Biology:Scaled spinetail
| Scaled spinetail | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Furnariidae |
| Genus: | Cranioleuca |
| Species: | C. muelleri
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| Binomial name | |
| Cranioleuca muelleri (Hellmayr, 1911)
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The scaled spinetail (Cranioleuca muelleri) is a species of bird in the family Furnariidae. It is endemic to the lower Amazon River in Brazil , where it inhabits várzea forests and tropical or subtropical swamplands.[2]
Description
The scaled spinetail is a dark bird with scaly-looking undersides, a pale supercilium, dark brown upperparts and rufuous crown, wings and tail. The tail is graduated, with basally stiffened rectrices, pointed at tips.[3] Breast and belly are very pale buff-brown; the feathers of throat, breast and belly are edged dark olive, creating a coarse, scaled appearance.[4][5]
It measures 14–15 cm (5.5–5.9 in) in length.[3]
Distribution and habitat
The scaled spinetail is endemic to the east Amazon River in Brazil, ranging from extreme eastern Amazonas, eastern to southern Amapá and Mexiana Island in Pará.[1]
It inhabits flooded tropical evergreen forest, restricted to the undergrowth and midstory of Brazilian várzea forests (seasonally flooded forests).[3] It ranges from 0–200 m elevation.[1]
Diet and foraging
Its diet consists mainly on arthropods. The species usually forages in pairs, sometimes with mixed-species flocks, searching for insects, which it typically gleans from the bark and riverine debris, from undergrowth to mid-storey. It hitches along small branches.[3] During the flood season, the spinetail remains in the middle of the canopy near the water line, looking for insects floating upstream on rafts of vegetation.[6]
Conservation status
The scaled spinetail has been classified as least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). It is a poorly known and apparently uncommon species,[3] and the population is likely to be relatively small. Based on a model of future deforestation in the Amazon basin,[7] this species is expected to lose about half of its available habitat over three generations.[3]
The primary threat to this species is accelerating deforestation in the Amazon basin as land is cleared for cattle ranching and soy production, facilitated by expansion of the road network; it is thought likely to be particularly susceptible to fragmentation and edge effects.[1]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 BirdLife International (2022). "Cranioleuca muelleri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2022: e.T22702461A210888852. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22702461/210888852. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
- ↑ "Synallaxe écaillé - Cranioleuca muelleri - Scaled Spinetail" (in en). https://www.oiseaux.net/birds/scaled.spinetail.html.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Remsen, Jr., J. V.; Sharpe, C.J. (2020). "Scaled Spinetail (Cranioleuca muelleri)". in del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J. et al.. Birds of the World. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. doi:10.2173/bow.scaspi1.01.
- ↑ Ridgely, Robert S.; Tudor, Guy (2009-06-01). Field Guide to the Songbirds of South America: The Passerines. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-71748-0.
- ↑ Ridgely, Robert S.; Tudor, Guy; Brown, William L.; Fund, World Wildlife (1989). The Birds of South America: Vol. II, The Suboscine Passerines. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-77063-8.
- ↑ "Gurupa Várzea". https://www.oneearth.org/ecoregions/gurupa-varzea/.
- ↑ Soares-Filho, B. S.; Nepstad, D. C.; Curran, L. M.; Cerqueira, G. C.; Garcia, R. A.; Ramos, C. A.; Voll, E.; McDonald, A. et al. (March 2006). "Modelling conservation in the Amazon basin". Nature 440 (7083): 520–523. doi:10.1038/nature04389. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 16554817. Bibcode: 2006Natur.440..520S. http://www.nature.com/articles/nature04389. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
Wikidata ☰ Q612193 entry
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