Biology:Ferae

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Short description: A clade of mammals consisting of Carnivores and Pholidotes

Ferae
Temporal range: 79.47–0 Ma
late Cretaceous to present[1]
Ferae.png
Scientific classification e
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Grandorder: Ferungulata
Mirorder: Ferae
Linnaeus, 1758[2]
Subgroups
[see classification]
Synonyms

Ferae (/ˈfɪəriː/ FEER-ee, Latin: [ˈfɛrae̯], "wild beasts") is a mirorder of placental mammals[9][10] from grandorder Ferungulata, that groups together clades Pan-Carnivora, which includes modern carnivorans, and Pholidotamorpha, which includes pangolins.

General characteristics

In mirorder Ferae

The common feature for members of this mirorder is ossified tentorium cerebelli and the fusion of the scaphoid and lunate bones in the wrist.[11][12]

forefoot of Vulpavus profectus
forefoot of
Thinocyon medius
forefoot of Patriofelis ferox

In clade Pan-Carnivora

The common feature for members of clade Pan-Carnivora is the presence of the carnassial teeth. This feature allows distinguishing the Carnivoramorpha, Oxyaenodonta and Hyaenodonta from the other carnivorous placental mammals.[11] However, these mammals are distinguished between them self based on the position of the carnassial teeth and the number of molars. The carnassial teeth of the Carnivoramorpha are located in P4 and m1, in Oxyaenodonta are M1 and m2, and in Hyaenodonta are M2 and m3. This appears to be a case of a possible evolutionary convergent adaptation toward similar diet.[11]

Comparison of carnassial teeth of a carnivoran (wolf), a hyaenodontid (Hyaenodon) and an oxyaenid (Oxyaena)
lower jaws of Wyolestes dioctes
lower jaw of Simidectes medius

Classification and phylogeny

Sister groups to Ferae and position of pangolins and creodonts

According to recent studies (reflected in the diagram below), the closest living relatives of Ferae are members of mirorder Euungulata (group of mammals which includes order Perissodactyla and Artiodactyla).[13][14]

An alternate phylogeny holds that the closest relatives to the Ferae are the Perissodactyla and Chiroptera (bats), not Artiodactyla.[15] Ferae together with Perissodactyla has been called Zooamata. Ferae, Perissodactyla, and Chiroptera together has been called Pegasoferae. Subsequent molecular studies have generally failed to support the proposal.[16][17][18][19][20]

Pangolins were long thought to be the closest relatives of aardvark and xenarthrans (armadillos, anteaters, and sloths), forming to the now obsolete order Edentata. Research based on immunodiffusion technique[21] and comparison of protein and DNA sequences[22][23][24] revealed the close relationships between pangolins and carnivorans, with whom they also share a few unusual derived morphological and anatomical traits, such as the ossified tentorium cerebelli and the fusion of the scaphoid and lunate bones in the wrist. The last common ancestor of extant Ferae is supposed to have diversified c. 79.47 million years ago.[1]

While there has been strong support in the inclusion of order Creodonta into Ferae, they were usually recovered as sister taxon to Carnivora.[9] The Halliday et al. (2015) phylogenetic analysis of hundreds of morphological characters of Paleocene placentals found instead that creodonts might be the sister group to Pholidotamorpha (pangolins and their stem-relatives).[25] However, recent studies have shown that Creodonta is an invalid polyphyletic taxon. Members of this group are part of clade Pan-Carnivora and sister taxa to Carnivoramorpha (carnivorans and their stem-relatives). They are split in two groups: order Oxyaenodonta on one side and order Hyaenodonta plus its stem-relatives (family Wyolestidae and genera Altacreodus, Simidectes and Tinerhodon) on the other.[26][27][28][29][30]

Taxonomy

Traditional classification: Revised classification:
  • Clade: Ferae (Linnaeus, 1758)
    • Order: Carnivora (Bowdich, 1821) (carnivorans)
    • Order: Cimolesta (McKenna, 1975)
      [a group with pangolins as its members at that time]
    • Order: †Creodonta (Cope, 1875) (false carnivorans)
  • Mirorder: Ferae (Linnaeus, 1758)
    • Clade: Pan-Carnivora (Flynn, Wyss & Wolsan, 2020)[31]
      • Clade: Carnivoramorpha (Wyss & Flynn, 1993) (carnivorans and stem-relatives)
      • Order: †Hyaenodonta (Van Valen, 1967)
      • Order: †Oxyaenodonta (Van Valen, 1971)
      • Family: †Wyolestidae (Gingerich, 1981)
      • Genus: †Simidectes (Stock, 1933)
      • (unranked): †Altacreodus/Tinerhodon clade
        • Genus: †Altacreodus (Fox, 2015)
        • Genus: †Tinerhodon (Gheerbrant, 1995)
    • Clade: Pholidotamorpha (Gaudin, 2009)

Alternative classification and possible fossil members

In Halliday et al. (2015) various enigmatic Palaeocene mammals have been proposed to be possible members to Ferae, like members of orders Pantodonta and Taeniodonta, and families Didelphodontidae, Nyctitheriidae, Oxyclaenidae, Palaeoryctidae, Pantolestidae, Pentacodontidae, Periptychidae and Triisodontidae.[25] In addition various "hoofed mammals" like the mesonychians and arctocyonids (usually considered as a stem-artiodactyls[32]) also placed in this group. Mesonychians are placed as the sister group to carnivoramorphs, while arctocyonids are polyphyletic with Arctocyon and Loxolophus sister to pantodonts and periptychids, Goniacodon and Eoconodon sister to the Carnivoramorpha-Mesonychia clade, most other genera allied with creodonts and palaeoryctidans.[25] This enlarged Ferae was also found to be the sister group to Chiroptera,[25] even though recent studies dispute this classification.[33][34]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Sean P. Heighton, Rémi Allio, Jérôme Murienne, Jordi Salmona, Hao Meng, Céline Scornavacca, Armanda D. S. Bastos, Flobert Njiokou, Darren W. Pietersen, Marie-Ka Tilak, Shu-Jin Luo, Frédéric Delsuc, Philippe Gaubert (2023.) "Pangolin genomes offer key insights and resources for the world’s most trafficked wild mammals"
  2. ↑ "'Ferae' – The Linnean Collections". http://linnean-online.org/159439/. 
  3. ↑ Haeckel, Ernst (1866.) "Generelle Morphologie der Organismen." Berlin: Georg Reimer.
  4. ↑ Haeckel, Ernst (1895) (in de). Systematische Phylogenie: Wirbelthiere. T.3. Berlin: G. Reimer. https://archive.org/details/systematischephy03haec/page/601. 
  5. ↑ Zagorodniuk, I. (2008.) "Scientific names of mammal orders: from descriptive to uniform" Visnyk of Lviv University, Biology series, Is. 48. P. 33-43
  6. ↑ Kalandadze, N. N. and S. A. Rautian (1992.) "Systema mlekopitayushchikh i istorygeskaya zoogeographei [The system of mammals and historical zoogeography]." Sbornik Trudov Zoologicheskogo Muzeya Moskovskogo Goschdarstvennoro Universiteta 29:44–152.
  7. ↑ Edward Newman (1843.) "The Zoologist: a monthly journal of natural history. (Vol. 1)", London, J. Van Voorst
  8. ↑ Amrine-madsen, H.; Koepfli, K.P.; Wayne, R.K.; Springer, M.S. (2003). "A new phylogenetic marker, apolipoprotein B, provides compelling evidence for eutherian relationships". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 28 (2): 225–240. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00118-0. PMID 12878460. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 McKenna, M. C. (1975). "Toward a phylogenetic classification of the Mammalia". in Luckett, W. P.; Szalay, F. S.. Phylogeny of the Primates. New York: Plenum. pp. 21–46. 
  10. ↑ Malcolm C. McKenna, Susan K. Bell: Classification of Mammals: Above the Species Level in Columbia University Press, New York (1997), 631 Seiten. Template:Page
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Floréal Solé & Thierry Smith (2013.) "Dispersals of placental carnivorous mammals (Carnivoramorpha, Oxyaenodonta & Hyaenodontida) near the Paleocene-Eocene boundary: a climatic and almost worldwide story" Geologica Belgica 16/4: 254–261
  12. ↑ Gaudin, Timothy J.; Gaubert, Philippe; Billet, Guillaume; Hautier, Lionel; Ferreira-Cardoso, Sérgio; Wible, John R. (2020-01-01), Challender, Daniel W. S.; Nash, Helen C.; Waterman, Carly, eds., "Chapter 1 – Evolution and morphology" (in en), Pangolins, Biodiversity of World: Conservation from Genes to Landscapes (Academic Press): pp. 5–23, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815507-3.00001-0, ISBN 978-0-12-815507-3, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128155073000010, retrieved 2020-02-26 
  13. ↑ Beck, Robin MD; Bininda-Emonds, Olaf RP; Cardillo, Marcel; Liu, Fu-Guo; Purvis, Andy (13 November 2006). "A higher-level MRP supertree of placental mammals". BMC Evolutionary Biology 6 (1): 93. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-6-93. PMID 17101039. 
  14. ↑ Zhou, X. (2011). "Phylogenomic analysis resolves the interordinal relationships and rapid diversification of the Laurasiatherian mammals". Systematic Biology 61 (1): 150–64. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syr089. PMID 21900649.  (Advance Access; published online 7 September 2011)
  15. ↑ Nishihara, H.; Hasegawa, M; Okada, N (2006). "Pegasoferae, an unexpected mammalian clade revealed by tracking ancient retroposon insertions". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103 (26): 9929–34. doi:10.1073/pnas.0603797103. PMID 16785431. Bibcode: 2006PNAS..103.9929N. 
  16. ↑ Matthee, Conrad A.; Eick, Geeta; Willows-Munro, Sandi; Montgelard, Claudine; Pardini, Amanda T.; Robinson, Terence J. (2007). "Indel evolution of mammalian introns and the utility of non-coding nuclear markers in eutherian phylogenetics". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 42 (3): 827–837. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.10.002. PMID 17101283. 
  17. ↑ Springer, M.S.; Burk-Herrick, A.; Meredith, R.; Eizirik, E.; Teeling, E.; O'Brien, S.J.; Murphy, W.J. (2007). "The adequacy of morphology for reconstructing the early history of placental mammals". Systematic Biology 56 (4): 673–684. doi:10.1080/10635150701491149. PMID 17661234. https://archive.org/details/sim_systematic-biology_2007-08_56_4/page/673. 
  18. ↑ Kitazoe, Yasuhiro; Kishino, Hirohisa; Waddell, Peter J.; Nakajima, Noriaki; Okabayashi, Takahisa; Watabe, Teruaki; Okuhara, Yoshiyasu (2007). Hahn, Matthew. ed. "Robust Time Estimation Reconciles Views of the Antiquity of Placental Mammals". PLOS ONE 2 (4): e384. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000384. PMID 17440620. Bibcode: 2007PLoSO...2..384K. 
  19. ↑ Zhou, Xuming; Xu, Shixia; Xu, Junxiao; Chen, Bingyao; Zhou, Kaiya; Yang, Guang (2011). "Phylogenomic Analysis Resolves the Interordinal Relationships and Rapid Diversification of the Laurasiatherian Mammals". Systematic Biology 61 (1): 150–164. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syr089. PMID 21900649. 
  20. ↑ Tsagkogeorga, G; Parker, J; Stupka, E; Cotton, JA; Rossiter, SJ (2013). "Phylogenomic analyses elucidate the evolutionary relationships of bats (Chiroptera)". Current Biology 23 (22): 2262–2267. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.09.014. PMID 24184098. 
  21. ↑ Shoshani, J. (1986-05-01). "Mammalian phylogeny: comparison of morphological and molecular results." (in en). Molecular Biology and Evolution 3 (3): 222–242. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040389. ISSN 0737-4038. PMID 3127652. https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/3/3/222/982658. 
  22. ↑ Shoshani, Jeheskel; Goodman, Morris; Czelusniak, John; Braunitzer, Gerhard (1985). "A Phylogeny of Rodentia and Other Eutherian Orders: Parsimony Analysis Utilizing Amino Acid Sequences of Alpha and Beta Hemoglobin Chains". in Luckett, W. Patrick; Hartenberger, Jean-Louis (in en). Evolutionary Relationships among Rodents. NATO Advanced Science Institutes (ASI) Series. Boston, MA: Springer US. pp. 191–210. doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-0539-0_7. ISBN 978-1-4899-0539-0. 
  23. ↑ Madsen, Ole; Scally, Mark; Douady, Christophe J.; Kao, Diana J.; DeBry, Ronald W.; Adkins, Ronald; Amrine, Heather M.; Stanhope, Michael J. et al. (2001). "Parallel adaptive radiations in two major clades of placental mammals" (in en). Nature 409 (6820): 610–614. doi:10.1038/35054544. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 11214318. Bibcode: 2001Natur.409..610M. https://www.nature.com/articles/35054544. 
  24. ↑ Murphy, William J.; Eizirik, Eduardo et al. (2001-12-14). "Resolution of the Early Placental Mammal Radiation Using Bayesian Phylogenetics". Science 294 (5550): 2348–2351. doi:10.1126/science.1067179. PMID 11743200. Bibcode: 2001Sci...294.2348M. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 Halliday, Thomas J. D.; Upchurch, Paul; Goswami, Anjali (2015). "Resolving the relationships of Paleocene placental mammals". Biological Reviews 92 (1): 521–550. doi:10.1111/brv.12242. ISSN 1464-7931. PMID 28075073. PMC 6849585. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1473028/1/Halliday_et_al-Biological_Reviews.pdf. 
  26. ↑ Borths, Matthew R; Stevens, Nancy J (2017). "Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)". Palaeontologia Electronica 20 (3): 55A. doi:10.26879/776. http://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2017/2056-deciduous-hyaenodont-teeth. 
  27. ↑ Solé, Floréal; Ladevèze, Sandrine (2017). "Evolution of the hypercarnivorous dentition in mammals (Metatheria,Eutheria) and its bearing on the development of tribosphenic molars". Evolution & Development 19 (2): 56–68. doi:10.1111/ede.12219. PMID 28181377. 
  28. ↑ Prevosti, F. J., & Forasiepi, A. M. (2018). "Introduction. Evolution of South American Mammalian Predators During the Cenozoic: Paleobiogeographic and Paleoenvironmental Contingencies"
  29. ↑ Matthew R. Borths; Nancy J. Stevens (2019). "Simbakubwa kutokaafrika, gen. et sp. nov. (Hyainailourinae, Hyaenodonta, 'Creodonta,' Mammalia), a gigantic carnivore from the earliest Miocene of Kenya". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 39 (1): e1570222. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1570222. Bibcode: 2019JVPal..39E0222B. https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/8009951. 
  30. ↑ Floréal Solé; Bernard Marandat; Fabrice Lihoreau (2020). "The hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the French locality of Aumelas (Hérault), with possible new representatives from the late Ypresian". Geodiversitas 42 (13): 185–214. doi:10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a13. http://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/en/periodiques/geodiversitas/42/13. 
  31. ↑ J. J. Flynn, A. R. Wyss and M. Wolsan (2020.) "Pan-Carnivora, new clade name" In book: Phylonyms (pp.979–982)
  32. ↑ Smith, De Bast (2013). "Reassessment of the Small 'Arctocyonid' Prolatidens waudruae from the Early Paleocene of Belgium, and Its Phylogenetic Relationships with Ungulate-Like Mammals". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 33 (4): 964–976. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.747531. 
  33. ↑ Frank Zachos (2020.) "Mammalian Phylogenetics: A Short Overview of Recent Advances", In book: "Mammals of Europe – Past, Present, and Future" (pp.31–48)
  34. ↑ Xue Lv, Jingyang Hu, Yiwen Hu, Yitian Li, Dongming Xu, Oliver A. Ryder, David M. Irwin, Li Yu (2021.) "Diverse phylogenomic datasets uncover a concordant scenario of laurasiatherian interordinal relationships", Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Volume 157

Wikidata ☰ Q20868 entry



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