Biology:Schadonia

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Schadonia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi. Established by German lichenologist Gustav Wilhelm Körber in 1859, this genus of crustose lichens is characterised by its black, sessile apothecia (fruiting bodies), [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] ascospores, and growth on mosses, plant debris, and rocks in montane habitats. While traditionally placed in the family Ramalinaceae, recent studies have suggested its classification may be uncertain within the order Lecanorales, with some researchers proposing its placement in the Pilocarpaceae or the resurrection of the family Schadoniaceae. The genus currently comprises four recognised species.

Taxonomy

The genus was established by the German lichenologist Gustav Wilhelm Körber, with S. alpina assigned as the type species.[1]

Although Schadonia has traditionally been placed in the family Ramalinaceae,[2][3] in some more recent publications it is classified in the Pilocarpaceae.[4][5] In the 2024 Revisions of British and Irish Lichens series, the genus Schadonia is described as having an "uncertain position within the Lecanorales", and the possibility of resurrecting the family Schadoniaceae,[6] originally proposed by Josef Hafellner in 1984,[7] is mentioned.[6] In the first comprehensive molecular phylogeny of the Ramalinaceae, published in 2018, Kistenich and colleagues determined that Schadonia fecunda fell outside of the Ramalinaceae, and suggested the possible exclusion of the genus from the family.[8]

Description

Schadonia is a genus of crustose lichens, meaning it forms a crust-like growth that adheres tightly to the [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]. The thallus (the lichen body) can vary from [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] (flaky) and warty to a more coral-like form, spreading over the surface it grows on. Some species also produce soredia, which are powdery structures used for reproduction. In this genus, the photosynthetic partner is a green alga of the [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] type, comprising small, round cells.[6]

The fruiting bodies of Schadonia, the apothecia, are black, disc-shaped structures that sit directly on the surface of the lichen without a stalk ([[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]) and are slightly constricted at the base. The [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] is typically concave to flat, and there is no [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] (a rim made from the lichen's body). Surrounding the apothecia is a prominent [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]], a structure made up of cells arranged in a radial pattern, giving it an even or slightly wavy appearance.[6]

Underneath the apothecia, the [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] (a supporting layer) is dark. The inner structure of the apothecia contains paraphyses—thin, branched filaments that help separate the spore-producing cells. These paraphyses are not thickened at their tips. The asci (spore-producing sacs) typically hold between one and eight spores and are cylindrical to club-shaped. When treated with a chemical solution of potassium iodide (K/I+), the spore sacs stain blue, a feature characteristic of the Bacidia-type asci. The [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] are ellipsoidal, richly [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] (divided into many compartments by internal walls), and colourless (hyaline).[6]

Conidiomata (asexual spore-producing structures) have not been observed in Schadonia. No lichen substances have been detected through thin-layer chromatography.[6]

Habitat

Species of Schadonia are typically found growing on mosses, plant debris, and rocks in montane (mountain) habitats.[6]

Species

  • Schadonia alpina Körb. (1859)
  • Schadonia fecunda (Th.Fr.) Vězda & Poelt (1980) – Sweden
  • Schadonia indica Upreti & Nayaka (2006)[9] – Madhya Pradesh, India
  • Schadonia saulskellyana Lendemer & Hollinger (2023)[5] – northeastern United States

The taxon Schadonia subobscurata (Vain.) Kalb (1983) has been transferred to the genus Brigantiaea, as Brigantiaea subobscurata.[10]

References

  1. ↑ Körber, G.W. (1859) (in de). Parerga lichenologica. Ergänzungen zum Systema lichenum Germaniae. 1. p. 93. 
  2. ↑ Lücking, Robert; Hodkinson, Brendan P.; Leavitt, Steven D. (2017). "The 2016 classification of lichenized fungi in the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota–Approaching one thousand genera". The Bryologist 119 (4): 361–416 [387]. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-119.4.361. 
  3. ↑ "Schadonia". Species 2000: Leiden, the Netherlands. https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/CF3WF. 
  4. ↑ Wijayawardene, N.N.; Hyde, K.D.; Dai, D.Q.; Sánchez-García, M.; Goto, B.T.; Saxena, R.K. et al. (2022). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021". Mycosphere 13 (1): 53–453. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/2. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358798332. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Lendemer, James C.; Hollinger, Jason P. (2023). "Schadonia saulskellyana (Pilocarpaceae; Lichenized Ascomycetes) an unusual new species endemic to the southern Appalachian Mountains of eastern North America". The Bryologist 126 (1): 111–128. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-126.1.111. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 Cannon, P.; Coppins, B.; Aptroot, A.; Fryday, A.; Sanderson, N.; Simkin, J.; Yahr, R. (2024). Miscellaneous Lecanorales including Biatorella (Biatorellaceae), Carbonicola (Carbonicolaceae), Haematomma (Haematommataceae), Psilolechia (Psilolechiaceae), Ramboldia (Ramboldiaceae), Scoliciosporum (Scoliciosporaceae), and Adelolecia, Catinaria, Frutidella, Herteliana, Lithocalla, Myochroidea, Puttea and Schadonia (of uncertain position). Revisions of British and Irish Lichens. 42. p. 19. https://britishlichensociety.org.uk/sites/default/files/Lecanorales%20misc%20genera.pdf.  open access
  7. ↑ Hafellner, J. (1984). "Studien in Richtung einer natürlichen Gliederung der Sammelfamilien Lecanoracae und Lecideaceae" (in German). Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia 79: 241–371 [337]. 
  8. ↑ Kistenich, Sonja; Timdal, Einar; Bendiksby, Mika; Ekman, Stefan (2018). "Molecular systematics and character evolution in the lichen family Ramalinaceae (Ascomycota: Lecanorales)". Taxon 67 (5): 871–904. doi:10.12705/675.1. 
  9. ↑ Upreti, D.K.; Nayaka, S. (2006). "Schadonia indica, a new corticolous species from tropical India". Mycotaxon 97: 275–278. 
  10. ↑ "Record Details: Schadonia subobscurata (Vain.) Kalb, Lichenes Neotropici, Fascicle VII (nos 251-300) (Neumarkt): no. 295 (1983)". Index Fungorum. https://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=110389. 

Wikidata ☰ Q7430887 entry



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