Biology:Stachybotrys chartarum

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Short description: Species of fungus

Stachybotrys chartarum
Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Sordariomycetes
Order: Hypocreales
Family: Stachybotryaceae
Genus: Stachybotrys
Species:
S. chartarum
Binomial name
Stachybotrys chartarum
(Ehrenb.) S.Hughes (1958)
Synonyms[1]

Stachybotrys chartarum (/stækiːˈbɒtrɪs tʃɑːrˈtɛərəm/, stak-ee-BO-tris char-TARE-əm),[2] also known as black mold[3] is a species of microfungus that produces its conidia in slime heads.

Because of misinformation, Stachybotrys chartarum has been inappropriately referred to as toxic mold. A variety of health problems have been misattributed to S. chartarum.[4]

Taxonomy

The fungus was originally described scientifically in 1818 by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg as a member of the genus Stilbospora. His diagnosis emphasized the form of the spores, which he described as minute, sub-opaque, ovate, and agglomerated into subconcentric, water-soluble irregular clusters. He noted that the fungus adheres to paper, sometimes forming circles dotted with black.[5] Stanley Hughes transferred the taxon to Stachybotrys in 1958.[6] This genus was circumscribed in 1832 by Czech mycologist August Carl Joseph Corda, with Stachybotrys atra assigned as its type species.[7] The species concept of Stachybotrys chartarum has been controversial, as several studies showed that there were several closely related species and cryptic species all under this name.[8]

There are two chemotypes in S. chartarum, one that produces trichothecene mycotoxins such as satratoxin H and one that produces atranones.[9]

Habitat

S. chartarum is a slow-growing mold that does not compete well with other molds. It is only rarely found in nature, sometimes being found in soil and grain, but is most often detected in cellulose-rich building materials, such as gypsum-based drywall and wallpaper from damp or water-damaged buildings.[10][11] It occasionally encounters human habitats with large amounts of cellulose, large temperature fluctuations, low nitrogen, no other molds, no sunlight, and ample constant humidity.[11] The spores are released into the air when the mold is mechanically disturbed, particularly when wet. It is considered an uncommon contaminant of most indoor air.[12]

Not all strains of S. chartarum produce mycotoxins, and under certain conditions some of these may gradually lose the ability to produce such toxins.Template:Verify-inline The presence of high indoor humidity does not imply that mycotoxin-producing S. chartarum is also present.[12]Template:Verify-inline

Potential toxicity

Claims of health problems in humans and animals related to this mold have been made since the 1930s.[13] More recently, S. chartarum has been linked with so-called sick building syndrome. However, the link has not been firmly established in the scientific literature.[14]

In 1994 the US Centers for Disease Control (CDC) asserted that a number of infants in Cleveland, Ohio became sick, and some died from acute idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis (AIPH) following exposure to unusually high levels of S. chartarum spores.[11] A subsequent review done by the CDC found the previous investigation incorrectly analyzed data, and there was no evidence directly linking S. chartarum to AIPH.[15] This was further supported by a lack of S. chartarum in a similar cluster of infant AIPH that occurred in Chicago, Illinois.[15]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Current Name: Stachybotrys chartarum (Ehrenb.)". GSD Species Synonymy. Species Fungorum. http://www.speciesfungorum.org/GSD/GSDspecies.asp?RecordID=306362. "S. Hughes, Can. J. Bot. 36: 812 (1958)" 
  2. ↑ "Medical Definition of STACHYBOTRYS" (in en). https://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/Stachybotrys. 
  3. ↑ "Mold" (in en). https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/mold. 
  4. ↑ Chang, Christopher; Gershwin, M. Eric (December 2019). "The Myth of Mycotoxins and Mold Injury". Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology 57 (3): 449–455. doi:10.1007/s12016-019-08767-4. PMID 31608429. 
  5. ↑ (in la) Sylvae mycologicae Berolinenses. Berlin. 1818. p. 21. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=chi.086103569&view=1up&seq=23. 
  6. ↑ "Revisiones hyphomycetum aliquot cum appendice de nominibus rejiciendis". Canadian Journal of Botany 36 (6): 727–836 [812]. 1958. doi:10.1139/b58-067. Bibcode: 1958CaJB...36..727H. 
  7. ↑ Icones fungorum hucusque cognitorum. 1. Prague. 1837. p. 21. https://books.google.com/books?id=pMlLAAAAcAAJ&q=atra&pg=PA21. 
  8. ↑ "Taxonomic history and current status of Stachybotrys chartarum and related species". Indoor Air 15 (Suppl 9): 5–10. 2005. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2005.00339.x. PMID 15910524. Bibcode: 2005InAir..15S...5L. 
  9. ↑ "Molecular and phenotypic descriptions of Stachybotrys chlorohalonata sp. nov. and two chemotypes of Stachybotrys chartarum found in water-damaged buildings". Mycologia 95 (6): 1227–1238. 2003. doi:10.1080/15572536.2004.11833031. PMID 21149024. 
  10. ↑ Food and Indoor Fungi. Utrecht, the Netherlands: CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre. 2010. pp. 1–398. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Black Mold Your Health and Your Home. The Forager Press. 2003. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-9743943-9-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=9784qLnSeaAC&pg=PA95. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Donald G. Barceloux (2012). Medical Toxicology of Natural Substances: Foods, Fungi, Medicinal Herbs, Plants, and Venomous Animals. John Wiley & Sons. p. 885. ISBN 978-1-118-38276-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=aTTBPedwFfAC&pg=PT885. 
  13. ↑ "Acute pulmonary hemorrhage in infants associated with exposure to Stachybotrys atra and other fungi". Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 152 (8): 757–762. August 1998. doi:10.1001/archpedi.152.8.757. PMID 9701134. 
  14. ↑ "The role of Stachybotrys mycotoxins in building-related illness". Aihaj 62 (5): 644–648. 2001. doi:10.1080/15298660108984664. PMID 11669391. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "Update: Pulmonary hemorrhage/hemosiderosis among infants--Cleveland, Ohio, 1993-1996". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 49 (9): 180–4. March 2000. PMID 11795499. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4909a3.htm. Retrieved 2024-06-26. 

Further reading

Wikidata ☰ Q2069249 entry



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