Biology:Pevonedistat
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| Formula | C21H25N5O4S |
| Molar mass | 443.52 g·mol−1 |
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Pevonedistat (MLN4924) is a selective NEDD8 inhibitor.[1] It is being investigated as a cancer treatment, e.g. for mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).[1]
Target of pevonedistat
NEDD8-activating enzyme (NAE) is a heterodimeric molecule consisting of amyloid beta precursor protein-binding protein 1 (APPBP1) and ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 3 (UBA3).[2] As reviewed by Xu et al., in a first step NAE binds ATP and NEDD8 and catalyzes the formation of a NEDD8-AMP intermediate. This intermediate binds the adenylation domain of NAE. NEDD8-AMP reacts with the catalytic cysteine in UBA3 during which NEDD8 is transferred to the catalytic cysteine, resulting in a high energy thioester linkage. NAE then binds ATP and NEDD8 to generate a second NEDD8-AMP, forming a fully loaded NAE carrying two activated NEDD8 molecules (i.e., one as a thioester and the other as an adenylate).[2]
Pevonedistat is an AMP mimetic. Pevonedistat forms a stable covalent adduct with NEDD8 in the NAE catalytic pocket of UBA3 by reacting with thioester-linked NEDD8 bound to the enzyme's catalytic cysteine. Unlike the labile NEDD8-AMP intermediate, the NEDD8-pevonedistat adduct cannot be utilized in subsequent reactions necessary for NAE activity.[2]
Mechanism of action
"Inhibition of NAE prevents activation of cullin-RING ligases (CRLs), which are critical for proteasome-mediated protein degradation."[3] MLN4924 has been shown to disrupt CRL-mediated protein turnover leading to apoptosis in cancer cells by deregulating S-phase DNA synthesis.[4] Essentially, it encourages apoptosis in dividing cells.
In addition to proteasome-mediated protein degradation, activated NEDD8 is needed for at least two pathways of DNA repair:nucleotide excision repair (NER) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) (see NEDD8).
One or more DNA repair genes in seven DNA repair pathways are frequently epigenetically silenced in cancers (see e.g. DNA repair pathways).[5]) This is a likely source of genome instability in cancers. If activation of NEDD8 is inhibited by pevonedistat, cells will then have an additional induced deficiency of NER or NHEJ. Such cells may then die because of deficient DNA repair leading to accumulation of DNA damages. The effect of NEDD8 inhibition may be greater for cancer cells than for normal cells if the cancer cells are already deficient in DNA repair due to prior epigenetic silencing of DNA repair genes active in alternative pathways (see synthetic lethality).
Clinical trials
In a phase 1 trial to determine dosing in patients with AML and myelodysplastic syndromes "modest clinical activity was observed".[6]
More recently, in 2016, pevonedistat demonstrated a significant therapeutic effect in three further Phase I clinical cancer trials. These include pevonedistat trials against relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma or lymphoma,[7] metastatic melanoma,[8] and advanced solid tumors.[9]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Pevonedistat, a NEDD8-activating enzyme inhibitor, is active in mantle cell lymphoma and enhances rituximab activity in vivo". Blood 127 (9): 1128–1137. March 2016. doi:10.1182/blood-2015-04-640920. PMID 26675347.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "Mutations in UBA3 confer resistance to the NEDD8-activating enzyme inhibitor MLN4924 in human leukemic cells". PLOS ONE 9 (4): e93530. 2014. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0093530. PMID 24691136. Bibcode: 2014PLoSO...993530X.
Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license.
- ↑ "The NAE inhibitor pevonedistat (MLN4924) synergizes with TNF-α to activate apoptosis". Cell Death Discovery 1: 15034. 2015. doi:10.1038/cddiscovery.2015.34. PMID 27551465.
- ↑ "An inhibitor of NEDD8-activating enzyme as a new approach to treat cancer". Nature 458 (7239): 732–736. April 2009. doi:10.1038/nature07884. PMID 19360080. Bibcode: 2009Natur.458..732S.
- ↑ "DNA Methyltransferases, DNA Damage Repair, and Cancer". Epigenetic Alterations in Oncogenesis. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 754. 2013. pp. 3–29. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-9967-2_1. ISBN 978-1-4419-9966-5.
- ↑ "Pevonedistat (MLN4924), a First-in-Class NEDD8-activating enzyme inhibitor, in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia and myelodysplastic syndromes: a phase 1 study". British Journal of Haematology 169 (4): 534–543. May 2015. doi:10.1111/bjh.13323. PMID 25733005.
- ↑ "Phase I Study of the Novel Investigational NEDD8-Activating Enzyme Inhibitor Pevonedistat (MLN4924) in Patients with Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma or Lymphoma". Clinical Cancer Research 22 (1): 34–43. January 2016. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-15-1237. PMID 26561559.
- ↑ "A phase I study of the investigational NEDD8-activating enzyme inhibitor pevonedistat (TAK-924/MLN4924) in patients with metastatic melanoma". Investigational New Drugs 34 (4): 439–449. August 2016. doi:10.1007/s10637-016-0348-5. PMID 27056178.
- ↑ "Phase I Study of the Investigational NEDD8-Activating Enzyme Inhibitor Pevonedistat (TAK-924/MLN4924) in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors". Clinical Cancer Research 22 (4): 847–857. February 2016. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-15-1338. PMID 26423795.
Further reading
- "Targeting NEDD8-activated cullin-RING ligases for the treatment of cancer". Clinical Cancer Research 15 (12): 3912–3916. June 2009. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-0343. PMID 19509147.
External links
- Pevonedistat structure and formula
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