Biology:Malt

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Short description: Germinated cereal grains that have been dried
A handful of malted barley, the white sprouts visible
Beer malt varieties from Bamberg, Germany

Malt is a cereal grain that has been made to germinate by soaking in water and then stopped from germinating further by drying with hot air, a process known as "malting".[1][2][3][4] Malted grain is used to make beer, whisky, malted milk, malt vinegar, confections such as Maltesers and Whoppers, flavored drinks such as Horlicks, Ovaltine, and Milo, and some baked goods, such as malt loaf, bagels, and Rich Tea biscuits. Malted grain that has been ground into a coarse meal is known as "sweet meal".[5][6]

Malting grain develops the enzymes (α-amylase, β-amylase) required for modifying the grains' starches into various types of sugar, including monosaccharide glucose, disaccharide maltose, trisaccharide maltotriose, and higher sugars called maltodextrines. It also develops other enzymes, such as proteases, that break down the proteins in the grain into forms that can be used by yeast. The point at which the malting process is stopped affects the starch-to-enzyme ratio, and partly converted starch becomes fermentable sugars.

Malt also contains small amounts of other sugars, such as sucrose and fructose, which are not products of starch modification, but which are already in the grain. Further conversion to fermentable sugars is achieved during the mashing process.

Malted barley

Various cereals are malted, though barley is the most common. A high-protein form of malted barley is often a label-listed ingredient in blended flours typically used in the manufacture of yeast bread and other baked goods.[7] The term "malt" refers to several products of the process: the grains to which this process has been applied, for example, malted barley; the sugar, heavy in maltose, derived from such grains, such as the baker's malt used in various breakfast cereals; single malt whisky, often called simply "single malt"; or a product based on malted milk, similar to a malted milkshake (i.e. "malts").

History and traditional usage

Samanu decorated with pistachio

Malted grains have probably been used as an ingredient of beer since ancient times, for example in Egypt (Ancient Egyptian cuisine), Sumer, and China.

In Persian countries, a sweet paste made entirely from germinated wheat is called samanū (Persian: سمنو‎) in Iran, samanak (Persian: سمنک‎) in Afghanistan, (Tajik: суманак); (Template:Lang-uz-Latn) or sümölök (Kyrgyz: сүмөлөк), which is prepared for Nowruz (Persian new year celebration) in a large pot (like a kazan). A plate or bowl of samanu is a traditional component of the Haft sin table symbolising affluence. Traditionally, women have a special party to prepare it during the night, and cook it from late in the evening until the daylight, singing related songs. In Tajikistan and Afghanistan, they sing: Samanak dar Jūsh u mā Kafcha zanēm – Dīgarān dar Khwāb u mā Dafcha zanēm[8][9] (meaning: "Samanak is boiling and we are stirring it, others are asleep and we are playing daf"). In modern times, making samanu can be a family gathering. It originally comes from the Great Persian Empire.[citation needed]

Mämmi, or Easter Porridge, is a traditional Finnish Lenten food. Cooked from rye malt and flour, mämmi has a great resemblance (in the recipe, color, and taste) to samanū. Today, this product is available in shops from February until Easter. A (nonrepresentative) survey in 2013 showed that almost no one cooks mämmi at home in modern-day Finland .[10]

Malting

Main page: Biology:Malting
Barley is spread out on the floor of a malthouse during a traditional malting process.

Malting is the process of converting barley or other cereal grains into malt for use in brewing, distilling, or foods, and takes place in a maltings, sometimes called a malthouse, or a malting floor. The cereal is spread out on the malting floor in a layer of 8 to 12 centimetres (3 to 4 1⁄2 inches) depth.[11]

Drying
The malting process starts with drying the grains to a moisture content below 14% and then storing for around six weeks to overcome seed dormancy.
Steeping
When ready, the grain is immersed or steeped in water two or three times for two or three days to allow the grain to absorb moisture and to start to sprout.
Germination
When the grain has a moisture content of around 46%, it is transferred to the malting or germination floor, where it is constantly turned over for about four to six days while it is air-dried.[12]
Pre-toasting
The grain at this point, called "green malt", is then dried and toasted in an oven (or kiln) to the desired color and specification.[13] Malts range in color from very pale through crystal and amber to chocolate or black malts.[14]
Smoking
The sprouted grain is then further dried and smoked by spreading it on a perforated wooden floor. Smoke coming from an oasting fireplace (via smoke channels) is then used to heat the wooden floor and the sprouted grains. The temperature is usually around 55 °C (131 °F).

A "maltings" is typically a long, single-storey building with a floor that slopes slightly from one end of the building to the other. Floor maltings began to be phased out in the 1940s in favor of "pneumatic plants", where large industrial fans are used to blow air through the germinating grain beds and to pass hot air through the malt being kilned. Like floor maltings, these pneumatic plants use batch processes, but of considerably greater size, typically 100-ton batches compared with 20-ton batches floor maltings.

(As of 2014), the largest malting operation in the world was Malteurop, which operates in 14 countries.[15]

Production

Barley is the most commonly malted grain, in part because of its high content of enzymes, though wheat, rye, oats, rice, and corn are also used.[16] Also very important is the retention of the grain's husk, even after threshing, unlike the bare seeds of threshed wheat or rye. This protects the growing acrospire (developing plant embryo) from damage during malting, which can easily lead to mold growth; it also allows the mash of converted grain to create a filter bed during lautering.

Malts

Diastatic and nondiastatic

As all grains sprout, natural enzymes within the grain break down the starch of which the grain is composed into simpler sugars, which taste sweet and are easier for yeast to use as food. Malt with active enzymes is called "diastatic malt". Malt with inactive enzymes is called "nondiastatic malt". The enzymes are deactivated by heating the malt.

Base and specialty

Malt is often divided into two categories by brewers: base malts and specialty malts.

Base malts have enough diastatic power to convert their own starch and usually, that of some amount of starch from unmalted grain, called adjuncts.

Specialty malts have little diastatic power, but provide flavor, color, or "body" (viscosity) to the finished beer. Specialty caramel or crystal malts have been subjected to heat treatment to convert their starches to sugars nonenzymatically.[citation needed] Within these categories is a variety of types distinguished largely by the kilning temperature.

Two-row and six-row

In addition, barley malts are distinguished by the two major cultivar types of barley used for malting, two-row, and six-row.[17][18]

Malt extract

Homebrewing malt extracts: liquid in a can (left) and spray-dried (right)
Barley malt syrup (LME) being slowly added to flour in a bagel recipe

Malt extract, also known as extract of malt, is a sweet, treacle-like substance used as a dietary supplement.[19] It was popular in the first half of the 20th century as a nutritional enhancer for the children of the British urban working class, whose diet was often deficient in vitamins and minerals. Children were given cod liver oil for the same reason, but it proved so unpalatable that it was combined with extract of malt to produce "Malt and Cod-Liver Oil."

The 1907 British Pharmaceutical Codex's instructions for making a nutritional extract of malt do not include a mashout at the end of extraction and include the use of lower mash temperatures than is typical with modern beer-brewing practices. The Codex indicates that diastatic activity is to be preserved by the use of temperatures not exceeding 55 °C (131 °F).

Malt extract production

Malt extract is frequently used in the brewing of beer. Its production begins by germinating barley grain in a process known as malting, immersing barley in water to encourage the grain to sprout, then drying it to halt the progress when the sprouting begins. The drying step stops the sprouting, but the enzymes remain active due to the low temperatures used in base malt production.[20] In one before-and-after comparison, malting decreased barley's extractable starch content by about 7% on a dry matter basis and turned that portion into various other carbohydrates.[21]

1897 Pabst Malt Extract ad

In the next step, brewers use a process called mashing to extract the sugars. Brewers warm cracked malt in temperature-modulated water, activating the enzymes,[22] which cleave more of the malt's remaining starch into various sugars, the largest percentage of which is maltose.[21] Modern beer-mashing practices typically include high enough temperatures at mash-out to deactivate remaining enzymes, thus it is no longer diastatic. The liquid produced from this, wort, is then concentrated by using heat or a vacuum procedure to evaporate water[19] from the mixture. The concentrated wort is called malt extract.

Malt extract types

Two forms of malt extract are used by brewers: liquid malt extract (LME), containing about 20% water, and dry malt extract (DME), dehydrated to 2% water. LME is a thick syrup that typically gives off more pleasant flavors than its counterpart, while DME provides better consistency in color. When using large amounts of extract, LME is typically used because its ability to dissolve in boiling temperatures, whereas DME can clump up and become difficult to liquefy. However, those in favor of DME, enjoy its longer shelf life.[23] LME is also sold in jars as a consumer product.

A new encapsulating technology permits the production of malt granules. This process dries and coats layers of wort such that flavoring substances within the original wort are not volatilized during storage or transport, further extending shelf life, and reducing dust during handling. This new process may allow for more centralized and standardized production of the extract than what would have been traditionally prepared at individual breweries.[24]

Research

Scientists aim to discover what happens inside barley grains as they become malted to help plant breeders produce better malting barley for food and beverage products. The United States Agricultural Research Service scientists are interested in specialized enzymes called serine-class proteases[25] that digest beta-amylases, which convert carbohydrates into "simple sugars" during the sprouting process.[26] The enzyme also breaks down stored proteins into their amino-acid derivatives. The balance of proteins and carbohydrates broken down by the enzyme affects the malt's flavor.

Enzyme-rich malt extract

Enzyme-rich malt extract (ERME) is a specialised form of barley malt extract (marketed by Ateria Health[27]), that has undergone preparation to activate the natural amylase and glucanase enzymes in the grain. Initially researched as an equine food supplement,[28][29] pilot studies using ERME as a human food supplement have suggested that it could potentially improve the symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) and chronic constipation,[30] due to the way it can break down carbohydrates in the small intestine that IBS has been found to hinder.[31] However further research is ongoing to fully prove this link.[32][33]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "How to brew manually by John Palmer". http://www.howtobrew.com/section1/chapter3.html. 
  2. ↑ "Quality Factors for Malting, Brewing and other End-uses". Oregon State University. http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/css/330/five/BarleyOverview.htm#BarleyMaltingQuality. 
  3. ↑ "What is malting?". http://www.howtobrew.com/section2/chapter12.html. 
  4. ↑ Kirk-Othmer Food and Feed Technology. New York: Wiley-Interscience. 2007. pp. 116–120. ISBN 978-0-470-17448-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=f--1V1ftgtsC&pg=PT116. Retrieved 7 July 2010. 
  5. ↑ Horace Kephart (1922). Our southern highlanders (eBook ed.). New York: The Macmillan Company. p. 134. https://archive.org/details/oursouthernhigh03kephgoog. Retrieved 10 April 2011. "The sprouted corn is then dried and ground into meal. This sweet meal is then made into a mush with boiling water, and is let stand two or three days." 
  6. ↑ Mills, Margaret H.; Claus, Peter J.; Diamond, Sarah (2003). South Asian folklore: an encyclopedia: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka. New York: Routledge. p. 5. ISBN 0-415-93919-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=ienxrTPHzzwC&pg=PA5. Retrieved 10 April 2011. "The grain's own conversion of stored starch to sugar while sprouting ('malting') results in a sweet meal, which is then cooked for hours with water, oil, and additional wheat flour." 
  7. ↑ Evers, A. D.; Kent, N. (1994). Technology of cereals: an introduction for students of food science and agriculture. New York: Pergamon Press. p. 181. ISBN 0-08-040834-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=wUwHtcqoP0YC&pg=PA181. Retrieved 7 July 2010. 
  8. ↑ "Nowruz in Afghanistan, BBC Persian" (in Persian). http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/afghanistan/story/2005/03/050319_v-afghanistan-nowrooz-cities.shtml. 
  9. ↑ "24 ساعت – نو روز باستانی در کشور عزیز ما افغانستان". http://www.24sahat.com/content/view/78/14/. 
  10. ↑ "How to tame your mämmi? Porridge and Potatoes
  11. ↑ "Malting – Whisky.com". http://www.whisky.com/information/knowledge/production/details/malting.html. 
  12. ↑ "UK Malt, the Maltsters' Association of Great Britain | How malt is made". http://www.ukmalt.com/how-malt-made. 
  13. ↑ "How Malt is Made". www.ukmalt.com. http://www.ukmalt.com/howmaltismade/maltmade.asp. 
  14. ↑ Michael Lewis; Tom W. Young (31 October 2002). Brewing. Springer, 2002. p. 204. ISBN 9780306472749. https://books.google.com/books?id=cr9Pv0gefCQC&q=pale+malt+chocolate+malt&pg=PA204. Retrieved 26 March 2011. 
  15. ↑ "Bad barley crop probably won't affect beer prices". Frederick News-Post. Associated Press. 4 January 2015. http://www.fredericknewspost.com/public/associated_press/bad-barley-crop-probably-won-t-affect-beer-prices/article_61aece21-88b7-5481-bbaf-3690ecbedbca.html. 
  16. ↑ "Wheat and Rye Malt Use in Brewing Beer.". www.beer-brewing.com. http://www.beer-brewing.com/beer-brewing/barley_malts/other_malted_grains.htm. 
  17. ↑ Goldhammer, Ted (2008), The Brewer's Handbook, 2nd ed., Apex, ISBN:0-9675212-3-8, p. 31 ff.
  18. ↑ "Two-Row vs Six-Row Barley". Zymurgy, 1 May 2013, American Homebrewers Association. Retrieved 7 October 2020
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 British pharmaceutical codex. Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. 1907. pp. 401–404. https://archive.org/details/b21687390. Retrieved 28 March 2011. "The extract is given to children and adults for its nutritive properties. ... Extract of malt is used as a vehicle for the administration of cod-liver oil (see Extractum Malti cum Oleo Morrhuae), ..." 
  20. ↑ Joseph La Villa (2010). The Wine, Beer, and Spirits Handbook: A Guide to Styles and Service. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. p. 347. ISBN 978-0-470-53757-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=LvKJKnP2LvgC&pg=PT347. Retrieved 30 March 2011. "The base malt in any brewing process is called pale malt. It is dried at around 122 °F (50 °C). Specialty malts are made either by heating the barley before it is dry or by roasting the dried malt." 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Stevens, Roger; Dennis E. Briggs; Chris Boulton; Brookes, Peter (2004). Brewing: science and practice. Cambridge: Woodhead. p. 123. ISBN 0-8493-2547-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=zV9bpyykNtMC&pg=PA123. Retrieved 29 March 2011.  See tables 4.15 & 4.16
  22. ↑ "How to Brew – By John Palmer – Mashing Defined". http://www.howtobrew.com/section3/chapter14-1.html. 
  23. ↑ "DME vs LME". https://www.urbanbrewers.com/DME-vs-LME_b_16.html. 
  24. ↑ "Patent EP1385931 Malt Granules". www.freepatentsonline.com. http://www.www.freepatentsonline.com/EP1385931.html. 
  25. ↑ "Like Malt? You'll Love This Malting Barley Research!". USDA Agricultural Research Service. 2 February 2010. http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/AR/archive/feb10/malt0210.htm. 
  26. ↑ "Secrets to Superb Malting Barleys Explored by ARS Researchers". USDA Agricultural Research Service. 3 February 2010. http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/pr/2010/100203.htm. 
  27. ↑ "Our Ingredient – Ateria Health Ltd". https://ateriahealth.com/our-ingredient/. 
  28. ↑ Hunter, JO (2009). "Do horses suffer from irritable bowel syndrome?". Equine Veterinary Journal 41 (9): 836–40. doi:10.2746/042516409X474284. PMID 20383978. https://equinectar.com/2009/01/do-horses-get-irritable-bowel-syndrome/. 
  29. ↑ Proudman, C. J.; Hunter, J. O.; Darby, A. C.; Escalona, E. E.; Batty, C.; Turner, C. (June 2014). "Characterisation of the faecal metabolome and microbiome of Thoroughbred racehorses" (in en). Equine Veterinary Journal 47 (5): 580–586. doi:10.1111/evj.12324. ISSN 0425-1644. PMID 25041526. https://beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/evj.12324. 
  30. ↑ Haworth, Jordan; Bloor, Sarah; Hobson, Anthony (June 2022). "P230 Open label pilot study: an enzyme-rich malt extract (ERME™) for the treatment of chronic constipation". BMJ (BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Society of Gastroenterology) 71 (Suppl 1): A153.1–A153. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2022-BSG.284. https://gut.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/gutjnl-2022-BSG.284. 
  31. ↑ King, TS; Elia, M; Hunter, JO (1998). "Abnormal colonic fermentation in irritable bowel syndrome". The Lancet 352 (9135): 1187–1189. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(98)02146-1. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 9777836. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(98)02146-1. 
  32. ↑ Cunningham, Andrew (in en). Can an enzyme-rich malt extract improve the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome? (Report). ISRCTN. doi:10.1186/isrctn14173715. https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN14173715. 
  33. ↑ Edith Cowan University, Perth (2021-04-06). "Does Enzyme Rich Malt Extract improve symptoms and quality of life for those with Irritable Bowel Syndrome?" (in en-AU). https://www.ecu.edu.au/schools/medical-and-health-sciences/our-research/school-research-areas/nutrition-and-dietetics/gut-health-and-microbiome/does-enzyme-rich-malt-extract-improve-symptoms-and-quality-of-life-for-those-with-irritable-bowel-syndrome. 

Further reading

  • D. E. Briggs, Malts and Malting, Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers (30 September 1998), ISBN:0-412-29800-7
  • Clark, Christine, The British Malting Industry Since 1830, Hambledon Continuum (1 July 1998), ISBN:1-85285-170-8

External links



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