Biology:Planorbarius corneus
| Planorbarius corneus | |
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| A live individual of Planorbarius corneus, carrying the shell with the umbilicus uppermost | |
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| A shell of Planorbarius corneus | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Heterobranchia |
| Superorder: | Hygrophila |
| Family: | Planorbidae |
| Genus: | Planorbarius |
| Species: | P. corneus
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| Binomial name | |
| Planorbarius corneus | |
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| Synonyms | |
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Planorbarius corneus, common name the great ramshorn, is a relatively large species of air-breathing freshwater snail, an aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Planorbidae, the ram's horn snails, or planorbids, which all have sinistral or left-coiling shells.[3]
The shell of this species appears to be dextral in coiling, even though it is in fact sinistral or left-handed.
Distribution
Planorbarius corneus is distributed from western Europe, through central Europe and into the Caucasus, north into Siberia and south into the Middle East. In western Europe, it has been recorded in Belgium, France and the British Isles (including Britain, Ireland, the Isle of Man, Guernsey and Jersey). It is not found in Spain, but it has been recorded on some Spanish and Portuguese Atlantic islands, including Madeira, the Azores, the Canary Islands. In the Nordic countries, it has been recorded in Denmark, Finland, Sweden and Norway. Its range extends through central Europe (including Austria, Germany, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Lichtenstein, Switzerland and the Czech Republic) into southern Europe (where it has been recorded in Greece and Italy) and eastern Europe and the Caucasus (including Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Montenegro, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia and Ukraine). The species is also found in western Asia, having been recorded in Kazakhstan, Iran, western regions of Russia, Turkey, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.[1]
Additionally, as the species is sometimes sold in the aquarium trade, it is also found outside of its main range in small ponds where they have been released or placed.[1]
Description
All species within family Planorbidae have sinistral shells.
Planorbarius corneus is the largest European species of ramshorn snail (family Planorbidae), with a shell typically measuring 35 millimetres (1.4 in) across when fully-grown.[4]
Together with a Lymnaea stagnalis snail.
Eggs, not more than one day old, together with several feeding adults. The clutch is 12 millimeters long. Also, a snail's mouth with its radula can be seen clearly.
The same eggs, two days later. Snail fetuses are visible.
Young specimen, about 3 millimeters long.
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Habitat
This large planorbid is found in water which is still, or only moving slowly, where there is a good growth of many different kinds of pond weeds, and where there are high levels of calcium dissolved in the water.[5]
P. corneus under high temperatures has been studied by Kartavykh & Podkovkin (2002).[6]
Reproduction
Reproduction in spring and autumn at water temperatures above 15 °C, eggs (diameter 1.2-1.7 mm) are laid in mostly elongate capsules of 8–15 mm width, each strain containing 12-40 eggs, fixed to aquatic plants, embryos are reddish with transparent shells, juveniles hatch after 14–16 days, life span up to 3 years. Self-fertilization is possible, one single released animal can establish a stable population, but only 5% of the juveniles in self-fertilized eggs will hatch.[7]
Parasites
This species of snail functions as a host for several parasite species:
- First intermediate host for Prosthogonimus ovatus[8]
- First intermediate host for Apatemon gracilis[9]
- First and as second intermediate host for Hypoderaeum conoideum[10]
- Intermediate host for Syngamus trachea[11]
- Intermediate host for Typhlocoelum sisowi[12]
As aquarium pets
P. corneus are available from commercial breeders, and they are easy to keep, as they do not need a minimum aquarium size, do not need heating, and likewise, the tank usually does not need to be oxygenated – though it helps to supply the microorganisms that process snail manure and food leftovers. They are said to only feed on living plants when other food sources (like algae and plant detritus) have become rare. They need calcium-rich water, so depending on the water source, they need additional calcium from cuttlebones or ground egg shells. The snails can be fed with any fish food, and vegetables like spinach leaves, green lettuce leaves and zucchini slices. In case of leafy or vegetable food, leftovers should be quickly removed in order to keep ammonium and nitrate levels low. Depending on the locale, a water conditioner is needed to remove copper, chlorine and other harmful ions from the water.
Both the European-Asian P. corneus and the smaller, North-American Planorbella duryi are known as "Ramshorn snails" in the aquarium trade and can be kept the same way, yet the adult Planorbella ones are significantly smaller, and their shells are smooth, shining and not striated.[13]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Seddon, M.B.; Van Damme, D. (2011). "Planorbarius corneus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011: e.T156083A4889234. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T156083A4889234.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/156083/4889234. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ↑ Linnaeus C. (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. 10th edition. - Vermes. Testacea: 700–781. Holmiae. (Salvius).
- ↑ Marshall, B. (2014). Planorbarius corneus (Linnaeus, 1758). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=819958 on 2014-11-06
- ↑ György, Krisky (2013). Freshwater Invertebrates in Central Europe: A Field Guide. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 78. ISBN 9783709115473.
- ↑ Janus, Horst, 1965. ‘’The young specialist looks at land and freshwater molluscs’’, Burke, London
- ↑ (in Russian) Kartavykh T. N. & Podkovkin V. G. (2002) "[Influence of high temperature of environment upon cholinesterase activity in Gastropoda Planorbis corneus]". 152–157. PDF.
- ↑ "AnimalBase :: Planorbarius corneus species homepage". http://www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de/zooweb/servlet/AnimalBase/home/species?id=1195.
- ↑ Prosthogonimus ovatus (Parasite Species Summary)
- ↑ "Apatemon gracilis (Parasite Species Summary)". http://wildlife1.wildlifeinformation.org/S/0zAPlat_Trematod/Stri_Stri_Apatemon/Apatemon_gracilis.htm.
- ↑ "Hypoderaeum conoideum (Parasite Species Summary)". http://wildlife1.wildlifeinformation.org/S/0zAPlat_Trematod/Echi_Echi_Hypoderaeum/Hypoderaeum_conoideum.htm.
- ↑ Syngamus trachea (Parasite Species Summary)
- ↑ Typhlocoelum sisowi (Parasite Species Summary)
- ↑ "Ramshorn Snails – Detailed Guide: Care, Diet and Breeding". https://aquariumbreeder.com/ramshorn-snails-detailed-guide-care-diet-and-breeding/.
- Spencer, H.G., Marshall, B.A. & Willan, R.C. (2009). Checklist of New Zealand living Mollusca. pp 196–219 in Gordon, D.P. (ed.) New Zealand inventory of biodiversity. Volume one. Kingdom Animalia: Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Deuterostomia. Canterbury University Press, Christchurch.
External links
- Planorbarius corneus at Animalbase taxonomy, short description, distribution, biology, status (threats) and images
- Planorbarius corneus images at Consortium for the Barcode of Life
Wikidata ☰ Q598612 entry
Further reading
Minchin, D. 2021. Records of the cryptogenic Great Ramshorn Snail (Planorbarius corneus (Linnaeus)) from the Shannon Navigation. Irish Naturalists' Journal 37: Part 2 pp 81 - 84.
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