Biology:Penstemon fruticosus
| Penstemon fruticosus | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Plantaginaceae |
| Genus: | Penstemon |
| Species: | P. fruticosus
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| Binomial name | |
| Penstemon fruticosus (Pursh) Greene
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| Varieties[1] | |
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Penstemon fruticosus, the bush penstemon or shrubby penstemon, is a species of penstemon native to the Pacific Northwest of North America.
Description
Penstemon fruticosus is a semi-evergreen shrub or subshrub, a plant that is partly woody especially towards its base, that usually takes the form of a spreading tuft. Its stems may be 13 to 40 centimeters (5 to 16 in) tall.[2] Usually several stems will grow directly upwards or outward a short distance before curving to grow upwards from a branched, woody caudex at the base of the plant. The stems may be glabrous or puberulent, hairless or covered in minute, stiff hairs.[3]
Each stem will have two to six pairs of leaves attached on opposite sides with those towards the end clearly smaller than ones towards the base.[2] The leaves are normally smooth and glossy and those on stems without flowers are usually better developed than ones on flowering stems.[3] Leaf length ranges from 0.5 to 6 centimeters, though ordinarily less than 5 cm (2 in). Their width is 3 to 12 millimeters.[2] They may be lanceolate, oblanceolate, or elliptic; shaped like a spear head, reversed, or with sides like two ellipses. The end of the leaf may be narrow or bluntly pointed, seldom the leaf vein extends out into an extended mucronate tip.[3]
The inflorescences have few flowers all facing one direction away from the stem.[3] Each flowering stem will have two to seven groups of flowers with a pair of cymes each with one flower. As the base of each group there will be a pair of lanceolate bracts, 4–16 mm long. The flowers have fused petals in a funnel shape 2.8–4.8 cm in length.[2] The color of the flowers is variously described as pale lavender, pale blue-violet, blue-lavender, or light purplish.[4][5] The outside of the flower is hairless, but the top interior of the tube is covered in white hairs. The staminode does not reach out of the flower opening and is sparsely to densely covered in yellow hairs.[6]
Taxonomy
The species was scientifically described and named Gerardia fruticosa in 1813 by the botanist Frederick Traugott Pursh. In 1892 it was moved to the current name of Penstemon fruticosus by Edward Lee Greene.[1]
Varieties
Penstemon fruticosus has three accepted varieties:[1]
Penstemon fruticosus var. fruticosus
This is the autonymic variety of the species.[7] It is the most widespread of the three varieties.[8]
Penstemon fruticosus var. scouleri
In 1829 David Douglas described a species he named Penstemon scouleri. It was reclassified as a variety of this species in 1959 by Arthur Cronquist.[9]
Penstemon fruticosus var. serratus
The botanist David D. Keck described a subspecies he named Penstemon fruticosus subsp. serratus. It also was changed to be a variety by Cronquist in 1951.[10]
Synonyms
It also has 17 synonyms of the species or one of its varieties.[1][7][9][10]
| Name | Year | Rank | Synonym of: | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Apentostera secundiflora Raf. | 1837 | species | var. fruticosus | = het. |
| Chelone scouleri Douglas ex Lindl. | 1829 | species | var. scouleri | = het. pro syn. |
| Dasanthera fruticosa (Pursh) Raf. | 1837 | species | P. fruticosus | ≡ hom. |
| Gerardia fruticosa Pursh | 1813 | species | P. fruticosus | ≡ hom. |
| Penstemon crassifolius Lindl. | 1838 | species | var. fruticosus | = het. |
| Penstemon fruticosus subsp. scouleri (Douglas) Pennell & D.D.Keck | 1951 | subspecies | var. scouleri | ≡ hom. |
| Penstemon fruticosus subsp. serratus D.D.Keck | 1951 | subspecies | var. serratus | ≡ hom. |
| Penstemon fruticosus var. crassifolius (Lindl.) Krautter | 1908 | variety | var. fruticosus | = het. |
| Penstemon lewisii Benth. | 1846 | species | var. fruticosus | = het. |
| Penstemon menziesii Hook. | 1838 | species | P. fruticosus | ≡ hom. nom. superfl. |
| Penstemon menziesii var. crassifolius (Lindl.) Schelle | 1903 | variety | var. fruticosus | = het. |
| Penstemon menziesii var. lewisii (Benth.) A.Gray | 1862 | variety | var. fruticosus | = het. |
| Penstemon menziesii var. peduncularis (Nutt. ex Benth.) Schelle | 1903 | variety | var. fruticosus | = het. |
| Penstemon menziesii var. scouleri (Douglas) A.Gray | 1862 | variety | var. scouleri | ≡ hom. |
| Penstemon menziesii f. scouleri (Douglas) Voss | 1894 | form | var. scouleri | ≡ hom. |
| Penstemon peduncularis Nutt. ex Benth. | 1846 | species | var. fruticosus | = het. |
| Penstemon scouleri Douglas | 1829 | species | var. scouleri | ≡ hom. |
| Notes: ≡ homotypic synonym; = heterotypic synonym | ||||
Names
In English it is known by the common names of shrubby penstemon or bush penstemon.[3] It is also occasionally known as desert penstemon.[11]
Range and habitat
The species is native to the Pacific Northwest of North America from Oregon to British Columbia, and east to the Rocky Mountains of Wyoming, Montana, and Alberta.[12] In Canada it grows in southwestern Alberta and the interior of British Columbia.[2] In the Rocky Mountains it grows in Idaho and Montana, but only reaches as far south as Park County, Wyoming in the state's northwestern corner. In Washington and Oregon it is found in many areas from the eastern side to the Cascades.[12] It grows at elevations of up to 3,000 meters (9,800 ft).[8]
It grows on cliffs, rock outcrops, gravelly slopes, in forest openings, and along roadcuts.[13] It is associated with sagebrush and with juniper woodlands.[6]
Conservation
Shrubby penstemon was evaluated by NatureServe in 2016 and rated as secure (G5). They also rated it as secure (S5) in British Columbia and as apparently secure (S4) in Montana. In Alberta and Wyoming they rated it as vulnerable (S3), but have not evaluated it in Idaho, Washington, or Oregon.[14]
See also
Citations
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 POWO 2024a.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Freeman 2020a.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Cronquist et al. 1972, p. 384.
- ↑ Giblin n.d.
- ↑ TWC Staff 2023.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Cronquist et al. 1972, p. 385.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 POWO 2024b.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Freeman 2020b.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 POWO 2024c.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 POWO 2024d.
- ↑ McDougall & Baggley 1956, p. 135.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 NRCS 2024.
- ↑ Freeman 2020c.
- ↑ NatureServe 2024.
References
Books
- Cronquist, Arthur; Holmgren, Arthur H.; Holmgren, Noel H.; Reveal, James L.; Holmgren, Patricia K. (1984) (in en). Intermountain Flora : Vascular Plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A.. 4. Subclass Asteridae (except Asteraceae) (First ed.). Bronx, New York: New York Botanical Garden. pp. 384–385. ISBN 978-0-231-04120-1. OCLC 320442. https://archive.org/details/intermountainflo0000unse/page/384. Retrieved 7 December 2024.
- McDougall, W. B.; Baggley, Herma A. (1956). Plants of Yellowstone National Park (Second ed.). Yellowstone Park, Wyoming: Yellowstone Library and Museum Association. OCLC 4126718. https://archive.org/details/bwb_Y0-BAN-532. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
Web sources
- Freeman, Craig C. (29 July 2020). "Penstemon fruticosus" (in en). p. 88. http://dev.floranorthamerica.org/Penstemon_fruticosus.
- Freeman, Craig C. (29 July 2020). "Penstemon fruticosus var fruticosus" (in en). p. 89. http://dev.floranorthamerica.org/Penstemon_fruticosus_var._fruticosus.
- Freeman, Craig C. (29 July 2020). "Penstemon fruticosus var scouleri" (in en). p. 89. http://dev.floranorthamerica.org/Penstemon_fruticosus_var._scouleri.
- Giblin, David (n.d.). "Penstemon fruticosus" (in en). University of Washington Herbarium. http://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection.php?Genus=Penstemon&Species=fruticosus.
- NatureServe (1 November 2024). "Penstemon fruticosus" (in en). Arlington, Virginia. https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.144463/.
- Template:Cite usda plants
- TWC Staff (22 February 2023). "Penstemon fruticosus (Bush Penstemon)" (in en). University of Texas at Austin. https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=PEFR3.
- "Penstemon fruticosus (Pursh) Greene" (in en). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/187405-2.
- "Penstemon fruticosus var. fruticosus" (in en). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/77226459-1.
- "Penstemon fruticosus var. scouleri (Douglas) Cronquist" (in en). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/187410-2.
- "Penstemon fruticosus var. serratus (D.D.Keck) Cronquist" (in en). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/187412-2.
External links
Wikidata ☰ Q15352492 entry
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