Biology:Phyllanthus emblica

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Short description: Berry and plant

Phyllanthus emblica
Phyllanthus officinalis.jpg
Plant
Phyllanthus emblica - whole and cross section.jpg
Fruit, whole and halved
Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Phyllanthaceae
Genus: Phyllanthus
Species:
P. emblica
Binomial name
Phyllanthus emblica
Synonyms[3][4]
  • Cicca emblica (L.) Kurz
  • Diasperus emblica (L.) Kuntze
  • Dichelactina nodicaulis Hance
  • Emblica arborea Raf.
  • Emblica officinalis Gaertn.
  • Phyllanthus glomeratus Roxb. ex Wall. nom. inval.
  • Phyllanthus mairei H.Lév.
  • Phyllanthus mimosifolius Salisb.
  • Phyllanthus taxifolius D.Don

Phyllanthus emblica, also known as emblic,[2][5] emblic myrobalan,[2] myrobalan,[5] Indian gooseberry,[2][5] Malacca tree,[5] or amla,[5] from the Sanskrit आमलकी (āmalakī), is a deciduous tree of the family Phyllanthaceae. Its native range is tropical and southern Asia.[4]

Description

The tree is small to medium in size, reaching 1–8 metres (3 1⁄2–26 feet) in height. The bark is mottled. The branchlets are finely pubescent (not glabrous), 10–20 centimetres (4–8 inches) long, usually deciduous. The leaves are simple, subsessile and closely set along branchlets, light green, resembling pinnate leaves. The flowers are greenish–yellow. The fruit is nearly spherical, light greenish–yellow, quite smooth and hard on appearance, with six vertical stripes or furrows. The fruit is up to 26 millimetres (1 in) in diameter, and, while the fruit of wild plants weigh approximately 5.5 grams (0.2 ounces), cultivated fruits average 28.4 g (1 oz) to 56 g (2 oz).[6]

  • Trunk and main branches

  • Leaves

  • Budding and flowers

  • Fruits

  • Fruit size comparison

  • Seed close-up

Chemical constituents

The fruits contain high amounts of ascorbic acid (vitamin C),[7] and have a bitter taste that may derive from a high density of ellagitannins,[8] such as emblicanin A (37%), emblicanin B (33%), punigluconin (12%), and pedunculagin (14%).[9] Amla also contains punicafolin and phyllanemblinin A, phyllanemblin other polyphenols, such as flavonoids, kaempferol, ellagic acid, and gallic acid.[8][10]

Uses

Ripening in autumn, the berries are harvested by hand after climbing to upper branches bearing the fruits. The taste of Indian emblic is sour, bitter and astringent, and it is quite fibrous.

Culinary

The amla fruit may be eaten raw or cooked, and in South Asia, the fruit is often pickled with salt, oil, and spices. It is used as an ingredient in dishes including dal (a lentil preparation), and is also made into amle ka murabbah, a sweet dish made by soaking the berries in sugar syrup until they are candied. It is traditionally consumed after meals.[citation needed]

In the Batak area of Sumatra, Indonesia, the inner bark is used to impart an astringent, bitter taste to the broth of a traditional fish soup known as holat.[11]

  • Indian gooseberry pickle

  • Amla juice

Traditional medicine

In Ayurveda, dried and fresh fruits of the plant are used as a common constituent.[8][12]

In culture

In the Buddhist tradition there are many references to the fruit of the emblic myrobalan. In the Śatapañcāśatka, Buddha's knowledge is described in a poetic simile: "O Bhagavan, the entire origination of all types of phenomena throughout time is within the range of your mind, like an ambalan fruit in the palm of your hand".[13]

Half an amla fruit was the final gift to the Buddhist sangha by the great Indian emperor Ashoka. This is illustrated in the Ashokavadana in the following verses: "A great donor, the lord of men, the eminent Maurya Ashoka, has gone from being lord of Jambudvipa [the continent] to being lord of half a myrobalan".[14] In Theravada Buddhism, this plant is said to have been used as the tree for achieving enlightenment, or Bodhi, by the twenty first Buddha, named Phussa Buddha.[15]

  • Amalaka at the top of the Lingaraj temple in Bhubaneswar

  • Hand of a standing Buddha statue holding a myrobalan

  • Amala in Bhopal Madhya Pradesh

See also

References

  1. ↑ Roland, C. (2020). "Phyllanthus emblica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T149444430A149548926. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T149444430A149548926.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/149444430/149548926. Retrieved 19 November 2021. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 {{citation | mode = cs1 | title = Phyllanthus emblica | work = Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) | url = | publisher = [[Organization:Agricultural Research ServAgricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) | access-date = 2008-03-06 }}
  3. ↑ "Phyllanthus emblica L.". World Flora Consortium. 2023. http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000270932. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Phyllanthus emblica L." (in en). Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew. http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:353838-1. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Lim, T.K. (2012). "Phyllanthus emblica". Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants. Springer Netherlands. pp. 258–296. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4053-2_37. ISBN 9789400740525. https://archive.org/details/ediblemedicinaln00limt_997. 
  6. ↑ Huxley. A. The New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. 1992. MacMillan Press 1992 ISBN 0-333-47494-5
  7. ↑ "Antioxidant and micronutrient potential of common fruits available in the Indian subcontinent". Int J Food Sci Nutr 58 (5): 341–9. Aug 2007. doi:10.1080/09637480701243905. PMID 17558726. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Dharmananda S (September 2003). "Emblic myrobalans (Amla)". Institute of Traditional Medicine. http://www.itmonline.org/arts/amla.htm. 
  9. ↑ Bhattacharya, A.; Chatterjee, A.; Ghosal, S.; Bhattacharya, S. K. (1999). "Antioxidant activity of active tannoid principles of Emblica officinalis (amla)". Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 37 (7): 676–680. PMID 10522157. 
  10. ↑ Habib-ur-Rehman et al. (Jul 2007). "Studies on the chemical constituents of Phyllanthus emblica". Nat. Prod. Res. 21 (9): 775–81. doi:10.1080/14786410601124664. PMID 17763100. 
  11. ↑ de Clercq, F. S. A. (1909). Nieuw Plantkundig Woordenboek voor Nederlandsch Indië. Amsterdam: J. H. de Bussy. p. 303. https://archive.org/details/nieuwplantkundig00cler. 
  12. ↑ Indian Ministry of Health and Family Planning. The Ayurvedic Formulary of India. Part I. 1st ed. Delhi, 1978.
  13. ↑ Chen, K. (1952). The Śatapañcāśatka of Mātrceta: Sanskrit Text, Tibetan translation and commentary, and Chinese translation. Edited by D. R. Shackleton Bailey, with an introduction, English translation and notes. Cambridge: The University Press, 1951. xi, 237 p. The Far Eastern Quarterly, 11(3), 408–410. doi:10.2307/2049590.
  14. ↑ Strong, J. S. (1983) The Legend of King Ashoka. New York: Princeton University Press. p. 99.
  15. ↑ Buddha: His Life, His Teachings, His Order: Together with the History of the Buddhism, Manmatha Nath Dutt, Society for the resuscitation of Indian literature, 1901, p. 3

External links

Wikidata ☰ Q310050 entry



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