Biology:Sanguinoderma
Sanguinoderma is a genus of polypore fungi within the family Ganodermataceae and order Polyporales. It is identified by its characteristic of changing to a blood-red colour when its pore surfaces are bruised or damaged.[1]
Macrofungi play a crucial and essential role in forest ecosystem processes, contributing significantly to ecological balance and energy flow. They display a wide variety of morphological forms and features in their basidiomata and basidiospores, and include groups such as polypores, corticioid fungi and hydnoid fungi within the wider category of aphyllophoroid fungi[2]. The Sanguinoderma genus is considered a part of this macrofungal group[3].
Taxonomy
The genus Sanguinoderma was established in 2020 and its type species Sanguinoderma rude described in the same publication.[1]
Many species under Sanguinoderma were previously classified under the genus Amauroderma, which was established by Murrill under the family Ganodermataceae in 1905[4]. Originally, taxonomy of the genus was largely dependent upon morphological and physical features[1]. Phylogenetic analyses conducted by Costa-Rezende et al. (2016, 2017) using multiple gene regions identified two different and unrelated clades within Amauroderma sensu lato: the Amauroderma sensu stricto clade and the Amauroderma rude clade[2][5]. As no clear morphological differences between the two clades were observed or identified at that time, no taxonomic revision was proposed[2]. However, through phylogenetic analysis, morphological studies and taxonomic revisions by Yi-Fei Sun, D. H. Costa and Bao Kai Cui (2020), Sanguinoderma presently forms its own genus through the identification of its colour-changing characteristic[1][6]. This could be due to the presence of tyrosine, an amino acid, that is enzymatically oxidised into a red intermediate compound before being converted into melanin[1]. During this process, substances with antimicrobial and protective properties against harmful agents are also produced, giving rise to its medicinal properties[1].
Apart from its key feature of turning a deep red colour when pressed or damaged, Sanguinoderma is defined by having tough, woody fruiting bodies with dark caps rather than soft mushrooms. Its basidiospores have two layers and are not smooth, with the outer layer having rough, patterned textures, and the inner layer having microscopic spike-like structures[1].
| Species name | Locality | Basionym (if any) |
|---|---|---|
| Sanguinoderma bataanense
(comb. nov)[1] |
CHINA, Hainan Province, Danzhou; Guangxi Autonomous Region, Baise, Jinzhongshan Nature Reserve | Amauroderma bataanense (Murrill 1908)
Ganoderma bataanense (Murrill, 1912) Polystictus bataanensis (Murrill, 1912) |
| Sanguinoderma elmerianum
(comb. nov)[1] |
CHINA, Yunnan Province, Xishuangbanna, Baka Xiao Zhai Nature Reserve; Guangdong Province, Zhaoqing, Dinghushan Nature Reserve | Amauroderma elmerianum (Murrill 1907)
Ganoderma elmerianum (Murrill, 1912) |
| Sanguinoderma flavovirens
(sp. nov)[1] |
ZAMBIA, Ndola, Ngosa Village | NIL |
| Sanguinoderma laceratumm
(sp. nov)[1] |
CHINA, Yunnan Province, Baoshan, Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve | NIL |
| Sanguinoderma microporum
(sp. nov)[1] |
CHINA, Hainan Province, Qiongzhong County, Limushan National Forest Park; Guangdong Province, Zhaoqing, Dinghushan Nature Reserve; Guangxi Autonomous Region, Fangchenggang, Shiwandashan Nature Reserve; Nanning, Qingxiushan Park | NIL |
| Sanguinoderma perplexum
(comb. nov)[1] |
CHINA, Hainan Province, Changjiang County, Bawangling Nature Reserve | Amauroderma perplexum (Corner 1983) |
| Sanguinoderma reniforme
(sp. nov)[1] |
ZAMBIA, Ndola, Ngosa Village | NIL |
| Sanguinoderma rude
(comb. nov)[1] |
AUSTRALIA, Victoria State, Eastern Highlands; East Gippsland; Eastern Highlands; Gippsland Plain; Fairfield; Valley Reserve; Tasmania | Polyporus rudis (Berkeley, 1839)
Amauroderma rude (Berkeley, 1920) |
| Sanguioderma rugosum
(comb. nov)[1] |
CHINA, Guangdong Province, Shaoguan, Chebaling Nature Reserve; Zhaoqing, Heishiding Nature Reserve; Guangxi Autonomous Region, Nanning, Liangfengjiang National Forest Park; INDONESIA, West Java, Banten | Polyporus rugosus (Blume & T. Nees 1826)
Amauroderma rugosum (Blume & T. Nees 1920) |
| Sanguinoderma sinuosum
(sp. nov)[1] |
AUSTRALIA, Queensland State, Sunshine Coast | NIL |
| Sanguinoderma guangdongense (sp. nov)[7] | CHINA, Guangdong, Huizhou; Guangdong, Shaoguan, Danxiashan Nature Reserve; THAILAND, Chiang Mai, Doi Saket | NIL |
| Sanguinoderma infundibulare | CHINA, Guangdong, Shaoguan, Danxiashan Nature Reserve; Guangdong, Shaoguan, Danxiashan Nature Reserve | NIL |
| Sanguinoderma longistipitum
(sp. nov)[7] |
CHINA, Yunnan, Honghe, Huanglianshan Forest Park; Yunnan, Jinghong, Xishuangbanna Botanical Garden; Hainan, Ledong County, Jianfengling Nature Reserve; THAILAND, Chiang Rai, Doi Mae Salong | NIL |
| Sanguinoderma melanocarpum (sp. nov)[7] | MALAYSIA, Selangor, Kota Damansara, Community Forest Reserve; Selangor, Taman Bottani Negara Shah Alam | NIL |
| Sanguinoderma microsporum
(sp. nov)[7] |
THAILAND, Chiang Mai, Doi Saket; CHINA, Hainan, Ledong County, Jianfengling Nature Reserve | NIL |
| Sanguinoderma tricolor
(sp. nov)[7] |
MALAYSIA, Selangor, Kota Damansara, National Forest Reserve | NIL |
| Sanguinoderma leucomarginatum (sp. nov)[3] | CHINA, Yunnan Province, Pu’er City, Laiyanghe Nature Reserve; Yunnan Province, Pu’er City, Laiyanghe Nature Reserve; Jinghong City, Xishuangbanna Nature Reserve | NIL |
| Sanguinoderma preussii
(comb. nov)[3] |
THAILAND, Chiang Rai, Mae Salong Nok; CHINA, Yunnan Province, Pu’er City, Pu’er Forestry Park; Mengla County, Shangyong Nature Reserve; Bakaxiaozhai Nature Reserve | Ganoderma preussii (Henn, 1891)
Amauroderma preussii (Henn, 1972) Fomes preussi (Henn, 1895) Polyporus preussi (Henn, 1912) |
| Sanguinoderma conjunctum
(comb. nov)[6] |
ZIMBABWE, Manicaland, Chimanimani | Polyporus conjunctus (Lloyed, 1918) |
| Sanguinoderma fasciculatum (comb. nov)[6] | CONGO | Ganoderma fasciculatum (Pat, 1895)
Fomes fasciculatus (Pat, 1896) Scindalma fasciculatum (Pat, 1898) Amauroderma fasciculatum (Pat, 1920) |
| Sanguinoderma fuscoporium (comb. nov)[6] | ZIMBABWE, Manicaland, Nyanga National Park, Rhodes Dam; Chimanimani National Park | Amauroderma fuscoporium (Wakef, 1948) |
| Sangunoderma concentricum
(sp. nov)[4] |
CHINA, Yunnan Province, Dehong Prefecture | NIL |
| Sanguinoderma dehongense
(sp. nov)[4] |
CHINA, Yunnan Province, Dehong Prefecture | NIL |
| Sanguinoderma ovisporum
(sp. nov)[4] |
CHINA, Yunnan Province, Dehong Prefecture | NIL |
| Sanguinoderma aurantiacus
(sp. nov)[2] |
CHINA, Yunnan Province, Dehong Prefecture | NIL |
| Sanguinoderma bambusae
(sp. nov)[2] |
CHINA, Yunnan Province, Dehong Prefecture | NIL |
| Sanguinoderma niger
(sp. nov)[2] |
CHINA, Guizhou Province, Anshun City | NIL |
Phylogeny
In the study done by Yi-Fei Sun, D. H. Costa and Bao Kai Cui (2020), taxonomic and phylogenetic analyses on Amauroderma sensu lato were conducted using different specimens, incorporating multiple genetic markers[1]. The phylogenetic analyses based on multiple genetic markers support the polyphyletic nature of Amauroderma. Consistent with earlier findings, species formerly classified within Amauroderma sensu lato are resolved into four distinct clades that correspond to four genera: Amauroderma sensu stricto, Foraminispora, Furtadoa, and the newly established Sanguinoderma[1].
Etymology
In Latin, Sanguino- means “blood” or “bloody”, while -derma means “skin”. Hence, Sanguinoderma is a Latin-derived compound term that is used to describe the tendency of the fungi pore surface to change colour, specifically into blood-red colour, when it is bruised.
Distribution
In general, the family Ganodermataceae has a widespread distribution across saprotropic environments and is commonly found as a parasite in areas with living, rotting or dead woods and trees[5][9]. Sanguinoderma has a widespread distribution across tropical and subtropical regions (mainly in the Paleotropical region), across Africa, Asia, Oceania and South America, and is found to inhabit different environments, particularly soily, saprotropic environments such as forest floors, fallen angiosperm wood, or humus or decomposing tree trunks[4][6]. In rare cases, specific species may occasionally be found in more atypical habitats: for example, Sanguinoderma sinuosum has been reported to be found growing on sandy substrates in Australia[1]. Another example is Sanguinoderma bambusae being reported from humus in forests that are dominated by the Dendrocalamus species, representing newly documented habitats for the genus[2].
A large proportion of the species in the genus were discovered and examined in China, specifically in Yunnan Province with the most abundant species distribution likely due to its tropical and subtropical monsoon climates and abundant vegetation types, followed by Thailand[4][6]. Additionally, the type species Sanguinoderma rude is the most widely reported and distributed species, having been reported in a large variety of eight countries (America, Australia, Brazil, China, Laos, Malaysia, South Africa and Thailand)[2].
According to the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), there have been a total of 3,589 known occurrences of Sanguinoderma, with a vast majority (2,338 occurrences out of 3,589) being Sanguinoderma rude, followed by Sanguinoderma rugosum (362 occurrences out of 3,589). The map below shows how these occurrences are distributed globally.
References
- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 Sun, Y.-F.; Costa-Rezende, D. H.; Xing, J.-H.; Zhou, J.-L.; Zhang, B.; Gibertoni, T. B.; Gates, G.; Glen, M. et al. (2020). "Multi-gene phylogeny and taxonomy of Amauroderma s.lat. (Ganodermataceae)". Persoonia 44: 206–239. doi:10.3767/persoonia.2020.44.08. PMID 33116341.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Niu, Kai-Yang; Su, Xi-Jun; Yu, Feng-Ming; Li, Lin; Luo, Zong-Long; Tang, Song-Ming (2025-06-09). "Three new species of Sanguinoderma (Ganodermataceae, Basidiomycota) from Southwest China revealed by morphology and phylogenetic analysis" (in en). MycoKeys (118): 245–265. doi:10.3897/mycokeys.118.152086. PMID 40530240.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Sun, Yi-Fei; Fang, Yu-Xuan; Cui, Bao-Kai (2022). "Taxonomy and phylogeny of Sanguinoderma rugosum complex with descriptions of a new species and a new combination". Frontiers in Microbiology 13. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.1087212. PMID 36620035.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Niu, Kai-Yang; He, Jun; Tang, Song-Ming; Su, Xi-Jun; Luo, Zong-Long (2024-08-19). "Morphological and Phylogenetic Analyses Reveal Three Novel Species of Sanguinoderma (Ganodermataceae, Basidiomycota) from Yunnan Province, China". Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) 10 (8): 589. doi:10.3390/jof10080589. PMID 39194914.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Costa-Rezende, D. H.; Robledo, G. L.; Góes-Neto, A.; Reck, M. A.; Crespo, E.; Drechsler-Santos, E. R. (2017). "Morphological reassessment and molecular phylogenetic analyses of Amauroderma s.lat. raised new perspectives in the generic classification of the Ganodermataceae family". Persoonia 39: 254–269. doi:10.3767/persoonia.2017.39.10. PMID 29503477.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Peres, R. S.; Bittencourt, F.; Robledo, G. L.; Drechsler-Santos, E. R.; Põldmaa, K.; Ryvarden, L.; Crespo, E.; Costa-Rezende, D. H. (2023-04-01). "Filling gaps in the phylogeny of Amauroderma s. lat. (Polyporales, Ganodermataceae)". South African Journal of Botany 155: 140–153. doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2023.02.018. ISSN 0254-6299. Bibcode: 2023SAJB..155..140P.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Sun, Y.-F.; Xing, J.-H.; He, X.-L.; Wu, D.-M.; Song, C.-G.; Liu, S.; Vlasák, J.; Gates, G. et al. (2022). "Species diversity, systematic revision and molecular phylogeny of Ganodermataceae (Polyporales, Basidiomycota) with an emphasis on Chinese collections". Studies in Mycology 101: 287–415. doi:10.3114/sim.2022.101.05. PMID 36059897.
- ↑ "Whole-genome sequencing and comparative genomic analyses of the medicinal fungus Sanguinoderma infundibulare in Ganodermataceae". G3 (Bethesda) 14 (4). April 2024. doi:10.1093/g3journal/jkae005. PMID 38366555.
- ↑ He, Jun; Han, Xiao; Luo, Zong-Long; Li, E.-Xian; Tang, Song-Ming; Luo, Hong-Mei; Niu, Kai-Yang; Su, Xi-jun et al. (2022-10-14). "Species diversity of Ganoderma (Ganodermataceae, Polyporales) with three new species and a key to Ganoderma in Yunnan Province, China" (in English). Frontiers in Microbiology 13. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.1035434. PMID 36312978.
- "Ganodermataceae-current status, research, and development in Lower Mekong Basin". Front Cell Infect Microbiol 15. 2025. doi:10.3389/fcimb.2025.1545135. PMID 40421417.
- "Species diversity, taxonomic classification and ecological habits of polypore fungi in China". Mycology 16 (2): 419–544. 2025. doi:10.1080/21501203.2024.2384567. PMID 40415919.
- "Fungal diversity notes 1512-1610: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions on genera and species of fungal taxa". Fungal Divers 117 (1): 1–272. 2022. doi:10.1007/s13225-022-00513-0. PMID 36852303.
- "Species diversity of Ganoderma (Ganodermataceae, Polyporales) with three new species and a key to Ganoderma in Yunnan Province, China". Front Microbiol 13. 2022. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.1035434. PMID 36312978.
- "Species diversity, systematic revision and molecular phylogeny of Ganodermataceae (Polyporales, Basidiomycota) with an emphasis on Chinese collections". Stud Mycol 101: 287–415. July 2022. doi:10.3114/sim.2022.101.05. PMID 36059897.
External links
Wikidata ☰ Q139043899 entry
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