Biology:Reagent
In chemistry, a reagent (/riˈeɪdʒənt/ ree-AY-jənt) or analytical reagent is a substance or compound added to a system to cause a chemical reaction, or test if one occurs.[1] The terms reactant and reagent are often used interchangeably, but reactant specifies a substance consumed in the course of a chemical reaction.[1] Solvents, though involved in the reaction mechanism, are usually not called reactants. Similarly, catalysts are not consumed by the reaction, so they are not reactants. In biochemistry, especially in connection with enzyme-catalyzed reactions, the reactants are commonly called substrates.
Definitions
Organic chemistry
In organic chemistry, the term "reagent" denotes a chemical ingredient (a compound or mixture, typically of inorganic or small organic molecules) introduced to cause the desired transformation of an organic substance. Examples include the Collins reagent, Fenton's reagent, and Grignard reagents.
Analytical chemistry
In analytical chemistry, a reagent is a compound or mixture used to detect the presence or absence of another substance, e.g. by a color change, or to measure the concentration of a substance, e.g. by colorimetry. Examples include Fehling's reagent, Millon's reagent, and Tollens' reagent.
Commercial or laboratory preparations
In commercial or laboratory preparations, reagent-grade designates chemical substances meeting standards of purity that ensure the scientific precision and reliability of chemical analysis, chemical reactions or physical testing. Purity standards for reagents are set by organizations such as ASTM International or the American Chemical Society. For instance, reagent-quality water must have very low levels of impurities such as sodium and chloride ions, silica, and bacteria, as well as a very high electrical resistivity. Laboratory products which are less pure, but still useful and economical for undemanding work, may be designated as technical, practical, or crude grade to distinguish them from reagent versions.
Biology
In the field of biology, the biotechnology revolution in the 1980s grew from the development of reagents that could be used to identify and manipulate the chemical matter in and on cells.[2][3] These reagents included antibodies (polyclonal and monoclonal), oligomers, all sorts of model organisms and immortalised cell lines, reagents and methods for molecular cloning and DNA replication, and many others.[3][4]
Tool compounds are also important reagents in biology; they are small molecules or biochemicals like siRNA or antibodies that are known to affect a given biomolecule—for example a drug target—but are unlikely to be useful as drugs themselves, and are often starting points in the drug discovery process.[5][6] Many natural products, such as curcumin, are hits in almost any assay in which they are tested, are not useful tool compounds, and are classified by medicinal chemists as "pan-assay interference compounds".[7][8][9]
See also
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (1996) "Reactant". doi:10.1351/goldbook.R05163
- ↑ Fox, Jeffrey L. (1 January 1979). "Antibody reagents revolutionizing immunology". Chemical & Engineering News Archive 57: 15–17. doi:10.1021/cen-v057n001.p015.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Report of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Working Group on Research Tools". NIH. June 4, 1998. http://www.nih.gov/news/researchtools/index.htm.
- ↑ Ishino, S; Ishino, Y (29 August 2014). "DNA polymerases as useful reagents for biotechnology: the history of developmental research in the field". Frontiers in Microbiology 5: 465. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00465. PMID 25221550.
- ↑ Kenakin, T; Bylund, DB; Toews, ML; Mullane, K; Winquist, RJ; Williams, M (1 January 2014). "Replicated, replicable and relevant-target engagement and pharmacological experimentation in the 21st century". Biochemical Pharmacology 87 (1): 64–77. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2013.10.024. PMID 24269285.
- ↑ Lindsley, CW (25 September 2014). "2013 Philip S. Portoghese Medicinal Chemistry Lectureship: drug discovery targeting allosteric sites". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 57 (18): 7485–7498. doi:10.1021/jm5011786. PMID 25180768.
- ↑ Baker, Monya (9 January 2017). "Deceptive curcumin offers cautionary tale for chemists". Nature 541 (7636): 144–145. doi:10.1038/541144a. PMID 28079090. Bibcode: 2017Natur.541..144B.
- ↑ Dahlin, JL; Walters, MA (July 2014). "The essential roles of chemistry in high-throughput screening triage". Future Medicinal Chemistry 6 (11): 1265–1290. doi:10.4155/fmc.14.60. PMID 25163000.
- ↑ Baell, JB; Holloway, GA (8 April 2010). "New substructure filters for removal of pan assay interference compounds (PAINS) from screening libraries and for their exclusion in bioassays.". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 53 (7): 2719–2740. doi:10.1021/jm901137j. PMID 20131845.
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