Biology:Rhamphospora nymphaeae
| Rhamphospora nymphaeae | |
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| Rhamphospora nymphaeae on Nymphaea sp. cult. | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Family: | Rhamphosporaceae R. Bauer & Oberw. 1997[1] |
| Type genus | |
| Rhamphospora D.D.Cunn., (1888)[2]
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| Type species | |
| Rhamphospora nymphaeae | |
| Synonyms[3] | |
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The Rhamphosporaceae is a family of fungi in the division Basidiomycota and order of Doassansiales. The monotypic family only contains 1 genus; Rhamphospora D.D.Cunn. and just 1 species, Rhamphospora nymphaeae D.D.Cunn. It is found on the leaves of waterlilies causing spots.
History
In 1888, Surgeon Major David Douglas Cunningham MD (1843–1914,[4] who was the Special assistant to the Sanitary Commissioner with the Government of India), was also the mycologist who originally found and described the fungus (both the genus and single species). It was found on the leaves of waterlilies; Nymphaea stellata, Nymphaea lotus and Nymphaea rubra,[2] in West Bengal, India.[3]
The genus of Rhamphospora was named after the beak or bill (of a bird Ramphocelus) known from Mexico, Costa Rica, Cuba, and Puerto Rico because of the beak-shaped appendages of its spores (Ancient greek rhamphos, rhamphos (ῥάµϕος).[5]
The monotypic family of Rhamphosporaceae was published later, by R. Bauer & Oberw. in 1997.[1]
It is also known and classified as a smut fungi.[6][7]
Description
Rhamphospora nymphaeae has sori in living leaf and stem tissues,[8][9][10] which are scattered or gregarious and are yellowish brown or later they become reddish brown.[9][11] The sori form ovoid or irregular shaped spots,[10] about 1–7 mm long and they become larger by cell fusion.
The solitary spores,[2] become embedded in the host tissues,[10] they are ellipsoidal but rarely broadly ellipsoidal or subglobose in shape.[9] They have an with an apical papilla (which is 0.5–1.5 μm high).
The hyphae is intracellular (occurring inside the cell) and the haustoria is present.
The teliospores (thick-walled resting spores) are formed individually and are usually lemon-shaped, hyaline or pale yellow,[9][12] and smooth or finely verruculose (have a surface covered with tiny wart-like protuberances).
The teliospores are formed on the branches of fertile hyphae and germinating directly to form basidia (spore-producing structures). The basidia are filiform (thread-like shape),[8] or cylindrical (in form), septate (divided into cells) with an apical cluster of 4–6 four celled fertile branches, which each give rise to 2–3 basidiospores (sexual spores).[8][11]
They are produced subterminally, beaked, promycelium consisting of a long germinal tube with terminal branches bearing apical sporida.[2]
The ramified basidiospores of Rhamphospora nymphaeae have enlarged surfaces, which could be used for dispersal in water.[13]
Distribution
It has a widespread distribution,[14][15] in north temperate and neotropic zones.[8][5] Including places such as (in North America); Canada (in the Provinces of British Columbia, Manitoba, Nova Scotia, Ontario and Québec), USA (in the states of Connecticut, District of Columbia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Massachusetts, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma and Wisconsin).[14] In Central America, within Costa Rica,[6] and Cuba. In Europe, within the countries of Finland, France, Germany, Romania, Switzerland and the UK.[14] In Asia, within Japan,[16] Korea,[9] China and India,[11] and also in Australasia, within New Zealand.[10][17]
Hosts
Rhamphospora nymphaeae causes necrotic zones (dead areas) in leaves of affected plants. It causes stem and leaf-spots on members of the Nymphaeaceae family in freshwater habitats.[8] Such as Nuphar advena (Aiton) W.T.Aiton (syn Nymphaea advena), Nymphaea alba, Nymphaea ampla,[6] Nymphaea odorata (syn Nymphaea reniformis), Nymphaea stellata, Nymphaea tetragona,[9] and Nymphaea tuberosa (all Nymphaeaceae family).[5][18]
It is also found on various genera of freshwater based Castalia (a synonym of Nymphaea).[11]
Nymphaea tetragona was recorded as host plant of this smut fungus from Japan in 1953.[16]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Bauer, R.; Oberwinkler, F.; Vánky, K. (1997). "Ultrastructural markers and systematics in smut fungi and allied taxa.". Canadian Journal of Botany 75 (8): 1273–1314. doi:10.1139/b97-842.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 India. Medical department Scientific Memoirs by Officers of the Medical and Sanitary Departments of Officers Army of India Vol.3 (1888), p. 32, at Google Books
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Species Fungorum – GSD Species". https://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/GSDSpecies.asp?RecordID=189878.
- ↑ "Cunningham, David Douglas | International Plant Names Index". https://www.ipni.org/a/17581-1.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Organization for Flora Neotropica Flora Neotropica, Issue 86, 1968, p. 196, at Google Books
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 J. Cramer Smut Fungi (Ustilaginales and Tilletiales) in Costa Rica, Issue 113, 1996, p. 88, at Google Books
- ↑ "Home – Rhamphospora nymphaeae CBS 172.38 v1.0". https://mycocosm.jgi.doe.gov/Rhanym2_1/Rhanym2_1.home.html.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 P. F. Cannon and P. M. Kirk (editors) Fungal Families of the World (2007), p. 107, at Google Books
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Park, Mi-Jeong; Denchev, Cvetomir M.; Han, Kyung-Sook; Shin, Hyeon-Dong (1 September 2010). "Occurrence of Rhamphospora nymphaeae on Nymphaea tetragona in Korea". The Plant Pathology Journal 26 (3): 293. doi:10.5423/ppj.2010.26.3.293. ISSN 1598-2254.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Kálmán Vánky, Eric H. C. McKenzie Smut Fungi of New Zealand, 2002 at Google Books
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 B. D. Borse, K. N. Borse, S. Y. Patil, C. M. Pawara, L. C. Nemade and V. R. Patil Freshwater Higher Fungi of India (2016), p. 173, at Google Books
- ↑ David J. McLaughlin and Joseph W. Spatafora (editors) Systematics and Evolution (2013), p. 78, at Google Books
- ↑ Piepenbring, M.; Bauer, R.; Oberwinkler, F. (1998). "Teliospores of smut fungi general aspects of teliospore walls and sporogenesis". Protoplasma 204 (3–4): 155–169. doi:10.1007/BF01280322.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Vánky, Kálmán (1994). European Smut Fungi. Stuttgart, Jena, New York: Gustav Fischer Verlag. ISBN 3-437-30745-2.
- ↑ "Rhamphospora nymphaeae D.D.Cunn." (in en). https://www.gbif.org/species/2513050.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Katsuki, S. (1953). "Notes on some new or noteworthy fungi in Kyushu (5).". Kyushu Agricultural Research 11: 41–42.
- ↑ "Rhamphospora D.D. Cunn. 1888 – Biota of NZ". https://biotanz.landcareresearch.co.nz/scientific-names/1cb1caed-36b9-11d5-9548-00d0592d548c.
- ↑ Pérez, J. M. (July 2002). "Rhamphospora nymphaeae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].". IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria 153: 153. doi:10.1079/dfb/20056401522.
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