Biology:Pseudicius dentatus
| Pseudicius dentatus | |
|---|---|
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| An example of the related species Pseudicius kulczynskii | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Salticidae |
| Subfamily: | Salticinae |
| Genus: | Pseudicius |
| Species: | P. dentatus
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| Binomial name | |
| Pseudicius dentatus Wesołowska & Haddad, 2013
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Pseudicius dentatus is a species of jumping spider in the genus Pseudicius that is endemic to South Africa. The spider was first defined in 2013 by Wanda Wesołowska and Charles Haddad. The spider is small, with an oval carapace between 1.7 and 2.0 mm (0.067 and 0.079 in) long and an abdomen between 1.7 and 2.9 mm (0.067 and 0.114 in) long. The female is larger than the male. The abdomen has a pattern of white spots in pairs. The female has two pockets lining the sides of the epigastric furrow in the epigyne. The male has a broader embolus than the otherwise similar Psenuc dependens. It can also be distinguished by its serrated palpal bulb that is recalled in its species name, which can be translated toothed.
Taxonomy
Pseudicius dentatus is a jumping spider that was first described by the Polish arachnologist Wanda Wesołowska and Charles Haddad in 2013.[1] They allocated the species to the genus Pseudicius, first raised by Eugène Simon in 1885.[2] The genus name is related to two Greek words that can be translated false and honest.[3] The genus was provisionally placed alongside Icius that, despite looking superficially similar, has a different etymology.[4][5] Indeed, Ekaterina Andreeva, Stefania Hęciak and Jerzy Prószyński looked to combine the genera in 1984.[6] The two genera have similar spermathecal structure but work by Wayne Maddison in 1987 demonstrated that they have very different DNA.[5] The two genera were placed in the tribe Heliophaninae alongside Afraflacilla and Marchena.The tribe is ubiquitous across most continents of the world.[7] Maddison renamed the tribe Chrysillini in 2015.[8] The tribe is a member of the clade Saltafresia within the subfamily Salticoida.[9] A year later, in 2016, Jerzy Prószyński allocated the genus to the Pseudiciines group of genera, which was named after the genus.[10] Marchena is a member of the group, while Icius is not. They have flattened and elongated body and a characteristic colour pattern.[11] The species is named for a Latin word meaning toothed.[12]
Description
Pseudicius dentatus is a small spider with a slender body. The male has a carapace that is between 1.7 and 1.8 mm (0.067 and 0.071 in) long and between 1.1 and 1.2 mm (0.043 and 0.047 in) wide. The carapace is oval and chocolate brown with a black marking to the edges and a streak formed of white hairs on its side. It has black rings with long, brown bristles around its eyes. The clypeus is very low and covered with white hairs. The chelicerae has a single large tooth to the back. The spider has a dark brown labium and sternum. The elongated abdomen is between 1.7 and 2.1 mm (0.067 and 0.083 in) long and between 1.0 and 1.2 mm (0.039 and 0.047 in) wide. It has a pattern of eight white patches in pairs on its greyish brown topside and a greyish underside. The spinnerets are dark and the legs are yellow with brown spines and hairs. The foremost legs are longer and more robust. The pedipalps are brown with a dense covering of long dark hairs. The tibia are short. The spider has a long embolus and the tip of the cymbium curves around the small and oval palpal bulb. The bulb has a distinctive serrated feature reminiscent of teeth, as reflected in the name.[13]
The female is similar to the male. The carapace is slightly lighter, measuring between 1.7 and 2.0 mm (0.067 and 0.079 in) long and between 1.1 and 1.4 mm (0.043 and 0.055 in) wide. The abdomen has a more distinctive pattern with larger spots on the topside and a covering of grey hairs. It is also larger, between 2.3 and 2.9 mm (0.091 and 0.114 in) long and between 1.3 and 1.5 mm (0.051 and 0.059 in) wide. The legs and other features are similar to the male. The spider has an elongated epigyne with a large deep central depression and two pockets lining the sides of the epigastric furrow.[13]
The species is similar to Psenuc dependens. The male can be distinguished by its broader embolus and its serrated palpal bulb.[12] The female has pockets on its epigyne, which the other species lacks, and gonopores in its epigastric furrow.[13]
Distribution
Pseudicius spiders can be found across Afro-Eurasia and the Eastern hemisphere.[14] Pseudicius dentatus is endemic to South Africa.[1] The holotype was found in the Ophathe Nature Reserve in KwaZulu-Natal during 2008. Other examples have been found in the Kruger National Park and Ndumo Game Reserve.[15]
References
Citations
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 World Spider Catalog (2017). "Pseudicius dentatus Wesolowska & Hadded, 2013". Natural History Museum. https://wsc.nmbe.ch/species/32223/Pseudicius_dentatus.
- ↑ Wesołowska & Haddad 2013, p. 213.
- ↑ Fernández-Rubio 2013, p. 129.
- ↑ Fernández-Rubio 2013, p. 127.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Maddison, Bodner & Needham 2008, p. 56.
- ↑ Andreeva, Hęciak & Prószyński 1984, p. 349.
- ↑ Maddison & Hedin 2003, p. 541.
- ↑ Maddison 2015, pp. 247, 252.
- ↑ Maddison 2015, p. 278.
- ↑ Prószyński 2017, p. 36.
- ↑ Prószyński 2017, p. 42.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Wesołowska & Haddad 2013, p. 214.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Wesołowska & Haddad 2013, p. 215.
- ↑ Haddad & Wesołowska 2011, p. 109.
- ↑ Wesołowska & Haddad 2013, p. 216.
Bibliography
- Andreeva, Ekaterina M.; Hęciak, Stefania; Prószyński, Jerzy (1984). "Remarks on Icius and Pseudicius (Araneae, Salticidae) mainly from Central Asia". Annales Zoologici, Warszawa 37 (13): 349–376.
- Fernández-Rubio, Fidel (2013). "La etimología de los nombres de las arañas (Araneae)" (in ES). Revista ibérica de Aracnología (22): 125–130. ISSN 1576-9518.
- Haddad, Charles R.; Wesołowska, Wanda (2011). "New species and new records of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) from central South Africa". African Invertebrates 52 (1): 51–134. doi:10.5733/afin.052.0105. Bibcode: 2011AfrIn..52...51H.
- Maddison, Wayne P. (2015). "A phylogenetic classification of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)". The Journal of Arachnology 43 (3): 231–292. doi:10.1636/arac-43-03-231-292.
- Maddison, Wayne P.; Bodner, Melissa R.; Needham, Karen M. (2008). "Salticid spider phylogeny revisited, with the discovery of a large Australasian clade (Araneae: Salticidae)". Zootaxa 1893: 49–64. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1893.1.3.
- Maddison, Wayne P.; Hedin, Marshal C. (2003). "Jumping spider phylogeny (Araneae: Salticidae)". Invertebrate Systematics 17 (4): 529–549. doi:10.1071/IS02044.
- Prószyński, Jerzy (2017). "Pragmatic classification of the World's Salticidae (Araneae)". Ecologica Montenegrina 12: 1–133. doi:10.37828/em.2017.12.1.
- Wesołowska, Wanda; Haddad, Charles R. (2013). "New data on the jumping spiders of South Africa (Araneae: Salticidae)". African Invertebrates 54 (1): 177–240. doi:10.5733/afin.054.0111.
Wikidata ☰ Q27504997 entry
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