Biology:Trioceros

From HandWiki
Short description: Genus of lizards

Trioceros
Jackson's Chameleon444.jpg
Jackson's three-horned chameleon
(Trioceros jacksonii )
Scientific classification e
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Iguania
Family: Chamaeleonidae
Subfamily: Chamaeleoninae
Genus: Trioceros
Swainson, 1839
Type species
Chamaeleo oweni
Gray, 1831[1]

Trioceros is a genus of lizards in the family Chamaeleonidae, the chameleons, native to lowlands and highlands in the African mainland, ranging from Ethiopia south to Mozambique and west as far as Ghana. Trioceros was considered a subgenus of the genus Chamaeleo until 2009, when it was elevated to full genus level.[2]

Trioceros vary greatly in appearance and size. Many species in the genus have various ornaments, such as one to four horns on the head, crests on the nape or throat, or spines or sail-like structures on the top of the back or tail. They are primarily found in adult males, but generally reduced or even absent in females, and there are also many species in the genus where both sexes lack conspicuous ornaments. Although horn-like structures are found in certain other chameleon genera, Trioceros is the only where it can be cylindrical, annulated and bony.[2]

Trioceros contains species that lay eggs (similar to most other chameleon genera) and species that give birth to live young (similar to only Bradypodion). It is likely that giving birth to live young is an adaption to temperature, as it in Trioceros generally is found in species from highlands. The relatively cold highland climate slows the development of eggs laid in the ground; when instead retained inside the body until birth, a female can actively sun bask to increase the temperature.[3]

Species and subspecies

The following species and subspecies are recognized as being valid.[4]

Image Name Common Name Subspecies Distribution
Trioceros affinis
(Rüppell, 1845)		 beardless Ethiopian montane chameleon, Rüppell's desert chameleon Ethiopia.
Bale mountains two-horned chameleon (Trioceros balebicornutus).jpg Trioceros balebicornutus
(Tilbury, 1998)		 Bale two-horned chameleon Ethiopia.
Trioceros bitaeniatus mtkenya side.jpg Trioceros bitaeniatus
(Fischer, 1884)		 side-striped chameleon, two-lined chameleon Ethiopia, southern Sudan, Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, and the northeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Bonn zoological bulletin - Trioceros camerunensis.jpg Trioceros camerunensis
(L. Müller, 1909)		 Cameroon dwarf chameleon Cameroon.
Trioceros chapini
(de Witte, 1964)		 Chapin's chameleon,[5] grey chameleon Gabon and Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Trioceros conirostratus
(Tilbury, 1998)		 South Sudanese unicorn chameleon South Sudan and Uganda.
Crested Chameleon (Trioceros cristatus) (7651130584).jpg Trioceros cristatus
(Stutchbury, 1837)		 crested chameleon, fringed chameleon Bioko, Equatorial Guinea, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Nigeria, Ghana, and Togo.
Usambara-Dreihornchamäleon Chamaeleo deremensis.jpg Trioceros deremensis
(Matschie, 1892)		 Usambara giant three-horned chameleon, wavy chameleon East Usambara, Uluguru, Nguu and Nguru Mountains, and Udzungwa Mountains.
Ellioti.jpg Trioceros ellioti
(Günther, 1895)		 Elliot's chameleon,[6] montane side-striped chameleon, Elliot's groove-throated chameleon Burundi, Kenya, South Sudan, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, and Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Trioceros feae
(Boulenger, 1906)		 Bioko hornless chameleon, Bioko montane chameleon, Fea's chameleon Bioko.
Trioceros fuelleborni
(Tornier, 1900)		 (named after Friedrich Fülleborn),[7] flapjack chameleon, Ngosi Volcano chameleon, Poroto three-horned chameleon, mountain three-horned chameleon Tanzania
Trioceros goetzei
(Tornier, 1899)		 Goetze's chameleon,[8] Ilolo chameleon, Goetze's whistling chameleon
  • Trioceros goetzei goetzei (Tornier, 1899) – Goetze's whistling chameleon
  • Trioceros goetzei nyikae (Loveridge, 1953) – Nyika whistling chameleon
 Tanzania and Malawi.
Trioceros hanangensis
Krause & Böhme [de], 2010		 Mount Hanang montane dwarf chameleon, Mount Hanang chameleon Tanzania
Trioceros harennae
(Largen, 1995)		 Harenna hornless chameleon
  • Trioceros harennae harennae (Largen, 1995) – Harenna hornless chameleon
  • Trioceros harennae fitchi (Nečas, 2004) – Fitch's Harenna hornless chameleon[9]
 Ethiopia
Lizard kenya.jpg Trioceros hoehnelii
(Steindachner, 1891)		 helmeted chameleon, high-casqued chameleon, von Höhnel's chameleon[10] Kenya and Uganda
Trioceros incornutus
(Loveridge, 1932)		 Ukinga hornless chameleon Tanzania
Trioceros ituriensis
(K.P. Schmidt, 1919)		 Ituri forest chameleon Democratic Republic of the Congo and Kenya.
Starr-120312-3686-Psidium guajava-branches with Jacksons chameleon-Enchanting Floral Gardens of Kula-Maui (24841956880).jpg Trioceros jacksonii
(Boulenger, 1896)		 Jackson's chameleon[11]
  • Trioceros jacksonii jacksonii (Boulenger, 1896) – Jackson's three-horned chameleon
  • Trioceros jacksonii merumontanus (Rand, 1958) – dwarf Jackson's chameleon
  • Trioceros jacksonii xantholophus (Eason, Ferguson & Hebrard, 1988) – Mount Kenya three-horned chameleon, yellow-crested Jackson's chameleon
 south-central Kenya and northern Tanzania.
Ruwenzori three-horned chameleon - close up.JPG Trioceros johnstoni
(Boulenger, 1901)		 Johnston's chameleon,[12] Johnston's three-horned chameleon, Ruwenzori three-horned chameleon Democratic Republic of the Congo, Burundi, Rwanda, and Uganda
Trioceros kinangopensis
Stipala et al., 2012		 Aberdare Mountains dwarf chameleon Kenya.
Trioceros kinetensis
(K.P. Schmidt, 1943)		 Mount Kineti montane dwarf chameleon, Mount Kineti chameleon South Sudan.
Trioceros laterispinis
(Loveridge, 1932)		 spiny-flanked chameleon Tanzania.
Trioceros marsabitensis
(Tilbury, 1991)		 Marsabit one-horned chameleon, Mt. Marsabit chameleon, Tilbury's chameleon Kenya.
Mellers.chameleon.bristol.zoo.arp.jpg Trioceros melleri
(Gray, 1865)		 giant one-horned chameleon, Meller's chameleon,[13] Meller's giant one-horned chameleon Malawi, northern Mozambique, and Tanzania
Chamaeleo montium.jpg Trioceros montium
(Buchholz, 1874)		 Cameroon sailfin chameleon Cameroon.
Trioceros narraioca
(Nečas, Modrý & Šlapeta, 2003)		 Mount Kulal chameleon or Mount Kulal stump-nosed chameleon Kenya
Trioceros ntunte
(Nečas, Modry & Slapeta, 2005)		 Mount Nyiru chameleon, Nyiru montane dwarf chameleon Kenya
Trioceros nyirit
Stipala et al., 2011		 Mount Mtelo stump-nosed chameleon, Pokot chameleon Kenya
Bonn zoological bulletin - Trioceros oweni (male).jpg Trioceros oweni
(Gray, 1831)		 Owen's chameleon[14] Nigeria in the north, to Angola in the south, and Burundi in the east
Trioceros perreti
(Klaver & Böhme, 1992)		 Perret's chameleon,[15] Perret's montane chameleon Cameroon.
Bonn zoological bulletin - Trioceros pfefferi (male).jpg Trioceros pfefferi
(Tornier, 1900)		 Pfeffer's two-horned chameleon,[16] Pfeffer's chameleon, Bakossi two-horned chameleon Cameroon.
Bonn zoological bulletin - Trioceros quadricornis.jpg Trioceros quadricornis
(Tornier, 1899)		 four-horned chameleon
  • Trioceros quadricornis quadricornis (Tornier, 1899) – southern four-horned chameleon
  • Trioceros quadricornis eisentrauti (Mertens, 1968) – Rumpi Hills chameleon
  • Trioceros quadricornis gracilior
    (Böhme & Klaver, 1981) – northern four-horned chameleon
 western Cameroon and southeastern Nigeria.
Rough chameleon (Trioceros rudis).jpg Trioceros rudis
(Boulenger, 1906)		 coarse chameleon, rough chameleon, Ruwenzori side-striped chameleon, Rwenzori bearded montane dwarf chameleon western Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, and eastern DR Congo
Trioceros schoutedeni
(Laurent, 1952)		 Schouteden's montane dwarf chameleon[17] Rwanda and Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Trioceros schubotzi
(Sternfeld, 1912)		 Mount Kenya montane dwarf chameleon, Mount Kenya side-striped chameleon, Schubotz's chameleon[18] Kenya
Trioceros serratus
(Mertens, 1922)		 Cameroon
Trioceros sternfeldi
(Rand, 1963)		 (named after Richard Sternfeld),[19] Crater Highlands side-striped chameleon, Tanzanian montane dwarf chameleon Tanzania
Tubercle-nosed Chameleon.JPG Trioceros tempeli
(Tornier, 1899)		 Tanzania mountain chameleon, Tempel's chameleon,[20] Udzungwa double-bearded chameleon Tanzania
ワーナーカメレオン.jpg Trioceros werneri
(Tornier, 1899)		 Werner's chameleon,[21] Wemer's chameleon, Wemer's three-horned chameleon Tanzania
Chamaeleo wiedersheimi04.jpg Trioceros wiedersheimi
(Nieden, 1910)		 Mount Lefo chameleon, Wiedersheim's chameleon[22] Cameroon and Nigeria
Trioceros wolfgangboehmei (10.3897-zse.97.57297) Figure 7.jpg Trioceros wolfgangboehmei
Koppetsch, Nečas & Wipfler, 2021		 Ethiopia.

Nota bene: In the above list, a binomial authority or trinomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species or subspecies was originally described in a genus other than Trioceros.

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Trioceros oweni at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 17 May 2022.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Tilbury, C.R., & Tolley, K.A. (2009). "A re-appraisal of the systematics of the African genus Chamaeleo (Reptilia: Chamaeleonidae)". Zootaxa 2079: 57–68.
  3. ↑ Hughes, D.F.; Blackburn, D.G. (2020). "Evolutionary origins of viviparity in Chamaeleonidae". Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 58 (1): 284–302. doi:10.1111/jzs.12328. 
  4. ↑ Trioceros at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database
  5. ↑ Beolens et al., p. 51.
  6. ↑ Beolens et al., p. 82.
  7. ↑ Beolens et al., p.95.
  8. ↑ Beolens et al., p. 103.
  9. ↑ Beolens et al., p. 90.
  10. ↑ Beolens et al., p. 124.
  11. ↑ Beolens et al., p. 132.
  12. ↑ Beolens et al., p. 135.
  13. ↑ Beolens et al., p. 175.
  14. ↑ Beolens et al., p. 198.
  15. ↑ Beolens et al., p. 203.
  16. ↑ Beolens et al., p. 205,
  17. ↑ Beolens et al., p. 237.
  18. ↑ Beolens et al., p. 238.
  19. ↑ Beolens et al., 253.
  20. ↑ Beolens et al., p. 263.
  21. ↑ Beolens et al., p. 282.
  22. ↑ Beolens et al., p. 285.

References

  • Boelens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN:978-1-4214-0135-5.
  • Swainson, W. (1839). The Natural History of Fishes, Amphibians, & Reptiles, or Monocardian Animals. Vol. II. London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green & Longmans; John Taylor. (A. Spottiswoode, printer). 452 pp. (Trioceros, new genus, p. 369).


Wikidata ☰ Q1758255 entry



Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Biology:Trioceros&oldid=3490449"