Biology:List of cranes

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Blue cranes performing courtship display
Two sandhill cranes standing in water
Red-crowned cranes honking at sky
Two grey crowned cranes facing each other
Different species of crane. Clockwise from top left: blue cranes, sandhill cranes, grey crowned cranes, and red-crowned cranes

Cranes are tall wading birds in the family Gruidae. Cranes are found on every continent except for South America and Antarctica and inhabit a variety of open habitats, although most species prefer to live near water.[1] They are large birds with long necks and legs, a tapering form, and long secondary feathers on the wing that project over the tail.[2] Most species have muted gray or white plumages, marked with black, and red bare patches on the face, but the crowned cranes of the genus Balearica have vibrantly-coloured wings and golden "crowns" of feathers.[1] Cranes fly with their necks extended outwards instead of bent into an S-shape (differentiating them from the similar-looking herons)[3] and their long legs outstretched. They also have musical, long-reaching calls and elaborate courtship displays.[2]

Cranes are threatened by habitat loss, intentional hunting, and the wildlife trade.[1] The Siberian crane, with an estimated population of 3,500–4,000 mature individuals, is considered critically endangered due to the construction of dams that threaten one of its main wintering grounds.[4] Two other species are considered endangered, seven are considered vulnerable, and one is considered near-threatened. The species with the smallest estimated population is the whooping crane, which is conservatively thought to number 50–249 mature individuals,[5] and the one with the largest is the sandhill crane, which has an estimated population of 450,000–550,000 mature individuals.[6]

There are currently 15 extant species of crane recognised by the International Ornithologists' Union distributed among four genera.[7] The cranes are most closely related to the family Aramidae, which contains a single extant species, the limpkin.[1][8] These two families, together with the trumpeters, rails, and finfoots, comprise the order Gruiformes.[7] Many species of fossil cranes are known from the Eocene onwards; however, their exact number and taxonomy are unsettled due to ongoing discoveries.[9]

Conventions

Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the crane's range is provided. Ranges are based on the IOC World Bird List for that species unless otherwise noted. Population estimates are of the number of mature individuals and are taken from the IUCN Red List.

This list follows the taxonomic treatment (designation and order of species) and nomenclature (scientific and common names) of version 13.2 of the IOC World Bird List.[7] Where the taxonomy proposed by the IOC World Bird List conflicts with the taxonomy followed by the IUCN[lower-alpha 1] or the 2023 edition of The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World, the disagreement is noted next to the species's common name (for nomenclatural disagreements) or scientific name (for taxonomic disagreements).

Classification

The International Ornithologists' Union (IOU) recognises 15 species of cranes in four genera.[7] This list does not include hybrid species, extinct prehistoric species, or putative species not yet accepted by the IOU. The cranes are divided into two subfamilies, which diverged from each other around 31 million years ago: Balearicinae, containing the genus Balearica, and Gruinae, containing the genera Leucogeranus, Antigone, and Grus. Grus is sometimes further divided into three distinct genera, with the wattled crane being split out as Bugeranus and the blue and demoiselle cranes being split out as Anthropoides.[11]

  • Subfamily Balearicinae
  • Subfamily Gruinae
    • Genus Leucogeranus: one species
    • Genus Antigone: four species
    • Genus Grus: eight species
Gruidae  
Balearica  
 

Grey crowned crane (B. regulorum)

 
 

Black crowned crane (B. pavonina)

 
 
 
Leucogeranus  

Siberian crane (L. leucogeranus)

 
 
Antigone  
 

Sandhill crane (A. canadensis)

 
 
 

White-naped crane (A. vipio)

 
 
 

Brolga (A. rubicunda)

 
 

Sarus crane (A. antigone)

 
 
 
 
Grus  
 
 

Wattled crane (G. carunculatus)

 
 
 

Demoiselle crane (G. virgo)

 
 

Blue crane (G. paradisea)

 
 
 
 
 

Red-crowned crane (G. japonensis)

 
 
 

Whooping crane (G. americana)

 
 
 

Common crane (G. grus)

 
 
 

Black-necked crane (G. nigricollis)

 
 

Hooded crane (G. monacha)

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cladogram depicting relationships among the cranes, based on a 2021 study of genetic and behavioural data.[11]

Gruids

Genus Balearica – Brisson, 1760 – 2 species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Grey crowned crane

Grey crane with white wings, patterned face, and yellow crown

B. regulorum
(Bennett, 1834)

Two subspecies
  • B. r. gibbericeps
  • B. r. regulorum
Eastern and southeastern Africa
Map of range 		 EN 


17,700–22,300 Population decreasing[12]

Black crowned crane

Black crane with white wings, red face, and yellow crown

B. pavonina
Linnaeus, 1758

Two subspecies
  • B. p. ceciliae
  • B. p. pavonina
Northern, central, and western Africa
Map of range 		 VU 


28,000–47,000 Population decreasing[13]

Genus Leucogeranus – Bonaparte, 1855 – 1 species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Siberian crane

White crane with dull red face

L. leucogeranus
(Pallas, 1773) 		Northwestern Palearctic and east-central Siberia
Map of range 		 CR 


3,500–4,000 Population decreasing[4]

Genus Antigone – Reichenbach, 1853 – 4 species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Sandhill crane

Greyish-white crane with red forehead

A. canadensis
(Linnaeus, 1758))

Five subspecies
  • A. c. canadensis
  • A. c. tabida
  • A. c. pratensis
  • A. c. pulla
  • A. c. nesiotes
North America
Map of range 		 LC 


450,000–550,000 Population increasing[6]

White-naped crane

Greyish crane with white-and-black neck and red face

A. vipio
(Pallas, 1811) 		Southeastern Siberia, northeastern Mongolia and northeastern China
Map of range 		 VU 


3,700–4,500 Population decreasing[14]

Sarus crane

Grey crane with red face and white neck

A. antigone
(Linnaeus, 1758)

Three subspecies
  • A. a. antigone
  • A. a. sharpii
  • A. a. gillae
Northern India, Southeast Asia, and northern Australia
Map of range 		 VU 


13,000–15,000 Population decreasing[15]

Brolga

Grey crane with purplish-red face

A. rubicunda
(Perry, 1810) 		Australia and south-central New Guinea
Map of range 		 LC 


Unknown Population decreasing[16]

Genus Grus – Brisson, 1760 – 8 species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Wattled crane

Grey-and-black crane with white neck and wattled red face

G. carunculata[lower-alpha 2]
(Gmelin, J. F., 1789) 		Southern and eastern Africa
Map of range 		 VU 


6,000–6,300 Population decreasing[18]

Blue crane

Greyish-blue crane with white forehead

G. paradisea[lower-alpha 3]
(Lichtenstein, A. A. H., 1793) 		Southern Africa
Map of range 		 VU 


17,000–30,000 Population decreasing[19]

Demoiselle crane

Grey crane with black neck and red eyes

G. virgo[lower-alpha 4]
(Linnaeus, 1758) 		Asia and northwestern Africa
Map of range 		 LC 


230,000–261,000 Population increasing[20]

Red-crowned crane

Black-and-white crane with red forehead

G. japonensis
(Müller, P. L. S., 1776) 		East Asia and Siberia
Map of range 		 VU 


2,000–2,650 Population decreasing[21]

Whooping crane

White crane with black face and red top of head

G. americana
(Linnaeus, 1758) 		North America
Map of range 		 EN 


50–249 Population increasing[5]

Common crane

Grey crane with black, white, and red head

G. grus
(Linnaeus, 1758) 		Afro-Eurasia
Map of range 		 LC 


491,000–503,000 Population increasing[22]

Hooded crane

Greyish-black crane with white neck and dark face

G. monacha
Temminck, 1835
Map of range 		 VU 


6,000–15,000 Population increasing[23]

Black-necked crane

White crane with black neck and red forehead

G. nigricollis
Przevalski, 1876 		India and China
Map of range 		 NT 


6,600–6,800 Population stable[24]

Notes

  1. ↑ The IUCN follows the taxonomy proposed by the HBW and BirdLife Taxonomic Checklist.[10]
  2. ↑ The wattled crane is placed in the genus Bugeranus by the IUCN and Clements Checklist.[10][17]
  3. ↑ The blue crane is placed in the genus Anthropoides by the IUCN and Clements Checklist.[10][17]
  4. ↑ The Demoiselle crane is placed in the genus Anthropoides by the IUCN and Clements Checklist.[10][17]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Winkler, David W.; Billerman, Shawn M.; Lovette, Irby J. (4 March 2020). Billerman, Shawn M.; Keeney, Brooke K.; Rodewald, Paul G. et al.. eds. "Cranes (Gruidae)" (in en). Birds of the World (Cornell Lab of Ornithology). doi:10.2173/bow.gruida1.01. https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/gruida1/1.0/introduction. Retrieved 1 September 2023. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Grimmett, Richard; Inskipp, Carol; Inskipp, Tim (2016) (in en). Birds of the Indian Subcontinent: India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and the Maldives. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 27. ISBN 978-1-4081-6265-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=HvY0DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA110. Retrieved 15 September 2023. 
  3. ↑ Armistead, George L.; Sullivan, Brian L. (2015) (in en-US). Better Birding. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 71. ISBN 9781400874163. https://books.google.com/books?id=WpOwCgAAQBAJ. "Herons usually fly with their necks retracted (coiled, unlike ibis, storks, and cranes) but occasionally extend their necks during shorter flights." 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 BirdLife International (2018). "Leucogeranus leucogeranus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22692053A134180990. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22692053A134180990.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22692053/134180990. Retrieved 11 November 2021. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 BirdLife International (2020). "Grus americana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T22692156A181242855. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22692156A181242855.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22692156/181242855. Retrieved 13 November 2021. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 BirdLife International (2021). "Grus canadensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T22692078A188597759. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22692078A188597759.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22692078/188597759. Retrieved 3 January 2023. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 "Finfoots, flufftails, rails, trumpeters, cranes, limpkin". July 2023. https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/flufftails/. 
  8. ↑ Winkler, David W.; Billerman, Shawn M.; Lovette, Irby J. (4 March 2020). Billerman, Shawn M.; Keeney, Brooke K.; Rodewald, Paul G. et al.. eds. "Limpkin (Aramidae)" (in en). Birds of the World (Cornell Lab of Ornithology). doi:10.2173/bow.aramid1.01. https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/aramid1/1.0/introduction. Retrieved 1 September 2023. 
  9. ↑ "Fossilworks: Gruidae". Paleobiology Database. University of Wisconsin–Madison. http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=39634. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 "Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 7". HBW and BirdLife International. 2022. http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/taxonomy. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Nováková, Nela; Robovský, Jan (2021). "Behaviour of cranes (family Gruidae) mirrors their phylogenetic relationships" (in en). Avian Research 12 (1). doi:10.1186/s40657-021-00275-4. ISSN 2053-7166. 
  12. ↑ BirdLife International (2016). "Balearica regulorum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22692046A93334893. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22692046A93334893.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22692046/93334893. Retrieved 19 November 2021. 
  13. ↑ BirdLife International (2016). "Balearica pavonina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22692039A93334339. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22692039A93334339.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22692039/93334339. Retrieved 18 November 2021. 
  14. ↑ BirdLife International (2018). "Grus vipio". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22692073A131927305. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22692073A131927305.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22692073/131927305. Retrieved 20 February 2022. 
  15. ↑ BirdLife International (2016). "Grus antigone". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22692064A93335364. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22692064A93335364.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22692064/93335364. Retrieved 20 February 2022. 
  16. ↑ BirdLife International (2016). "Grus rubicunda". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22692067A93335916. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22692067A93335916.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22692067/93335916. Retrieved 20 February 2022. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Clements, James F.; Rasmussen, P. C.; Schulenberg, T. S.; Iliff, M. J.; Fredericks, T. A.; Gerbracht, J. A.; Lepage, Denis; Billerman, S. M. et al. (2023). "The eBird/Clements checklist of Birds of the World: v2023". https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/. 
  18. ↑ BirdLife International (2018). "Bugeranus carunculatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22692129A129880815. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22692129A129880815.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22692129/129880815. Retrieved 20 February 2022. 
  19. ↑ BirdLife International (2021). "Anthropoides paradiseus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T22692109A177514877. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22692109A177514877.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22692109/177514877. Retrieved 20 February 2022. 
  20. ↑ BirdLife International (2018). "Anthropoides virgo". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22692081A131927771. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22692081A131927771.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22692081/131927771. Retrieved 14 February 2022. 
  21. ↑ BirdLife International (2022). "Grus japonensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T22692167A213488064. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22692167/213488064. Retrieved 31 August 2023. 
  22. ↑ BirdLife International (2016). "Grus grus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22692146A86219168. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22692146A86219168.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22692146/86219168. Retrieved 19 February 2022. 
  23. ↑ BirdLife International (2016). "Grus monacha". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22692151A93337861. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22692151A93337861.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22692151/93337861. Retrieved 18 November 2021. 
  24. ↑ BirdLife International (2020). "Grus nigricollis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T22692162A180030167. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22692162A180030167.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22692162/180030167. Retrieved 19 November 2021. 



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