Biology:Ectolechiaceae

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The Ectolechiaceae are a family of lichen-forming fungi in the order Lecanorales. The species of this family have a cosmopolitan distribution and have been found in a variety of climatic regions.[1] The family was first described by Alexander Zahlbruckner in 1905, originally for a group of tropical, leaf-dwelling lichens. Its scope has since expanded considerably, and the family now encompasses both tropical genera such as Byssoloma and Calopadia and the large, predominantly temperate-to-arctic genus Micarea. As of 2026, the family contains more than 30 genera and an estimated 470 species. It has also been referred to in some sources as Pilocarpaceae, although current treatments use Ectolechiaceae.

Taxonomy

Ectolechiaceae was circumscribed by Alexander Zahlbruckner in Adolf Engler's influential 1905 work Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien.[2] Zahlbruckner defined the family around small, crust-forming lichens with a single-celled green alga as the partner (then referred to as Protococcus), and described them as producing tiny, round apothecia that begin sunken in the thallus and later sit on the surface, usually without a well-developed margin. He noted that the [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] may be flat to shallowly cup-shaped and either exposed from the start or temporarily covered when young by a thin skin that later tears away, and he characterised the internal tissues by well-developed paraphyses and asci bearing one to eight colourless spores ranging from simply septate to strongly multi-septate ([[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]) forms. In his treatment the family was confined to tropical, leaf-dwelling lichens (including those on fern fronds), and he subdivided it into several genera on the basis of spore form, paraphysis structure, and whether algal cells occur in the upper or lower apothecial layers, recognising groups such as Asterothyrium, Lopadiopsis, Sporopodium, Lecaniella, Arthotheliopsis, and Actinoplaca.[2]

The family name Ectolechiaceae is based on the generic name Ectolechia, which has largely fallen out of use in modern classifications. Current treatments instead apply the relevant generic names (such as Sporopodium) to the ectolechiaceous lineage discussed in recent phylogenetic work.[3][note 1]

In older classification systems, the mainly tropical, leaf-dwelling (foliicolous) genera now treated in this family were often separated from largely temperate crustose lineages such as Micarea, which was commonly treated as the type genus of a separate family, Micareaceae.[8] Morphological comparisons in the late 20th century and early molecular studies both questioned whether those family boundaries reflected evolutionary history, and proposed that the foliicolous "pilocarpaceous" element and the micareoid Micarea lineage belong to a single broader family concept.[8]

Using mitochondrial small-subunit rDNA data, Andersen and Ekman concluded that Micarea (in its traditional sense) does not remain a single lineage unless the predominantly foliicolous taxa traditionally treated in Pilocarpaceae/Ectolechiaceae are included, and they therefore treated Micareaceae and Ectolechiaceae as synonyms within an expanded family. On nomenclatural grounds they argued that the correct name for that expanded family would be Pilocarpaceae, because Pilocarpaceae and Ectolechiaceae were both published in 1905 whereas Micareaceae was introduced later.[8]

That name choice is not followed under current nomenclature because Pilocarpaceae Zahlbr. (1905) is an illegitimate later homonym of Pilocarpaceae J.Agardh (1858).[9][10] Recent treatments therefore use Ectolechiaceae as the correct family name for the clade historically discussed under Pilocarpaceae, and regard Byssolomataceae (used in some databases) as a later synonym.[3] In analyses using multiple genetic loci, a mainly tropical, foliicolous assemblage (often discussed as Ectolechiaceae sensu stricto and including genera such as Byssoloma, Calopadia, Fellhanera, Lasioloma and Sporopodium) is recovered as distinct from the temperate-to-arctic lineages centred on Micarea (including Helocarpon), clarifying why single-locus trees previously produced contradictory "family" signals.[3]

Description

Ectolechiaceae species are crustose and have ascomata in the form of brightly-coloured apothecia (fruiting bodies) with a poorly-developed margin comprising loosely-intertwined hyphae. The ascospores are hyaline and often elongated with one or more septa.[1]

Genera

Ectolechiaceae (listed as Byssolomataceae in the Catalogue of Life) contains 34 genera and an estimated 470 species.[11] The following list shows the genera, authority, year of publication, and number of species as of 2026.

Several generic names historically applied in Ectolechiaceae are treated as synonyms in recent multilocus work. For example, the monotypic genus Leimonis is treated as a synonym of Helocarpon, and Szczawinskia is treated as a synonym of Micarea; some databases and checklists continue to list these names separately, which can lead to differences in reported genus counts between sources.[3]

Notes

  1. ↑ The name Ectolechia has been applied in more than one sense and its current synonymy differs among databases. Index Fungorum treats Ectolechia Trevis. (1852) as a synonym of Sporopodium,[4] whereas MycoBank links the name to Ocellularia;[5] Ectolechia A.Massal. (1853) is an illegitimate later homonym (Art. 53.1), meaning the name cannot be used because it was published after another genus had already been given the same name.[6][7]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Cannon, Paul F.; Kirk, Paul M. (2007). Fungal Families of the World. Wallingford: CAB International. pp. 281–282. ISBN 978-0-85199-827-5. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Engler, Adolf (1905) (in de). Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien. Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelman. p. 122. https://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/viewer/10900/?offset=#page=122&viewer=picture&o=bookmark&n=0&q=. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Myllys, Leena; Svensson, Måns; Kantvilas, Gintaras; Sérusiaux, Emmanuel; van den Boom, Pieter; Aptroot, André; Cezanne, Rainer; Eichler, Marion et al. (2026). "The first comprehensive multilocus phylogeny of the lichenized genus Micarea (Ectolechiaceae, Ascomycota)". Taxon 75 (1). doi:10.1002/tax.70087. 
  4. ↑ "Record Details: Ectolechia Trevis., Revta Period. Lav. Imp. Reale Acad., Padova 1(3): 269 (1852) [1851-52"]. Index Fungorum. https://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=1744. 
  5. ↑ "Ectolechia". MycoBank. https://www.mycobank.org/page/Name%20details%20page/373997. 
  6. ↑ "Ectolechia". MycoBank. https://www.mycobank.org/page/Name%20details%20page/442410. 
  7. ↑ "Record Details: Ectolechia A. Massal., Alcuni Gen. Lich.: 10 (1853)". Index Fungorum. https://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=1743. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Andersen, Heidi L.; Ekman, Stefan (2005). "Disintegration of the Micareaceae (lichenized Ascomycota): a molecular phylogeny based on mitochondrial rDNA sequences". Mycological Research (The British Mycological Society) 109 (1): 21–30. doi:10.1017/S0953756204001625. PMID 15736860. 
  9. ↑ "Pilocarpaceae Zahlbr. (1905) (MB#81176)". https://www.mycobank.org/page/Name%20details%20page/field/Mycobank%20%23/81176. 
  10. ↑ "Names Record: Pilocarpaceae (RecordID 81176)". https://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=81176. 
  11. ↑ "Byssolomataceae Zahlbr., 1926". Species 2000: Leiden, the Netherlands. https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/622JG. 
  12. ↑ Aptroot, A.; Sparrius, L.B.; Alvarado, P. (2018). "Aquacidia, a new genus to accommodate a group of skiophilous temperate Bacidia species that belong in the Pilocarpaceae (lichenized ascomycetes)". Gorteria 40: 11–14. http://natuurtijdschriften.nl/download?type=document;docid=644601.  open access
  13. ↑ Malcolm, W.M.; Vezda, A. (1994). "Badimiella serusiauxii, a new genus and species of foliicolous lichens from New Zealand (Ectolechiaceae)". Nova Hedwigia 59 (3-4): 517–523. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Lücking, R. (2008). Foliicolous Lichenized Fungi. Flora Neotropica. 103. New York Botanical Garden Press. ISBN 978-0-89327-491-7. 
  15. ↑ Sérusiaux, E. (1993). "New taxa of foliicolous lichens from western Europe and Macaronesia". Nordic Journal of Botany 13 (4): 447–461. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 Vězda, A. (1986). "Neue Gattungen der Familie Lecideaceae s. lat. (Lichenes)" (in de). Folia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica 21 (2): 199–219. doi:10.1007/BF02854668. 
  17. ↑ Lücking, Robert; Buck, William R.; Sérusiaux, Emmanuël; Ferraro, Lidia I. (2005). "Gomphillus caribaeus belongs in the new genus Bryogomphus (Lecanorales: Pilocarpaceae)". The Bryologist 108 (4): 481–486. doi:10.1639/0007-2745(2005)108[0481:GCBITN2.0.CO;2]. 
  18. ↑ Vainio, E.A. (1921). "Lichenes insularum Philippinarum, III" (in la). Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae. A 15 (6): 167. 
  19. ↑ Trevisan de Saint-Léon, V. (1853). Spighe e Paglie. Scritti Botanici Varj. 1. p. 6. 
  20. ↑ Lücking, R.; Santesson, R. (2002). "On the identity of Pyrenotrichum 'atrocyaneum', P. 'mirum', and P. 'podosphaera', campylidea of lichenized Ascomycota (Lecanorales, Ectolechiaceae)". Bryologist 105 (1): 57–62. doi:10.1639/0007-2745(2002)105[0057:OTIOPA2.0.CO;2]. 
  21. ↑ Maublanc, A. (1907). "Ceratopycnidium, genre nouveau de Sphéropsidées" (in fr). Bulletin trimestriel de la Société mycologique de France 23 (3): 146–149. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34153059. 
  22. ↑ Sérusiaux, Emmanuël (1996). "Foliicolous lichens from Madeira, with the description of a new genus and two new species and a world-wide key of foliicolous Fellhanera". The Lichenologist 28 (3): 197–227. doi:10.1006/lich.1996.0019. 
  23. ↑ Fries, T.M. (1860). "Lichenes arctoi Europae Groenlandiaeque hactenus cogniti" (in la). Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis. 3 3: 103–398 [178]. 
  24. ↑ McCarthy, P.M.; Elix, J.A.; Sérusiaux, E. (2000). "Kantvilasia (Lecanorales, Ectolechiaceae), a new foliicolous lichen genus from Tasmania". The Lichenologist 32 (4): 317–324. doi:10.1006/lich.2000.0268. 
  25. ↑ Howland, Jeremy W.; Boggess, Laura; Hollinger, Jason P.; Lendemer, James C. (2026). "Karinomyces (Pilocarpaceae), a new genus for the Appalachian endemic Schadonia saulskelleyana". The Bryologist 129 (1): 4–22. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-129.1.004. 
  26. ↑ Santesson, Rolf (1952). Foliicolous lichens I. A revision of the taxonomy of the obligately foliicolous, lichenized fungi. Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses. 12. p. 545. 
  27. ↑ Lücking, R.; Kalb, K. (2000). "Foliikole Flechten aus Brasilien (vornehmlich Amazonien), inklusive einer Checkliste und Bemerkungen zu Coenogonium und Dimerella (Gyalectaceae)" (in de). Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 122: 1–61. 
  28. ↑ Fries, Elias M. (1825) (in la). Systema Orbis Vegetabilis. 1. Lund: Typographia Academica. pp. 256–257. http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/01359/0256.htm. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Lücking, R. (1999). "Verbesserungen zur Kenntnis der foliikolen Flechtenflora Costa Ricas. Die Familie Ectolechiaceae" (in German). Phyton 39 (1): 131–165. https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/PHY_39_1_0131-0165.pdf. 
  30. ↑ Follmann, G. (1967). "Die Flechtenflora der nordchilenischen Nebeloase Cerro Moreno" (in de). Nova Hedwigia 14: 243. 
  31. ↑ Aptroot, A.; Saipunkaew, W.; Sipman, H.J.M.; Sparrius, L.B.; Wolseley, P.A. (2007). "New lichens from Thailand, mainly microlichens from Chiang Mai". Fungal Diversity 24: 75–134. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228515656. 
  32. ↑ Sérusiaux, E. (1997). "Sporopodiopsis, a new genus of lichens (Ectolechiaceae) from S-E Asia". Abstracta Botanica 21 (1): 145–152. 
  33. ↑ Montagne, J.P.F.C. (1851). "Cryptogamia Guyanensis seu plantarum cellularium in Guyana gallica annis 1835–1849 a cl. Leprieur collectarum enumeratio universalis" (in la). Annales des Sciences Naturelles. Botanique 16: 47–81 [54]. 
  34. ↑ Funk, A. (1983). "Szczawinskia, a new genus of the lichen-forming Coelomycetes". Syesis 16: 85–88. 
  35. ↑ Müller Argoviensis, J. (1890) (in la). Lichenes Epiphylli Novi. H. Georg. p. 11. 

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