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Cuspirostrisornis^[53]	Hou	1997	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Dalianraptor	Gao & Liu	2005	Disputed	N/A	N/A	Likely a chimaera consisting of a Jeholornis and another theropod.
Dalingheornis^[54]	Zhang et al.	2006	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Dapingfangornis^[55]	Li et al.	2006	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Didactylornis^[56]	Yuan	2008	Junior synonym	2 Early Cretaceous	China	Junior synonym of Sapeornis.
Dingavis^[57]	O'Connor et al.	2016	Disputed	2 Early Cretaceous	China	Possibly synonymous with Changzuiornis and/or Juehuaornis.
Dunhuangia^[58]	Wang et al.	2015	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Elbretornis^[59]	Walker & Dyke	2009	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	Argentina	Possibly synonymous with Lectavis, Soroavisaurus and/or Yungavolucris.
Elektorornis^[60]	Xing et al.	2019	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	Myanmar
Elopteryx^[61]	Andrews	1913	Misidentification	N/A	N/A	Originally described as a bird; more likely to be a non-avialan theropod.
Elsornis^[62]	Chiappe et al.	2007	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	Mongolia
Enaliornis	Seeley	1876	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	England
Enantiophoenix^[63]	Cau & Arduini	2008	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	Lebanon
Enantiornis^[64]	Walker	1981	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	Argentina
Eoalulavis^[65]	Sanz et al.	1996	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	Spain
Eocathayornis^[66]	Zhou	2002	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Eoconfuciusornis^[67]	Zhang et al.	2008	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Eoenantiornis^[68]	Hou et al.	1999	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Eogranivora^[69]	Zheng et al.	2018	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Eopengornis	Wang et al.	2014	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Eosinopteryx^[70]	Godefroit et al.	2013	Valid	1 Late Jurassic	China	Considered a non-avialan theropod by some researchers.
Epidendrosaurus^[71]	Zhang et al.	2002	Junior synonym	1 Late Jurassic	China	Possible synonym of Scansoriopteryx.
Epidexipteryx^[72]	Zhang et al.	2008	Valid	1 Late Jurassic	China	Considered a non-avialan theropod by some researchers.
Eurolimnornis^[73]	Kessler & Jurcsák	1986	Misidentification	N/A	N/A	Originally described as a bird; reinterpreted as a pterodactyloid pterosaur.
Evgenavis^[74]	O'Connor et al.	2014	Valid	1 Early Cretaceous	Russia
Explorornis^[5]	Panteleyev	1998	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	Uzbekistan
Falcatakely^[75]	O'Connor et al.	2020	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	Madagascar
Feitianius^[76]	O'Connor et al.	2015	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Flexomornis^[77]	Tykoski & Fiorillo	2010	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	United States
Fortipesavis^[78]	Clark & O'Connor	2021	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	Myanmar
Fortunguavis^[79]	Wang et al.	2014	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Fujianvenator^[80]	Xu et al.	2023	Valid	1 Late Jurassic	China	Found within the family Anchiornithidae, which may represent non-avialan dinosaurs
Fukuipteryx^[81]	Imai et al.	2019	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	Japan
Fumicollis^[82]	Bell & Chiappe	2015	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	United States
Gallornis	Lambrecht	1931	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	France
Gansus^[83]	Hou & Liu	1984	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Gargantuavis^[84]	Buffetaut & Le Loeuff	1998	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	France Spain Romania
Gettyia^[85]	Atterholt et al.	2018	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	United States
Gobipipus^[86]	Kurochkin & Chatterjee	2013	Valid	3 Early Cretaceous	Mongolia	Very similar to embryonic Gobipteryx.
Gobipteryx^[87]	Elżanowski	1994	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	Mongolia
Grabauornis^[88]	Dalsätt et al.	2014	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Gracilornis^[89]	Li & Hou	2011	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Graculavus	Marsh	1872	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	United States	May be Paleocene.
Gretcheniao	Chiappe et al.	2019	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Griphornis	Woodward	1862	Junior synonym	1 Late Jurassic	Germany	Name officially rejected in favor of Archaeopteryx.
Griphosaurus	Wagner	1862	Junior synonym	1 Late Jurassic	Germany	Name officially rejected in favor of Archaeopteryx.
Guildavis^[20]	Clarke	2004	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	United States
Gurilynia^[90]	Kurochkin	1999	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	Mongolia
Halimornis^[91]	Chiappe	2002	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	United States
Hargeria	Lucas	1903	Junior synonym	3 Late Cretaceous	United States	Junior synonym of Hesperornis.
"Hebeiornis"^[92]	Xu et al.	1999	Nomen nudum	N/A	N/A	Synonym of Vescornis due to being based on the same holotype. However, despite predating the description of Vescornis by five years, its description is so poor that it is regarded as a nomen nudum and a synonym.
Heptasteornis^[28]	Harrison & Walker	1975	Misidentification	N/A	N/A	Originally described as a bird; more likely a non-avialan theropod.
Hesperornis	Marsh	1872	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	United States Canada Russia
Holbotia^[93]	Zelenkov & Averianov	2015	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	Mongolia
Hollanda^[94]	Bell et al.	2010	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	Mongolia
Hongshanornis^[95]	Zhou & Zhang	2005	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Horezmavis	Nessov & Borkin	1983	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	Uzbekistan
Houornis^[96]	Wang & Liu	2015	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Huoshanornis^[97]	Wang et al.	2010	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Iaceornis^[20]	Clarke	2004	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	United States
Iberomesornis^[98]	Sanz & Bonaparte	1992	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	Spain
Ichthyornis	Marsh	1873	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	United States
Ilerdopteryx	Lacasa-Ruiz	1985	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	Spain
Incolornis^[5]	Panteleyev	1998	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	Uzbekistan
Intiornis^[99]	Novas et al.	2010	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	Argentina
Iteravis	Zhou et al.	2014	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Janavis^[100]	Benito et al.	2022	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	Belgium
Jeholornis^[101]	Zhou et al.	2002	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Jianchangornis^[102]	Zhou et al.	2009	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Jibeinia^[53]	Hou	1997	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Jinfengopteryx^[103]	Ji et al.	2005	Misidentification	N/A	N/A	Originally described as a bird; actually a non-avian dinosaur.
Jinguofortis^[104]	Wang et al.	2018	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Jinzhouornis	Hou et al.	2002	Junior synonym	2 Early Cretaceous	China	Junior synonym of Confuciusornis.
Jiuquanornis^[40]	Wang et al.	2013	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Jixiangornis^[105]	Ji et al.	2002	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Judinornis	Nessov & Borkin	1983	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	Mongolia
Juehuaornis^[106]	Wang et al.	2015	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Junornis^[107]	Liu et al.	2017	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Jurapteryx	Howgate	1984	Junior synonym	1 Late Jurassic	Germany	Junior synonym of Archaeopteryx.
Kaririavis^[108]	Carvalho et al.	2021	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	Brazil
Khinganornis^[109]	Wang et al.	2020	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Kizylkumavis^[110]	Nessov	1984	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	Uzbekistan
Kompsornis^[111]	Wang et al.	2020	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Kookne	Novas et al.	2019	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	Argentina
Kuszholia^[112]	Nesov	1992	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	Uzbekistan
Lamarqueavis^[113]	Agnolin	2010	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	Argentina United States Canada
Laopteryx^[114]	Marsh	1881	Misidentification	N/A	N/A	Originally described as a bird; actually a pterosaur.
Laornis^[115]	Marsh	1870	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	United States	May be Paleocene.
Largirostrornis^[53]	Hou	1997	Disputed	2 Early Cretaceous	China	Possible synonym of Cathayornis.
Lectavis^[116]	Chiappe	1993	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	Argentina
Lenesornis^[117]	Kurochkin	1996	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	Uzbekistan
Lestornis^[118]	Marsh	1876	Junior synonym	3 Late Cretaceous	United States	Junior synonym of Hesperornis.
Liaoningornis^[119]	Hou	1996	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Liaoxiornis^[120]	Hou & Chen	1999	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Limenavis^[121]	Clarke & Chiappe	2001	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	Argentina
Limnornis^[122]	Kessler & Jurcsak	1984	Misidentification	N/A	N/A	Name preoccupied by the ovenbird Limnornis Gould 1839 and replaced by Palaeocursornis. Originally described as a bird; actually a pterosaur.
Lingyuanornis^[123]	Ji & Ji	1999	Junior synonym	N/A	N/A	Junior synonym of Liaoxiornis as it is based on the same holotype.
Linyiornis^[124]	Wang et al.	2016	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Lisboasaurus^[125]	Seiffert	1970	Misidentification	N/A	N/A	Sometimes proposed to be a bird; actually a crocodilian.
Lonchodytes^[37]	Brodkorb	1963	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	United States	May be Paleocene.
Longchengornis^[53]	Hou	1997	Disputed	2 Early Cretaceous	China	Possible synonym of Cathayornis.
Longicrusavis^[126]	O'Connor et al.	2010	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Longipteryx^[127]	Zhang et al.	2001	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Hou et al.	2004	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Longisquama^[128]	Sharov	1970	Misidentification	N/A	N/A	Sometimes proposed to be a bird ancestor; actually an indeterminate reptile.
Longusunguis^[129]	Wang et al.	2014	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Maaqwi^[130]	McLachlan et al.	2017	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	Canada
Martinavis^[131]	Walker et al.	2007	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	France Argentina
Meemannavis^[29]	O'Connor et al.	2021	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Megalancosaurus^[132]	Calzavara et al.	1980	Misidentification	N/A	N/A	Sometimes proposed to be a bird ancestor, but actually a drepanosaurid.
Mengciusornis^[133]	Wang et al.	2019	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Microenantiornis	Wei & Li	2017	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Mirarce^[85]	Atterholt et al.	2018	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	United States
Mirusavis^[134]	Wang et al.	2020	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Monoenantiornis^[135]	Hu & O'Connor	2016	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Musivavis^[136]	Wang et al.	2022	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Mystiornis^[137]	Kurochkin et al.	2011	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	Russia
Nanantius^[138]	Molnar	1986	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	Australia
Neimengornis^[139]	Wang et al.	2021	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Neogaeornis^[140]	Lambrecht	1929	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	Chile
Neuquenornis^[141]	Chiappe & Calvo	1994	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	Argentina
Noguerornis^[142]	Lacasa-Ruiz	1989	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	Spain
Novacaesareala	Parris & Hope	2002	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	United States	May be Paleocene.
Xing et al.	2020	Misidentification	N/A	N/A	Originally described as a bird; reinterpreted as an indeterminate lizard.
Omnivoropteryx^[143]	Czerkas & Ji	2002	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Orienantius	Liu et al.	2019	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Ostromia^[144]	Foth & Rauhut	2017	Valid	1 Late Jurassic	Germany	Considered a non-avialan theropod by some researchers.
Otogornis	Hou	1994	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Palaeocursornis^[73]	Kessler & Jurcsak	1986	Misidentification	N/A	N/A	Originally described as a bird; actually a pterosaur.
Palaeonornis	Emmons	1857	Misidentification	N/A	N/A	Originally described as a bird; actually a junior synonym of the phytosaur Rutiodon.^[4]
Palaeopteryx	Jensen	1981	Misidentification	N/A	N/A	Originally described as a bird; more likely a non-avian theropod.
Palaeornis	Mantell	1844	Misidentification	N/A	N/A	Name preoccupied by the parrot Palaeornis Vigors 1825. Originally described as a bird; actually a pterosaur.
Palaeotringa	Marsh	1870	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	United States	May be Paleocene.
Palintropus^[145]	Brodkorb	1970	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	United States Canada
Parabohaiornis^[129]	Wang et al.	2014	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Parahesperornis^[146]	Martin	1984	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	United States
Parahongshanornis^[147]	Li et al.	2011	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Parapengornis^[148]	Hu et al.	2015	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Paraprotopteryx^[149]	Zheng et al.	2007	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Parascaniornis	Lambrecht	1933	Junior synonym	3 Late Cretaceous	Sweden	Junior synonym of Baptornis.
Parvavis^[150]	Wang et al.	2014	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	China
Pasquiaornis^[151]	Tokaryk et al.	1997	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	Canada
Patagopteryx^[152]	Alvarenga & Bonaparte	1992	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	Argentina
Pedopenna^[153]	Xu & Zhang	2005	Valid	1 Late Jurassic	China	Considered a non-avialan theropod by some researchers.
Pelagornis	Seeley	1866	Preoccupied	N/A	N/A	Named preoccupied by the Miocene bird Pelagornis Lartet 1857 and replaced by Enaliornis.
Pengornis^[154]	Zhou et al.	2008	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Piksi^[155]	Varricchio	2002	Misidentification	N/A	N/A	Originally described as a bird; reinterpreted as a pterodactyloid pterosaur.
Piscivoravis^[156]	Zhou et al.	2013	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Piscivorenantiornis^[157]	Wang & Zhou	2017	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Platanavis^[112]	Nesov	1992	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	Uzbekistan
Plegadornis	Wetmore	1962	Preoccupied	N/A	N/A	Name preoccupied by the modern bird Plegadornis Brehm 1855; junior synonym of Ichthyornis.
Polarornis^[158]	Chatterjee	2002	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	Antarctica
Potamornis^[159]	Elzanowski et al.	2001	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	United States
Praeornis^[160]	Rautian	1978	Valid	1 Late Jurassic	Kazakhstan
Priscavolucris^[161]	Gomez Pallerola	1979	Misidentification	N/A	N/A	Originally described as a bird; reinterpreted as a hybodontiform fish.^[162]
"Proornis"	Lim	1993	Nomen nudum	N/A	N/A
Protarchaeopteryx^[163]	Ji & Ji	1997	Misidentification	N/A	N/A	Originally described as a bird; actually a non-avian dinosaur.
Protoavis^[164]	Chatterjee	1991	Misidentification	N/A	N/A	Originally described as a bird; more likely a chimaera of several vertebrates.
Protopteryx^[165]	Zhang & Zhou	2000	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Rafinesque	1815	Misidentification	N/A	N/A	Sometimes thought to be a bird before being described as a pterosaur.
Pterygornis^[166]	Wang et al.	2015	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Qiliania^[167]	Ji et al.	2011	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Rahona^[168]	Forster et al.	1998a	Preoccupied	N/A	N/A	Name preoccupied by the moth Rahona Griveaud 1975 and replaced by Rahonavis.
Rahonavis^[169]	Forster et al.	1998b	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	Madagascar	Considered a non-avialan theropod by some researchers.
Rapaxavis^[170]	Morschhauser et al.	2009	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Rhamphorhynchus^[171]	Meyer	1846	Misidentification	N/A	N/A	Originally thought to be a bird before being described as a pterosaur.
Samrukia^[172]	Naish et al.	2012	Misidentification	N/A	N/A	Originally described as a bird; actually a pterosaur.
Sapeornis^[173]	Zhou & Zhang	2002	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Sazavis^[174]	Nesov	1989	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	Uzbekistan
Scansoriopteryx^[175]	Czerkas & Yuan	2002	Valid	1 Late Jurassic	China	Considered a non-avialan theropod by some researchers.
Schizooura^[176]	Zhou et al.	2012	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Serikornis^[177]	Lefèvre et al.	2017	Valid	1 Late Jurassic	China	Considered a non-avialan theropod by some researchers.
Shangyang	Wang & Zhou	2019	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Shanweiniao^[178]	O'Connor et al.	2009	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Shengjingornis^[179]	Li et al.	2012	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Shenqiornis^[180]	Wang et al.	2010	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Shenshiornis^[181]	Hu	2010	Junior synonym	2 Early Cretaceous	China	Junior synonym of Sapeornis.
Shenzhouraptor^[182]	Ji et al.	2002	Disputed	2 Early Cretaceous	China	Possible synonym of Jeholornis.
Similiyanornis^[7]	Wang et al.	2020	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Sinornis^[183]	Sereno & Rao	1992	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Songlingornis^[53]	Hou	1997	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Soroavisaurus^[184]	Chiappe	1993	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	Argentina
Struthiosaurus^[185]	Bunzel	1871	Misidentification	N/A	N/A	Originally thought to be a bird; actually an ankylosaurian dinosaur.
"Styginetta"	Stidham	2001	Nomen nudum	N/A	N/A	Obscure; named in a thesis.
Sulcavis^[186]	O'Connor et al.	2013	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Telmatornis	Marsh	1870	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	United States
Teviornis^[187]	Kurochkin et al.	2002	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	Mongolia
Tianyuornis^[188]	Zheng et al.	2014	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Tingmiatornis^[189]	Bono et al.	2016	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	Canada
Torotix^[37]	Brodkorb	1963	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	United States
Tytthostonyx^[190]	Olson & Parris	1987	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	United States
Vegavis^[191]	Clarke et al.	2005	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	Antarctica
Vescornis^[192]	Zhang et al.	2004	Disputed	2 Early Cretaceous	China	Possible junior synonym of Jibeinia.
Volgavis^[174]	Nessov & Yarkov	1989	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	Russia
Vorona^[193]	Forster et al.	1996	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	Madagascar
Wasaibpanchi	Malkani	2021	Disputed	3 Late Cretaceous	Pakistan	Publication status uncertain.
Wellnhoferia^[194]	Elżanowski	2001	Disputed	1 Late Jurassic	Germany	Possible junior synonym of Archaeopteryx.
Wyleyia^[195]	Harrison & Walker	1973	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	England
Xiangornis^[196]	Hu et al.	2012	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Xinghaiornis^[197]	Wang et al.	2013	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Xiaotingia^[198]	Xu et al.	2011	Valid	1 Late Jurassic	China	Considered a non-avialan theropod by some researchers.
Yandangornis^[199]	Cai & Zhao	1999	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	China
Yangavis^[200]	Wang et al.	2018	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Yanornis^[201]	Zhou & Zhang	2001	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Yatenavis^[202]	Herrera et al.	2022	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	Argentina
Xu et al.	2015	Valid	1 Late Jurassic	China	Considered a non-avialan theropod by some researchers.
Yixianornis	Zhou & Zhang	2001	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Yixianosaurus^[203]	Xu & Wang	2003	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China	Considered a non-avialan theropod by some researchers.
Yuanchuavis^[204]	Wang et al.	2021	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Yuanjiawaornis^[205]	Hu et al.	2015	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Yumenornis^[40]	Wang et al.	2013	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Yungavolucris^[206]	Chiappe	1993	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	Argentina
Yuornis^[207]	Xu et al.	2021	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	China
Zhongjianornis^[208]	Zhou et al.	2010	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Zhongornis^[209]	Gao et al.	2008	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Zhouornis^[210]	Zhang et al.	2013	Valid	2 Early Cretaceous	China
Zhylgaia^[211]	Nessov	1988	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	Kazakhstan	Dating is uncertain; may be Late Cretaceous or Paleogene.
Zhyraornis^[110]	Nessov	1984	Valid	3 Late Cretaceous	Uzbekistan

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