Biology:Somatochlora

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Short description: Genus of dragonflies

Somatochlora
Temporal range: Oligocene - Present[1]
Somatochlora Flavomaculata 01 (cropped).jpg
Female Somatochlora flavomaculata
Scientific classification e
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Odonata
Infraorder: Anisoptera
Family: Corduliidae
Subfamily: Corduliinae
Genus: Somatochlora
Selys, 1871
Teneral Somatochlora metallica female

Somatochlora, or the striped emeralds,[2] is a genus of dragonflies in the family Corduliidae with 42 described species found across the Northern Hemisphere.[3]

Taxonomy

The name Somatochlora is derived from the Greek soma (body) and khloros (green).[4] The species Corduliochlora borisi was formerly treated as a member of Somatochlora.[3]

Description

Newly emerged male S. albicincta on its exuvia

Members of this genus are medium-sized dragonflies with dark bodies and a metallic green lustre. The eyes are brilliant green, and many species have dull to bright yellow markings on the thorax and/or abdomen. The abdomens of males are distinctive, with the first two segments bulbous-shaped, the third constricted, and the rest of the abdomen club-shaped with a straight ending. Females have abdomens with straighter sides.[2] Identifying these dragonflies to species can be difficult.[4] The cerci of males, on the tip of the abdomen, are distinctively shaped in each species, as are the subgenital plates on female abdomens. In some species, the subgenital plate is large and projecting, and is used as a "pseudo-ovipositor" for inserting eggs into a substrate.[2]

Distribution

Illustration showing male cerci of several species of Somatochlora

Somatochlora species are found across the Northern Hemisphere in Europe, Asia, and North America, with some species extending into arctic regions north of the treeline.[5] Some species extend south to Spain ,[6] Turkey,[7] northern India ,[8] northern Vietnam,[8] Taiwan[9] and the Southern United States.[10] At least one species, S. semicircularis, may be found at altitudes up to 3,700 m (12,100 ft).[11] In North America, most species live in the boreal forest and/or the Appalachian Mountains.[4]

Life history

Mating pair of Somatochlora flavomaculata

Somatochlora larvae typically live in bogs, fens, and/or forest streams, with some species found in lakes. They do not occur in marshy ponds.[2] Many species are limited to very specific habitats and are rare and local. Adults feed in flight and may occur at some distance from their breeding habitat in mixed swarms.[2]

Species

Larvae of several Somatochlora species

Somatochlora is the most diverse group within the Corduliidae.[2] Of the 42 described species listed below, 25 are North American, 16 are Eurasian, and one is circumboreal (S. sahlbergi). Two additional fossil species have been assigned to this genus: S. brisaci, based on a wing from the Upper Miocene in France , and S. oregonica, based on two wings from the Oligocene in Oregon.[1][12]

Image Species[3] Common Name(s)[13][14][15] Distribution
Somatochlora albicincta1.jpg Somatochlora albicincta (Burmeister, 1839) ringed emerald Canada, northern United States[10]
Somatochlora alpestris 01.jpg Somatochlora alpestris (Selys, 1840) alpine emerald Europe and Asia[16][9]
Somatochlora arctica.JPG Somatochlora arctica (Zetterstedt, 1840) northern emerald Europe and Asia[16][9]
Quebec emerald jul 2 2017.jpg Somatochlora brevicincta Robert, 1954 Quebec emerald Canada, northern United States[10]
Somatochlora calverti Williamson & Gloyd, 1933 Calvert's emerald southeastern United States[10]
Somatochlora cingulata 56393206.jpg Somatochlora cingulata (Selys, 1871) lake emerald Canada, northern United States[10]
Somatochlora clavata Oguma, 1922 Japan and Korea[17]
Somatochlora daviesi Lieftinck, 1977 Bhutan, Nepal, and India [8][18][19]
Somatochlora dido Needham, 1930 China and Vietnam[8]
Somatochlora elongata 6489978.jpg Somatochlora elongata (Scudder, 1866) ski-tipped emerald, ski-tailed emerald northeastern North America[10]
Somatochlora ensigera 13651121.jpg Somatochlora ensigera Martin, 1907 plains emerald central North America[10]
Somatochlora exuberata 84220639.jpg Somatochlora exuberata Bartenev, 1910 Japan and eastern Russia[17]
Fine-lined Emerald - Somatochlora filosa, Occoquan Bay National Wildlife Refuge, Woodbridge, Virginia (37320967401).jpg Somatochlora filosa (Hagen, 1861) fine-lined emerald southeastern United States[10]
Somatochlora flavomaculata 2.jpg Somatochlora flavomaculata (Vander Linden, 1825) yellow-spotted emerald Europe[17]
Somatochlora forcipata 58594270.jpg Somatochlora forcipata (Scudder, 1866) forcipate emerald Canada, northern United States[10]
Somatochlora franklini 171382581.jpg Somatochlora franklini (Selys, 1878) delicate emerald Canada, northern United States[10]
Somatochlora georgiana 20918250.jpg Somatochlora georgiana Walker, 1925 coppery emerald eastern United States[10]
Somatochlora graeseri 98083656.jpg Somatochlora graeseri Selys, 1887 east Asia[17]
Somatochlora hineana 2010-1.jpg Somatochlora hineana Williamson, 1931 Hine's emerald Ontario and midwest United States[10]
120px Somatochlora hudsonica (Hagen in Selys, 1871) Hudsonian emerald western and central Canada, northwestern United States[10]
Somatochlora incurvata 63108886.jpg Somatochlora incurvata Walker, 1918 incurvate emerald northeastern North America[10]
Somatochlora kennedyi 59789779.jpg Somatochlora kennedyi Walker, 1918 Kennedy's emerald Canada, northeastern United States[10]
Somatochlora linearis 80317105.jpg Somatochlora linearis (Hagen, 1861) mocha emerald eastern North America[10]
Somatochlora lingyinensis Zhou & Wa, 1979 Zhejiang[9]
Somatochlora margarita 62649876.jpg Somatochlora margarita Donnelly, 1962 Texas emerald Texas and Louisiana[10]
Balkan Emerald (14573026122).jpg Somatochlora meridionalis Nielsen, 1935 Balkan emerald southeastern Europe[20]
Brilliant emerald (Somatochlora metallica) teneral male.jpg Somatochlora metallica (Vander Linden, 1825) brilliant emerald Europe[8]
Somatochlora minor 19471524.jpg Somatochlora minor Calvert, 1898 ocellated emerald Canada, northern United States[10]
Somatochlora ozarkensis Bird, 1933 Ozark emerald Arkansas, Kansas , Missouri and Oklahoma[10]
Somatochlora provocans.jpg Somatochlora provocans Calvert, 1903 treetop emerald southeastern United States[10]
Somatochlora sahlbergi 93175624.jpg Somatochlora sahlbergi Trybom, 1889 treeline emerald northwestern Canada, Alaska, northern Russia , Scandinavia[10][8]
Somatochlora semicircularis 75632953.jpg Somatochlora semicircularis (Selys, 1871) mountain emerald western North America[10]
Somatochlora septentrionalis 59789891.jpg Somatochlora septentrionalis (Hagen, 1861) muskeg emerald Canada[10]
Somatochlora shanxiensis Zhu & Zhang, 1999 Hubei, Shanxi[9]
Somatochlora shennong Zhang, Vogt & Cai, 2014 Guangxi, Hubei[9]
Somatochlora taiwana Inoue & Yokota 2001 Taiwan[9]
Somatochlora tenebrosa 32878078.jpg Somatochlora tenebrosa (Say, 1840) clamp-tipped emerald eastern North America[10]
Somatochlora uchidai2.jpg Somatochlora uchidai Förster, 1909 Japan, China and Russia[21]
Somatochlora viridiaenea(Female,Japan,2018.08.26).jpg Somatochlora viridiaenea (Uhler, 1858) Japan, eastern Russia[17]
Somatochlora walshii 60050742.jpg Somatochlora walshii (Scudder, 1866) brush-tipped emerald Canada, northern United States[10]
Somatochlora whitehousei maurice13 55392646.jpg Somatochlora whitehousei Walker, 1925 Whitehouse's emerald Canada, northwestern United States[10]
Somatochlora williamsoni 9429043.jpg Somatochlora williamsoni Walker, 1907 Williamson's emerald eastern North America[10]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Somatochlora". Macquarie University. http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=200166. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Paulson, Dennis (2011). Dragonflies and Damselflies of the East. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 345–346. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "World Odonata List". University of Puget Sound. https://www.pugetsound.edu/academics/academic-resources/slater-museum/biodiversity-resources/dragonflies/world-odonata-list2/. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Somatochlora (Striped Emeralds)". Royal BC Museum. https://royalbcmuseum.bc.ca/exhibits/living-landscapes/northwest/dragonflies/somatochlora.htm. Retrieved 25 February 2020. 
  5. ↑ Cannings, S. G.; Cannings, R. A. (1985). "The larva of Somatochlora sahlbergi Trybŏm, with notes on the species in the Yukon Territory, Canada (Anisoptera: Corduliidae)". Odonatologica 14 (4): 319–330. 
  6. ↑ Muddeman, John; Lockwood, Mike; Farino, Teresa. "List of the Dragonflies and Damselflies (Odonata) of Spain and Portugal, including the Canary Islands, Madeira and the Azores". Iberian Wildlife Tours. http://www.iberianwildlife.com/spain/dragonflies-damselflies-spain.htm. Retrieved 25 February 2020. 
  7. ↑ Kalkman, Vincent J.; Wasscher, Marcel (2003). "An annotated checklist of the Odonata of Turkey". Odonatologica 32 (3): 215–236. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 "IUCN Red List Species Summaries". IUCN. https://www.iucnredlist.org/. Retrieved 24 February 2020. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 Zhang, Hao-Miao; Vogt, Timothy E.; Cai, Qing-hua (2014). "Somatochlora shennong sp. nov. from Hubei, China (Odonata: Corduliidae)". Zootaxa. 
  10. ↑ 10.00 10.01 10.02 10.03 10.04 10.05 10.06 10.07 10.08 10.09 10.10 10.11 10.12 10.13 10.14 10.15 10.16 10.17 10.18 10.19 10.20 10.21 10.22 10.23 10.24 10.25 10.26 "NatureServe Species Pages". NatureServe. http://explorer.natureserve.org/index.htm. Retrieved 24 February 2020. 
  11. ↑ Willey, Ruth L. (1974). "Emergence Patterns of the Subalpine Dragonfly Somatochlora Semicircularis (Odonata: Corduliidae)". Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 81 (1): 121–133. 
  12. ↑ Cockerell, T. D. A. (1927). "Tertiary Fossil Insects from Eastern Oregon". Additions to the Paleontology of the Pacific Coast and Great Basin Regions of North America 346: 64–65. 
  13. ↑ "Checklist, English common names". DragonflyPix.com. http://www.dragonflypix.com/checklist.html. 
  14. ↑ "Checklist of UK Species". British Dragonfly Society. http://www.british-dragonflies.org.uk/content/uk-species. Retrieved 28 May 2011. 
  15. ↑ "North American Odonata". University of Puget Sound. 2009. http://www.pugetsound.edu/academics/academic-resources/slater-museum/biodiversity-resources/dragonflies/north-american-odonata/. Retrieved 5 August 2010. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 De Knijf, Geert; Flenker, Ulrich; Vanappelghem, Ceedric; Manci, Cosmin O.; Kalkman, Vincent J.; Demolder, Heidi (2011). "The status of two boreo-alpine species, Somatochlora alpestris and S. arctica, in Romania and their vulnerability to the impact of climate change (Odonata: Corduliidae)". International Journal of Odonatology 14 (2): 111–126. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 "GBIF Species Mapping". GBIF. https://www.gbif.org/. Retrieved 24 February 2020. 
  18. ↑ Kalkman, V.J.; Babu, R.; Bedjanic, M.; Conniff, K.; Gyeltshen, T.; Khan, M.K.; Subramanian, K.A.; Zia, A. et al. (2020). "Checklist of the dragonflies and damselflies (Insecta: Odonata) of Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka". Zootaxa 4849 (1): 001–084. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4849.1.1. 
  19. ↑ Asahina, S (1982). "A new Somatochlora from Nepal (Corduliidae)". Tombo 25: 15–18. 
  20. ↑ Holusa, Otakar (2009). "Notes to the first record of Somatochlora meridionalis (Odonata: Corduliidae) in the Czech Republic". Acta Mus. Beskid. 1: 89–95. 
  21. ↑ "Somatochlora uchidai". https://www.odonata.jp/03imago/Corduliidae/Somatochlora/uchidai/index.html. Retrieved 11 March 2020. 

Wikidata ☰ Q960357 entry



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