Biology:Potto

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Short description: Arboreal primate of west-central Africa

Potto[1]
PottoCincyZoo.jpg
Scientific classification e
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Strepsirrhini
Family: Lorisidae
Subfamily: Perodicticinae
Genus: Perodicticus
Bennett, 1831
Type species
Lemur potto
Müller, 1766
Species

Perodicticus edwardsi
Perodicticus ibeanus
Perodicticus potto

Perodicticus potto distribution.svg
Geographic range of all three species

The pottos are three species of strepsirrhine primate in the genus Perodicticus of the family Lorisidae. In some English-speaking parts of Africa, they are called "softly-softlys".[2]

Etymology

The common name "potto" may be from Wolof pata (a tailless monkey).[3]

The generic name Perodicticus is composed of Greek πηρός (pērós, ‘maimed’) and δεικτικός (deiktikós, "able to show/indicate", cf. δείκτης, deíktēs, ‘index finger’). It refers to the stubby index finger that seems mutilated.[4][5]

Taxonomy

There are three species recognized by the IUCN Red List and American Society of Mammalogists:[1][6][7]

Genus Perodicticus – Bennett, 1831 – three species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Central African potto

Brown potto

P. edwarsi
Bouvier, 1879 		Central Africa Size: 30–37 cm (12–15 in) long, plus 3–7 cm (1–3 in) tail[8]

Habitat: Forest[9]

Diet: Gum, insects, snails and fruit[9] 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[9]

East African potto

Brown potto

P. ibeanus
Thomas, 1910

Two subspecies
  • P. i. ibeanus (Eastern potto)
  • P. i. stockleyi (Mount Kenya potto)
East central Africa Size: 29–37 cm (11–15 in) long, plus 4–10 cm (2–4 in) tail[8]

Habitat: Forest[10]

Diet: Fruit, gum, nectar, and invertebrates, as well as moss, frogs, and eggs[10] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[10]

West African potto

Brown potto

P. potto
(Müller, 1766) 		Western equatorial Africa Size: 30–39 cm (12–15 in) long, plus 3–10 cm (1–4 in) tail[11]

Habitat: Forest[12]

Diet: Fruit, arthropods, insects, and eggs, as well as small vertebrates[11] 		 NT 


Unknown Population declining[12]

Formerly, all species were classified under one species, P. potto. However, variation among pottos is significant, prompting speculation that there may be more than one species. A 2015 study confirmed there to be three distinct potto species with deep genetic divergence dating to the Miocene for all three species.[13]

A few closely related species also have "potto" in their names: the two golden potto species (also known as angwantibos) and the false potto. Although it has been suggested that the differences that separate the false potto from the West African potto are a result of an anomalous specimen being used as the holotype which may have been a West African potto.[14]

The Central and South American kinkajou (Potos flavus) and olingos (Bassaricyon sp.) are similar in appearance and behavior to African pottos, and were formerly classified with them (hence Potos). Olingos and kinkajous are now known to be members of the raccoon family.[15][16][17]

Description

Potto hand[18]

The potto grows to a length of 30 to 39 cm, with a short (3 to 10 cm) tail, and its weight varies from 600 to 1,600 grams (21 to 56 oz).[19] The close, woolly fur is grey-brown. The index finger is vestigial, although it has opposable thumbs with which it grasps branches firmly. Like other strepsirrhines the potto has a moist nose, toothcomb, and a toilet claw on the second toe of the hind legs. In the hands and feet, fingers three and four are connected to each other by a slight skin fold, while toes three through five are joined at their bases by a skin web that extends to near the proximal third of the toes.[20]

The neck has four to six low tubercles or growths that cover its elongated vertebrae which have sharp points and nearly pierce the skin; these are used as defensive weapons.[21] Both males and females have large scent glands under the tail (in females, the swelling created by the glands is known as a pseudo-scrotum), which they use to mark their territories and to reinforce pair bonds.[22] The potto has a distinct odor that some observers have likened to curry.[19]

Distribution and habitat

Pottos inhabit the canopy of rain forests in tropical Africa: from Nigeria, Guinea to Kenya and Uganda into the north of the Democratic Republic of Congo.[23] They are nocturnal and arboreal, sleeping during the day in the leaves and almost never descending from the trees.[22]

Behaviour and ecology

Potto gripping branches

Pottos move slowly and carefully, always gripping a branch with at least two limbs. They are also quiet and avoid predators using cryptic movement. The most common call is a high-pitched "tsic", which is used mainly between mother and offspring.[21]

Studies of stomach contents have shown the potto diet consists of about 65% fruit, 21% tree gums and 10% insects.[21] Pottos have also occasionally been known to catch bats and small birds.[22] Their strong jaws enable it to eat fruits and lumps of dried gum that are too tough for other tree-dwellers. The insects they eat tend to have a strong smell and are generally not eaten by other animals.[19]

Pottos have large territories which they mark with urine and glandular secretions. Same-sex intruders are vehemently guarded against, and each male's territory generally overlaps with that of two or more females. Females have been known to donate part of their territories to their daughters, but sons leave their mother's territory upon maturity.[19]

As part of their courting rituals, pottos often meet for bouts of mutual grooming. This is frequently performed while they hang upside down from a branch. Grooming consists of licking, combing fur with the grooming claw and teeth, and anointing with the scent glands. Pottos mate face-to-face while hanging upside down from a branch.[19][24]

After a gestation period of about 193–205 days, the female gives birth, typically to a single young, but twins are known to occur. The young first are clasped to the belly of the mother, but later she carries them on her back. She can also hide her young in the leaves while searching for food. After about six months, they are weaned, and are fully mature after about 18 months.[19]

Predators and defences

Perodicticus potto skeleton

Pottos have relatively few predators, because large mammalian carnivores cannot climb to the treetops where they live, and the birds of prey in this part of Africa are diurnal.[21] Pottos living near villages face some predation from humans, who hunt them as bushmeat; the West African potto is thought to be threatened due to this.[25][26] They are sometimes preyed upon by African palm civets, although African palm civets are largely frugivorous.[19]

If threatened, the potto will hide its face and neck-butt its opponent, making use of its unusual vertebrae. It can also deliver a powerful bite. Its saliva contains compounds that cause the wound to become inflamed.[19]

The highest recorded life span for a potto in captivity is 26 years.[27]

Cognition and social behaviour

In a study of strepsirrhine cognition conducted in 1964, pottos were seen to explore and manipulate unfamiliar objects, but only when those objects were baited with food. They were found to be more curious than lorises and lesser bushbabies, but less so than lemurs.[28] Ursula Cowgill, a biologist at Yale University who looked after six captive pottos for several decades, noticed they appeared to form altruistic relationships. The captive pottos were seen to spend time with a sick companion and to save food for an absent one. However, there is no confirmation this behaviour occurs in the wild.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Groves, C.P. (2005). Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M.. eds. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 123. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494. http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp. 
  2. ↑ "Potto (primate)". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2013. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/472935/potto. 
  3. ↑ "Potto". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/potto. 
  4. ↑ Whitney, William Dwight (1890). The Century Dictionary. Century Co.. p. 4409. https://books.google.com/books?id=JXNPAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA4409. "NL. (Bennett), < Gr. πηρός, maimed, + δεικτικός, serving to point out (with ref. to the index-finger): see deictic." 
  5. ↑ Palmer, Theodore Sherman (1904). Index Generum Mammalium. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 525. https://books.google.com/books?id=WdnPAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA525. "so called from the rudimentary index finger." 
  6. ↑ Butynski, T. M.; De Jong, Y. A. (2007). "Distribution of the potto Perodicticus potto (Primates: Lorisidae) in eastern Africa, with a description of a new subspecies from Mount Kenya". Journal of East African Natural History 96 (2): 113–147. doi:10.2982/0012-8317(2007)96[113:DOTPPP2.0.CO;2]. 
  7. ↑ Database, Mammal Diversity (2021-11-06), Mammal Diversity Database, doi:10.5281/zenodo.5651212, https://zenodo.org/record/5651212, retrieved 2021-11-08 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Kingdon et al., p. 399
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Svensson, M.; Pimley, E. (2019). "Perodicticus edwardsi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T136852A91996061. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T136852A91996061.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/136852/91996061. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 de Jong, Y. A.; Butynski, T. M.; Perkin, A.; Svensson, M.; Pimley, E. (2019). "Perodicticus ibeanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T136875A91996195. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T136875A91996195.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/136875/91996195. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 McCann, Kristen (2009). "Perodicticus potto". University of Michigan. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Perodicticus_potto/. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Svensson, M.; Oates, J. F.; Pimley, E.; Gonedelé Bi, S. (2020). "Perodicticus potto". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T91995408A92248699. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T91995408A92248699.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/91995408/92248699. 
  13. ↑ Pozzi, Luca; Nekaris, K. Anne-Isola; Perkin, Andrew; Bearder, Simon K.; Pimley, Elizabeth R.; Schulze, Helga; Streicher, Ulrike; Nadler, Tilo et al. (2015). "Remarkable ancient divergences amongst neglected lorisiform primates" (in en). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 175 (3): 661–674. doi:10.1111/zoj.12286. ISSN 1096-3642. PMID 26900177. 
  14. ↑ Stump, D.P. (2005). Taxonomy of the genus Perodicticus (PhD thesis). University of Pittsburgh. p. 199.
  15. ↑ Helgen, K. M.; Pinto, M.; Kays, R.; Helgen, L.; Tsuchiya, M.; Quinn, A.; Wilson, D.; Maldonado, J. (2013-08-15). "Taxonomic revision of the olingos (Bassaricyon), with description of a new species, the Olinguito". ZooKeys (324): 1–83. doi:10.3897/zookeys.324.5827. PMID 24003317. 
  16. ↑ K.-P. Koepfli; M. E. Gompper; E. Eizirik; C.-C. Ho; L. Linden; J. E. Maldonado; R. K. Wayne (2007). "Phylogeny of the Procyonidae (Mammalia: Carvnivora): Molecules, morphology and the Great American Interchange". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 43 (3): 1076–1095. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.10.003. PMID 17174109. 
  17. ↑ Eizirik, E.; Murphy, W. J.; Koepfli, K.-P.; Johnson, W. E.; Dragoo, J. W.; Wayne, R. K.; O’Brien, S. J. (2010-02-04). "Pattern and timing of diversification of the mammalian order Carnivora inferred from multiple nuclear gene sequences". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 56 (1): 49–63. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.033. PMID 20138220. 
  18. ↑ Mivart 1871
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 19.6 19.7 McCann, K. (2009). "Perodicticus potto". in Dewey, T.; Rasmussen, P.. Animal Diversity Web. http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Perodicticus_potto/. 
  20. ↑ Ankel-Simons, F. (2000). "Hands and Feet". Primate anatomy: an introduction. Academic Press. p. 340. ISBN 0-12-058670-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=5fttVRAHA4MC&pg=PA340. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 Estes, R. D. (1991). The Behavior Guide to African Mammals. University of California Press. pp. 458–464. https://archive.org/details/isbn_0520080858. "potto." 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Flannery, S. (2007). "Potto (Perodicticus potto)". The Primata. http://www.theprimata.com/perodicticus_potto.html. 
  23. ↑ Svensson, M., Oates, J.F., Pimley, E. & Gonedelé Bi, S. (2020). "Perodicticus potto". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T91995408A92248699. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/91995408/92248699. Retrieved 10 July 2020. 
  24. ↑ Pimley, E., ed (2010-10-12). "Perodicticus potto". ARKive. http://www.arkive.org/potto/perodicticus-potto/. 
  25. ↑ Hunting for Sustainability in Tropical Forests, edited by John Robinson and Elizabeth Bennett (Columbia University Press]], 1999)
  26. ↑ Oates, John; University), Magdalena Svensson (Oxford Brookes; University), Sery Gonedelé Bi (Felix Houphouet Boigny; Pimley, Elizabeth (2020-01-20). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Perodicticus potto". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. https://www.iucnredlist.org/en. 
  27. ↑ Cowgill, U. M.; States, S. J.; States, K. J. (1985). "The Longevity of a Colony of Captive Nocturnal Prosimians (Perodicticus potto)". Laboratory Primate Newsletter. http://www.brown.edu/Research/Primate/lpn24-1.html#potto. 
  28. ↑ Cowgill, U. M. (1964). "Visiting in Perodicticus". Science 146 (3648): 1183–1184. doi:10.1126/science.146.3648.1183. PMID 17832247. Bibcode: 1964Sci...146.1183C. 

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External links

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