Biology:Oxyaenidae
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Oxyaenidae ("sharp hyenas") is a family of extinct carnivorous placental mammals.[1] Traditionally classified in order Creodonta, this group is now classified in its own order Oxyaenodonta ("sharp tooth hyenas") within clade Pan-Carnivora in mirorder Ferae. The group contains four subfamilies comprising fourteen genera. Oxyaenids first appeared during the late Paleocene in North America, with smaller radiations of oxyaenids in Eurasia occurring during the Eocene.[2][3]
Etymology
The name of order Oxyaenodonta comes from grc ὀξύς (oxús) 'sharp', name of hyena genus Hyaena and from grc ὀδούς (odoús) 'tooth'.
The name of family Oxyaenidae comes from grc ὀξύς (oxús) 'sharp', name of hyena genus Hyaena and taxonomic suffix "-idae".[4]
Characteristics
They were superficially otter- or badger-like placental mammals that walked on flat feet, in contrast to most modern Carnivora, which walk and run on their toes. Though most genera were medium-sized by modern standards, they may have been the earliest group of large carnivorous mammals.[5][6] The largest known oxyaenid was Sarkastodon mongoliensis, which could have weighed 800 kg (1,800 lb). However, this may have been an overestimate.[7] All had two molars on each side of both the upper and lower jaw.[8] While many oxyaenids, such as Patriofelis, were hypercarnivores,[9] some such as Oxyaena were more omnivorous, with meat-based but varied diets similar to modern brown bears and racoons.[10] Of the four families:
- The Tytthaeninae were the earliest representatives of the group, generally smaller and with more unspecialized bodies and primitive features.[11]
- The Paleonictinae included intermediate-sized hypercarnivores and mixed feeders.[11]
- The Oxyaeninae included the largest genera, such as Sarkaskadon, Patriofelis, and Oxyaena. Some genera showed Hunter-Schrager bands on their molars, typical of bone-cracking. They were adapted for terrestrial locomotion and probably hunted or scavanged on forest floors.[9]
- The Macheroidinae were a small number of specialized hypercarnivores adapted for arboreal locomotion, with long slender bodies and strong grappling forelimbs[12] This group was the first saber-toothed mammals in the fossil record. A flange on the lower jaw partially protected their long, slender saber canine teeth. They ranged from civet- to leopard-sized, probably lived in the trees of closed-canopy forests, and ambushed prey larger than their bodies. Since most large herbivores at the time were terrestrial, it is likely they dropped from trees onto their prey.[13]
Overall, oxyaenids had long, flat heads, long bodies with short legs, large claws, and reinforced, inflexible lower spines. The forelimbs were strong and flexible, and could twist to embrace and grapple, like the forelimbs of cats and unlike those of dogs. These adaptations suggest that hunting Oxyaenids were solitary ambush predators that would capture larger prey.[5][12] Their extinction in the Eocene may be connected to the reduction of closed-canopy tropical jungles, which dominated the world in the hothouse of the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum. No modern carnivoran has an inflexible spine, which would reduce maneuverability and running speed in more open environments.[14]
Evolution
Oxyaenodonts were believed to have evolved in the middle Paleocene in North America with the oldest known oxyaenodont, Tytthaena, being found there.[15][16] Oxyaenodonts would disperse into Europe near the Paleocene-Eocene boundary via the De Geer route, however the timing of arrival in Asia is unknown.[15]
Classification and phylogeny
Taxonomy
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Phylogeny
Cladogram according to Gunnel in 1991:[17]
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Temporal distribution
Within clade Pan-Carnivora
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Within family Oxyaenidae
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See also
References
- ↑ Halliday, Thomas J. D.; Upchurch, Paul; Goswami, Anjali (2015). "Resolving the relationships of Paleocene placental mammals". Biological Reviews 92 (1): 521–550. doi:10.1111/brv.12242. ISSN 1464-7931. PMID 28075073. PMC 6849585. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1473028/1/Halliday_et_al-Biological_Reviews.pdf.
- ↑ Gunnel, Gregg F.; Gingerich, Philip D. (30 Sep 1991). "Systematics and evolution of late Paleocene and early Eocene Oxyaenidae (Mammalia, Creodonta) in the Clarks Fork Basin, Wyoming". Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology (The University of Michigan) 28 (7): 141–180. http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/48543/2/ID397.pdf. Retrieved 2010-01-03.
- ↑ F. Solé, E. Gheerbrant and M. Godinot (2011.) New Data on the Oxyaenidae from the Early Eocene of Europe; biostratigraphic, paleobiogeographic and paleoecologic implications Palaeontologia Electronica, Vol. 14, Issue 2; 13A: Pages 1-41
- ↑ Dixon, Dougal (2008). World Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Lorenz Books. ISBN 978-0754817307.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Kort, Anne E.; Ahrens, Heather; David Polly, P.; Morlo, Michael (2021-10-01). "Postcrania and paleobiology of Patriofelis ulta (Mammalia, Oxyaenodonta) of the Bridgerian (lower–middle Eocene) of North America". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 41 (6). doi:10.1080/02724634.2021.2045491. ISSN 0272-4634. Bibcode: 2021JVPal..41E5491K.
- ↑ Gebo, Daniel L.; Rose, Kenneeth D. (1993). "Skeletal Morphology and Locomotor Adaptation in Prolimnocyon atavus, an Early Eocene Hyaenodontid Creodont". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 13 (1): 125–144. doi:10.1080/02724634.1993.10011492. ISSN 0272-4634. Bibcode: 1993JVPal..13..125G. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4523490.
- ↑ Sorkin, B. (2008). "A biomechanical constraint on body mass in terrestrial mammalian predators". Lethaia 41 (4): 333–347. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2007.00091.x. Bibcode: 2008Letha..41..333S.
- ↑ Morlo, M.; Habersetzer, J. (1999). "The Hyaenodontidae (Creodonta, Mammalia) from the lower Middle Eocene (MP 11) of Messel (Germany) with special remarks on new x-ray methods.". Courier-Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg: 31–74. https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/45166626/The_Hyaenodontidae_Creodonta_Mammalia_20160428-3337-w72t8k-libre.pdf?1461847105=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DThe_Hyaenodontidae_Creodonta_Mammalia_fr.pdf&Expires=1766130609&Signature=gBnOmTnxoEngkpxhkQcYPFnYBVACIewnVPuigvKgX8XEFrvd3~Hc4K6QjKxfDcF3MitBXiAFRGqpG63Bdt~5meq~GvRPAsPdSHB6dlKtabqWEqzspgNVmmwDK2vO0--7os~U2BRqq8fSrOj7BFLAPWJazoWHcmo4OBkFyj3jCLAIZmFatnyJWpRsdaLglMlw9gc70gO2odr-Vm1jwvx96MDcP8rgpFXyEsxLCbrBIHHdsLUaBXpHtIGw4dhcT5nbjzClsew-pcIqa7n5Jhu8EZhtGE6yGnl8ZNEL1mj4x1Tzlqmci-nF8aj-CiRYhdGIPr0S1LnS4ddmcw9hqA5Gvg__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Kort, Anne E.; Ahrens, Heather; David Polly, P.; Morlo, Michael (2021-10-01). "Postcrania and paleobiology of Patriofelis ulta (Mammalia, Oxyaenodonta) of the Bridgerian (lower–middle Eocene) of North America". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 41 (6). doi:10.1080/02724634.2021.2045491. ISSN 0272-4634. Bibcode: 2021JVPal..41E5491K.
- ↑ Wesley-Hunt, Gina D. (2005). "The Morphological Diversification of Carnivores in North America". Paleobiology 31 (1): 35–55. doi:10.1666/0094-8373(2005)031<0035:TMDOCI>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0094-8373. Bibcode: 2005Pbio...31...35W. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4096983.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Floréal Solé, Emmanuel Gheerbrant and Marc Godinot. "New data on the Oxyaenidae from the Early Eocene of Europe; biostratigraphic, paleobiogeographic and paleoecologic implications". https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251231346.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Zack, Shawn P. (2019). "A skeleton of a Uintan machaeroidine 'creodont' and the phylogeny of carnivorous eutherian mammals". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 17 (8): 653–689. doi:10.1080/14772019.2018.1466374. Bibcode: 2019JSPal..17..653Z. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14772019.2018.1466374.
- ↑ Zack, Shawn P.; Poust, Ashley W.; Wagner, Hugh (2022). "Diegoaelurus, a new machaeroidine (Oxyaenidae) from the Santiago Formation (late Uintan) of southern California and the relationships of Machaeroidinae, the oldest group of sabertooth mammals". PeerJ 10. doi:10.7717/peerj.13032. ISSN 2167-8359. PMID 35310159.
- ↑ "The Paleoecology of Patriofelis ulta and Implications for Oxyaenid Extinction - ProQuest" (in en). https://www.proquest.com/openview/3c8bc11b503c44089de040aa3040e28c/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Solé, Floréal & Smith, Thierry (2013). "Dispersals of placental carnivorous mammals (Carnivoramorpha, Oxyaenodonta & Hyaenodontida) near the Paleocene-Eocene boundary: a climatic and almost worldwide story" Geologica Belgica 16/4: 254–261
- ↑ P. D. Gingerich. (1980.) "Tytthaena parrisi, Oldest Known Oxyaenid (Mammalia, Creodonta) from the Late Paleocene of Western North America." Journal of Paleontology 54(3):570-576
- ↑ Gunnel, Gregg F.; Gingerich, Philip D. (1991). "Systematics and evolution of late Paleocene and early Eocene Oxyaenidae (Mammalia, Creodonta) in the Clarks Fork Basin, Wyoming". Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology (The University of Michigan) 28 (7): 141–180. http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/48543/2/ID397.pdf.
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Further reading
- David Lambert and the Diagram Group. The Field Guide to Prehistoric Life. New York: Facts on File Publications, 1985. Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
Template:Pan-Carnivora Wikidata ☰ Q135474 entry
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